static fluid

a. Static fluid theory

9.1 The pressure hydrostatics
In the fluid, pressure concept plays an important role. An upward force on
an object submerged arise due to the pressure of the fluid. Similarly, the fluid will
move or flow due to the pressure difference in the two different parts in the fluid.

Pressuredefined as a force per unit area. If the force of F work evenly, and
perpendicular to a surface which covers A, then the pressure P on the surface is
defined as:
𝐅
𝐏=
𝐀
Information : P = Pressure (N / m2 or Pa)

F = Force at the surface (N)

A = Surface area (m2)

For practical reasons, the unit is usually expressed in atmospheric pressure (atm),
cmHg, or bar.

1 atm = 76 cmHg = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 1.013 bar

The pressure inside the liquid caused by the gravitational force acting on
each part of the liquid, the greater the pressure depend on the depth, the deeper
the position of a part of the liquid will be even greater pressure on that part. In the
fluid dynamic pressure caused by the gravitational force that is called the pressure
hydrostatics.
𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝛒. 𝐀. 𝐡. 𝐠
𝐏𝐡 = = = 𝛒. 𝐠. 𝐡
𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐀
Information : Ph = Hydrostatics pressure (N / m2 or Pa)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)

h = Depth of the fluid (m)

ρ = Mass density (kg / m3)

A = Cross-sectional area (m2)

Hydrostatics basic law reads, "All the points located on a flat plane in the
similar liquid has the same pressure."

9.2 law pascal

 Blaise Pascal, a French scientist, states that when a change in pressure is
applied to a fluid in a closed space, such changes will be forwarded equal in all
directions. This statement came to be known as the law of pascal.

If a given fluid pressure by P, then any part of the fluid and the pressure
vessel wall by P. Thus, pascal law can be stated as follows: "The pressure is held
from the outside to the fluid that is in a closed room will be forwarded by the fluid
to all directions evenly. "

P1 = P2
𝐅𝟏 𝐅𝟐
=
𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐

Examples of tools based on the legal principle works pascal is a hydraulic

jack, hydraulic pump, hydraulic engine car transporters, tools hydraulic presses,
and hydraulic brakes on a motorcycle or car.

9.3 Archimedes law

Fa =𝛒.gV

Information : Fa = The buoyant force (N)

ρ = Mass density (kg / m3)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)

V = Volume of fluid displaced by the object (m3)

ρ.gV = mg is the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The above
equation can be interpreted as an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid.

An object can be immersed completely or only partially. In any case

partially submerged objects above equation can still be used, provided that V is
defined as the volume of fluid displaced by the object rather than the volume of
objects. This fact was first discovered by a Greek scientist named Archimedes, also
known as Archimedes law.

In general, the law of Archimedes can be expressed as follows: "An object of

the submerged partially or fully into the fluid will experience an upward force equal
to the weight of the displaced fluid."

There are three state of the object immersed in a fluid, which is floating,
sinking and floating. Based on Newton's law and the law of Archimedes, we can
determine the condition of an object to float, sink, or floating in a fluid.

 float
At the time of floating, floating gatya magnitude, F a, Equal to the
weight of the object, w = mg Only part of the submerged object volume in
the fluid so that the volume of fluid displaced is smaller than the total
volume of floating objects. Because Vt (volume of the submerged object) is
smaller than Vb (total body volume), then the condition of things float is
𝝆b <f 𝛒
 That is, the density of objects should be smaller than the density of the
fluid.

 float
At the time of drift, the magnitude of the buoyant force, F a, Equal to
the weight of the object, w = mg displaced fluid volume (the volume of the
submerged object) is equal to the total vulome floating objects. Because Vf
(volume of the submerged object) is equal to Vb (total body volume), the
conditions are floating objects
𝝆b = f 𝛒

That is, the density of the object to be equal to the density of the fluid.

 sink
At the time of sinking, the magnitude of the buoyant force, Fa, Smaller
than the weight of the object, w = mg Volume of objects submerged in the
fluid equal to the total volume of the floating object, but the object resting
on the bottom of the vessel, so that no normal style bottom of the vessel on
the body of N. Because Vt (volume of the submerged object ) is equal to Vb
(total body volume), the conditions of submerged objects are

𝝆b > f 𝛒

That is, the density of the object must be greater than the density of the
fluid.

Applications Archimedes law can be encountered in a variety of equipment

from the sedarhana to sophisticated, like a hydrometer, ships, submarines,
shipyards, balloons, and the pontoon bridge.

b. Static fluid sample questions

1. Somewhere in the bottom of the lake has a depth of 20 m. If the lake water
density of 1 g / cm3, the gravitational acceleration of 10 m / s2, and the
pressure on the surface of water by 1 atm, so determine
a. temat hydrostatics pressure in the
b. The total pressure in place.
Answer:
Magnitude known
h = 20 m ρa = 1 g / cm3 = 1000 kg / m3
g = 10 m / s2 Po = 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
a. The pressure hydrostatics
Ph = ρa.gh
= (1000). (10). (20)
= 2 x 105 Pa
b. The total pressure is the amount of pressure and atmospheric
pressure hydrostatics
P = Po + Ph
= 1.013 x 105 + 2 x 105
= 3.013 x 105 Pa

2. Hydraulic jack has a cross-section of each - each diameter of 2 mm and

100 mm. What is the minimum force that must be done on a small cross-
section to lift a car that weighs 6000 N?
Answer:
Magnitude known
d1 = 2 mm d2 = 100 mm
F2 = 6000 N
Minimum force which must be given to a small cross section F1 can be
calculated by the formula
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2
Because A = ¼ 𝜋.d2,then
F1 / D12 = F2 / D22
F1 = (D1 / D2) 2 F2
= (2/100)2 (6000)
= 2.4 N

3. Pontoon bridge made of a drum floating on the water surface. Each drum
filled with air so that the overall mass of 20 kg and a volume average -
average 2 m3. Determine the maximum load weight can be tolerated by the
drum.
Answer:
Magnitude known
m = 20 kg V = 2 m3
ρ =M/v
= 20/2
= 10 kg / m3

∑Fy =0
Fa - w =0
w = Fa = ρa.gh
= (1000). (10). (2) = 2 x 104 N
 fluid dynamic

a. Fluid dynamic theory

10.1 Ideal fluid
Feature - ideal fluid general characteristics are as follows:

1. Not compressed (not compressible), Meaning that the ideal fluid will not
experience a change in volume or density of when getting the effect of
pressure.
2. Not thick (non-viscous), Meaning that the ideal fluid will not experience
friction between the fluid layer with a layer of another as well as with the
channel wall due to the viscosity of symptoms.
3. The flow is not turbulent (turbulent), Meaning that the ideal fluid has a
flow-flow line (streamlined) so that no fluid element that has a certain
angular velocity.
4. The flow is not dependent time (steady state), Meaning that the ideal
fluid velocity at any given point is constant, but the speed of the fluid at
two different points may not be equal. In steady flow, stream-line (the path
traversed by the flow of fluid) in a cross-flow appears multi - layered, so
that the steady flow are also called laminar flow (plated).

10.2 the continuity equation

If an ideal fluid moving or flowing in a pipe, then the mass of fluid into the
pipe will be the same with that out of the pipe during a certain time interval.
Otherwise, there will be the addition or subtraction of mass in certain parts of the
pipeline.

Debit is the volume of fluid flow per unit time. Thus, the discharge Q can
be formulated as follows:

Q=V/t

Information : Q = Discharge (m3/ S)

V = Volume (m3)

t = Time (s)

For a cylindrical pipe (circular cross-sectional area A = 𝜋.r2 = ¼ .d2, then

the equation can be written as follows:𝜋

v1.r12 = v2.r22 or v1.d12 = v2.d22

10.3 Bernoulli equation

Daniel Bernoulli has proved the relationship between pressure and velocity
in the fluid that the greater the fluid velocity will semikin smaller the pressure and
vice versa the smaller the fluid velocity will be greater pressure. The statement then
known as the Bernoulli principle. And the Bernoulli equation known as follows:
 P1 +𝛒.g.h1 .v12 = P2 + ½ + ½ + .g.h2 .v22𝛒𝛒𝛒

Information : P = Pressure (N / m2 or Pa)

ρ = Mass density (kg / m3)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)

h = Altitude (m)

v = Velocity (m / s)

In daily life - today, quite a lot of events involving the Bernoulli's despair.
For example, when we were riding a motorcycle, then arrived - arrived there was a
car overtaking with a very close position, we will feel a pull to the side toward the
car. This happens because the space between a motorcycle with a car is quite
narrow so that the air speed to be faster than in other places and the pressure in
this space becomes lower dibandinh in other places. Therefore, we are under
pressure in greater than the outer side of the motorcycle and a car.

There are two special circumstances for the Bernoulli equation, namely:

 Fluid immovable
Because of the speed v1 = v2 = 0, then

P1 - P2 =𝛒.g (h2 - h1)

 Fluid flow in the horizontal pipe (No difference in altitude between parts -
parts of fluid)
Accordingly altitude h1 = h2 = 0, then

P1 - P2 = ½ 𝛒 (V22 = v12)

The above equation states that if v2> v1, then P1> P2 which means that in
a large alirnya speed, then the pressure is small, and vice-versa.

10.4 Bernoulli Principle Application

1. perforated tank
A simple application of the Bernoulli equation is in the tank cavities,
especially to determine the velocity of water gushing from the hole.

𝐯 = √𝟐. 𝐠. 𝐡

2. Atomizer
When we press the sucker rod, the air is forced out of the pump tube
through a narrow opening at the end. A blast of air that moves quickly able
to reduce the pressure on the top of the reservoir tube containing toxic
liquid and cause the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid
forces the liquid up to the top of the tube. High-blowing jets of air
berkelajuan liquid so that the liquid is issued as a fine mist bursts.

3. carburettor
Is a tool that serves to generate a mixture of fuel and air, so that this
mixture enters the cylinder combustion engine for the purpose.
4. Venturimeter
Venturimeter venturi tube is the basis, which is a tool mounted on a
flow pipe to measure the speed of the liquid. There are two types of
venturimeter, namely:
 Venturimeter without manometer

𝟐. 𝐠. 𝐡
𝐯𝟏 = √
𝐀𝟏 𝟐
(𝐀 ) − 𝟏
𝟐

 Venturimeter with manometer

𝟐. 𝛒𝐫 . 𝐠. 𝐡
𝐯𝟏 = √
𝐀
𝛒𝐮 [( 𝟏 )𝟐 − 𝟏]
𝐀𝟐

5. pitot tube
Is a measuring tool that we can use to megukur gas velocity.

2. 𝜌𝑟 . 𝑔. ℎ
𝑣=√
𝜌𝑢

6. Lift aircraft wings

The aircraft can fly up in the air because the air velocity through
pesawt wing, not like a rocket shot up due to the action - the reaction
between the gas ejected by the rocket rocket itself. Rocket ejects gas to the
back, and as the reaction gases push the rocket forward. So, the rocket can
be lifted upward although no air, but no aircraft can be lifted if there is no
air.
Aircraft may be lifted upwards when the lift force greater than the
weight of the aircraft. Thus, if an aircraft can fly or not depends on
theaircraft weight, Air speed, and the size of the wings. The greater the air
velocity, the greater the air velocity, and this means the aircraft wing lift
force increases. Similarly, the larger the size of the wing, the greater the
weight gadari air, air velocity, and the size of the wings. The greater the air
velocity, the greater the air velocity, and this means the aircraft wing lift
force increases. Similarly, the larger the size of the wing, the greater the
adoptive style.

F1 - F2 = ½𝛒 (V22 - v12) A

In order pesawt can be lifted, the lifting force must be greater

than the weight of the aircraft (F1- F2> mg). If the plane was at an altitude
of tertentudan pilot wants to maintain its altitude (floating in the air), the
air velocity should be arranged so that the air lift force equal to the weight
of the aircraft (F1 - F2 = mg).
b. Examples of dynamic fluid matter
1. Water flowing through a pipe that fingers - fingers 2 cm and out through a
faucet that has a finger - the finger ½ cm. If the water velocity in the pipe 1
cm / s, determine the velocity of the water out of the tap.
Answer:
Magnitude known
r1 = 2 cm r2 = ½ cm
v1 = 1 cm / s
Free water that came through the taps can be calculated by the continuity
equation
r12 v1 = v2 R22
v2 = (R1 / R2) 2 v1
= (2 / 1/ 2) 2 (1)
 = 16 cm / s

2. A horizontal pipe has two sections of different diameter each 6 cm and 3

cm. If the large diameter water has a speed of 1 m / s and a pressure of
150 kPa, calculate the speed and pressure of the water on a small
diameter.
Answer:
Magnitude known
d1 = 6 cm d2 = 3 cm
v1 = 1 m / s P1 = 150 kPa = 1.5 x 105 Pa
ρ = 1000 kg / m3
Fluid velocity at a large diameter can be calculated by the continuity
equation
v1 D22 D12 = v2
v2 = (D1 / D2) 2 v1
= (6/3)2 (1)
=4m/s
The fluid pressure in the small diameter can be calculated using the
Bernoulli equation by entering h1 = h2
P1 + ½ .v12ρ = P2 + ½ .v22ρ
P2 = P1 + ½ (v12 - v22)ρ
= 1.5 x 105 + ½ (1000). (12-42)
= 0.75 x 105 Pa = 75 kPa

3. Water flows in a closed pipe system. At one point, the water velocity of 3 m
/ s, while at a point located 1 m above it has a speed of 4 m / s. Find the
pressure at a higher point, if the pressure on the lower point 20 kPa? (G =
10 m / s2)
Answer:
Magnitude known
v1 = 3 m / s v2 = 4 m / s
h1 = 0 h2 = 1 m
ρ = 1000 kg / m3 g = 10 m / s2
P1 = 20 kPa = 2 x 104 Pa
Pressure on a higher point P2,
P1 + ½ .v12 + .g.h1ρρ = P2 + ½ .v22 + .g.h2ρρ
P2 = P1 + ½ (.v12 - .v22) - .g.h2ρρρ
= 2 x 104 + ½ (1000). (32-42) - (1000). (10). (1)
= 0.65 x 104 Pa = 6,5 kPa

I Calor & laws of thermodynamics

a. The theory of heat and i law of thermodynamics

11.1 Heat
11.1.1 Definition of Heat
 Heatis one form of energy that can pass because of differences in
temperature. Calorific flow (move) of the object at high temperature to low
temperature objects. If an object receives heat, the temperature will rise. If an
object is to release heat, the temperature will drop. The amount of heat required to
raise or lower the temperature of 10C as much as 1 gram of pure water is defined
as 1 calorie (1 cal). 1 calorie = 4.2 Joule.

11.1.2 Relationship Heat and temperature changes

The amount of heat absorbed by an object is proportional to the mass and
temperature rise, namely:

Q = MCT∆

Information : Q = Heat absorbed (Kal)

m = Mass of the object (kg)

c = Heat of objects (depending on the type of objects)

∆T = Change in temperature

If C = mc, then Q = CT, where C = the heat capacity.∆

11.1.3 Heat Exchange

Two or more substances are mixed together, a substance that releases heat
to high temperatures and low temperature substance will absorb heat in order to
reach equilibrium. According to Black (principle Black) the amount of heat
absorbed is equal to the amount of heat released. Heat is absorbed by a substance
used to raise the temperature of a substance, then to change its form. When there
occurs no phase transition temperature increase. The amount of heat required to
change states of matter is

Q = mL

Where L = latent heat (melting heat, heat frozen, heat of vaporization, or the heat of
condensation).

11.1.4 Heat propagation

 Conduction (conductivity) is the process of propagation of heat that is not
accompanied by mass transfer of substances (occurring in solids, especially
metals).

∆𝐓
𝐇 = 𝐊. 𝐀.
𝐋

Information : H = The amount of heat that crept per second

K = Coefficient of conduction
A = Cross-sectional area
L = Length of conductor
∆T = Change in temperature

 Convection (flow) is the process of propagation of heat, accompanied by

the transfer agent (fluid).
 H = hA ∆𝐓

Where h is the convection coefficient.

 Radiation (emission) is the transfer (radiant) heat without going through

the medium (vacuum).
𝐈 = 𝐞. 𝛔. 𝐓 𝟒

Information : I = Emission intensity (Watt / m2)

e = Coefficient of radiation (0 <e <1)
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.67 x 10-8 Watt / m2 K4)
T = Absolute temperature (OK)

11.2 I law of thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that, "For each process, when heat
Q given to the system and the system of doing business W, there will be changes in
the energy ∆U = Q - W. "

This statement can be written mathematically as follows.

∆U = Q - W or Q = U + W∆

ΔQ = m.cp.T ∆ ∆U = m.cv.T ∆ W = PV ∆ cp / Cv => 1𝜸

Information : cp = Gas specific heat at a constant pressure

cv = Gas specific heat at constant volume

∆T = Change in gas temperature

∆V = Change in volume of gas

𝛾 = Constant Laplace

 In the fixed gas pressure (isobaric process wherein P = 0) applies: Q = U +

W. Based on the ideal gas equation with the formula V / T = fixed.∆∆∆
 In the fixed gas volume (isokhorik process where V = 0) applies: Q = U. In
this case, Q = m.cv. (T2 - T1). Based on the ideal gas equation is obtained
the following formula P / T = fixed.∆∆∆∆
 In the fixed gas temperature (isothermal process whereby T = 0) applies: W
= 0 so that PV = 0. Under ideal gas equation obtained by the formula PV =
fixed (Boyle's law)∆ ∆
 If Q = 0 (process adaibatik) apply the formula: PV = fixed.∆
b. Examples of heat and legal problems i
thermodynamics
1. 460 grams of a mixture of ice and water temperature 0 ° C in a vessel
which entered kalornya capacity can be ignored. If the vessel into
dmasukkan 80 gr 100oC temperature water vapor, known heat melting ice
80 cal / g, the heat of evaporation of 540 cal / g, and finally the
temperature 80 ° C, then the amount of water originally was. , ,
Answer:
Suppose the amount of water a gr, then the number of ice = (460 - a) g
Based on the principle of Black, heat is released = heat absorbed, then
(80 x 540) + (100-80) x = (460 - a) x 80 + (460 x 80)
43200 + 1600 = 36800 - 36800 80a +
 80a = 28800
a = 360 g

2. A gas at a constant pressure of 8.1 x 104 Pa compressed from 9 liters to 2

liters. In the process of removing gas for 400 Joule heating. Determine
a. the work done by the gas,
b. changes in the energy.
Answer:
Magnitude known
P = 8.1 x 104 Pa V1 = 9 l = 9 x 10-3 m3
Q = - 400 Joule V2 = 2 l = 2 x 10-3 m3
a. effort in the process of isobaric
W = P∆V = P (V2 - V1)
= 8.1 x 104 (2 x 10-3 - 9 x 10-3)
= - 567 Joule
b. changes in the energy can be determined from the first law of
thermodynamics
∆U =Q-W
= (- 400) - (- 567) = 167 Joule

3. Some 2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas temperature was raised from

27oC become 127OC at a constant pressure. If the general gas constant R =
8.31 J / mol OK, determine
a. changes in the energy
b. the work done by the gas
c. Heat needed
Answer:
Magnitude known
n = 2 mol T1 = 27 + 273 = 300OK
R = 8.31 J / mol OK T2 = 127 + 273 = 400OK
a. Changes in the energy
∆U = 3/2 nR (T2 - T1)
= 3/2 (2). (8.31). (400-300) = 2493 Joule
b. Businesses that dilkukan by gas
W = P (V2 - V1) = NR (T2-T1)
= (2). (8.31). (400-300) = 1662 Joule
c. The heat required by the gas
Q = ∆U + W
= 2493 + 1662 = 4155 Joule