EAP 414/2

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
(SEM 2/2019)

Dr. Nik Azimatolakma Awang

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 COURSE TOPIC

WASTE REDUCTION AND

CLEANER PRODUCTION

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 SUBTOPICS

1. Waste Reduction (17 May 2019) (Test 1,

5%)
2. Cleaner Production (24 May 2019)(Final
Exam, 5 marks)
3. Test 2 (5%)(24 May 2019, 1 hour, 10 am –
11 am)

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1. WASTE REDUCTION

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1.1 WHAT IS WASTE

1. Waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials

generated from combined residential, industrial and
commercial activities in a given area.
2. It may be categorized according to its:
Origin; domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or
institutional
Contents; organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc.
 Hazard potential; toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive,
infectious etc.

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1.2 WHAT IS WASTE MINIMIZATION

1. The reduction of waste

2. The reuse, recycling, and recovery of waste and
diverted material.

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1.3 WHICH WASTE IS OF CONCERN?

Industry vs Household
https://cilisos.my/heres-why-our-sampah-is-increasing-even-though-companies-are-
producing-less-waste/

Why Industry produce less?

https://cilisos.my/heres-why-our-sampah-is-increasing-even-though-companies-are-
producing-less-waste/

Rahim 2017 - Constrution waste generation in malysia construction industry.pdf

Food Waste
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/what-a-waste-malaysia-s-struggle-with-excess-
food-8735458

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1.4 WASTE AND POSSIBLE RESOURCES

WASTE RESOURCES
Flay ash from power plant Raw material for cement or
brick manufacture
Biomass • Bio-oil like Fuel –
Hydrothermal Process
• Bio-gas like Methane –
Anaerobic Digestion
Organic waste Fertilizer

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1.5 WASTE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

Avoid
Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Recover

Treat

Dispose

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10
1.5.1 Avoid

1. Disposal of an item must be considered before you

purchase it.
2. The most easier method of waste management is to
reduce creation of waste materials thereby reducing
the amount of waste going to the landfills. It can be
done through:
Recycling old materials like jar, bags,
 Repairing broken items instead of buying new one
 Avoiding use of disposable products like plastic bags,
 Reusing second hand items
 Buying items that uses less designing.

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1.5.2 Reduce

1. Source Reduction of waste – Stopping waste before

it starts – way to enhance environmental
cleanliness:
2. Source reduction, also known as waste prevention
or pollution prevention, is the elimination of waste
before it is created. Source reduction is decreasing
the amount of materials or energy used during the
manufacturing or distribution of products and
packages.
3. Source reduction means stopping waste before it
happens.

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4. How to reduce?
 Good Housekeeping: Systems to prevent leakages &
spillages through preventive maintenance schedules and
routine equipment inspections. Also, well- written working
instructions, supervision, awareness and regular training of
workforce would facilitate good housekeeping
 Process Change – Under this head, four techniques are
covered;
 Input material change
 Better process control
 Equipment modification
 Technology change

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1.5.3 Reuse

1. Second hand goods, refillable containers,

choose pre-loved items. Repair an item and
extend its life. Make an old item into
something useful in a new way.

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  EcoARK -The
world’s first plastic
bottle built structure
in Taiwan.
 Build by Far Eastern
Group.
 Using 1.5 million
PET bottle.

Example of reuse

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 Reuse of rain water
for toilet flush and
plants

Example of reuse

 Reuse of
effluent for
agriculture
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1.5.4 Recycle

1. Recycling is the process of converting waste

products into new products to prevent energy usage
and consumption of fresh raw materials.
2. The idea behind recycling is to reduce energy
usage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce air and
water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and preserve natural resources for future use.
3. Type of recycling?
 On Site Recycling: Reuse of wasted materials in the same
process or for another useful application within the industry.
 Off Site Recycling: Modification of the waste generation
process in order to transform the wasted material into a
material that can be reused or recycled for another
application within or outside the company.
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Example of recycle

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 Example of recycle

High-performance bricks out of local waste in Gaza

https://www.fastcompany.com/40438806/these-young-
palestinian-engineers-are-helping-rebuild-gaza-with-waste

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 Example of recycle

Kompos to Kelulut – BUKIT TI

“Composting and Vermicomposting (composting with the help

of little friendly earthworms to help decompose the kitchen
waste, old newspaper or old cardboard boxes, through a
layered composting system) and Takakura composting
method led to development of SKM sistem or Sistem Kompos
Mudah (Simple Compost System ). From there, the team
grows into making an Aquaponics system whereby you can
grow plants and rear fish at the same time.”

https://www.facebook.com/k2kkompostokelulut/videos/1758154807819933/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CYQcnO_nv4&feature=share

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What makes Reuse and
Recycle Different?

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1.5.5 Recover

1. Resource recovery is the process of taking useful

discarded items for a specific next use. These
discarded items are then PROCESSED to extract or
recover materials and resources or CONVERT them
to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or
fuel.

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Example of recover

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Example of recover

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Example of recover

https://www.homebiogas.com/Blog/146/Rural_
Palestinians_Make_Their_Own_Fuel

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Example of recover

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What makes Recycle and
Recover Different?

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Which ARE most important
in waste minimization
technique?

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29
 Give 3R concept or principle
for…..

Clinical Waste
E-waste
Agriculture waste
Construction waste

https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2015/03/30/keeping-tvs-
computers-and-other-ewaste-out-of-landfills/
https://www.bdcnetwork.com/construction-waste-management
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1.5.6 Treat

1. Waste is treated prior to disposal to reduce its

hazardous nature. Example: clinical waste,
regulated waste, stabilize organic waste.
2. Types of waste treatment:
 Land
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological

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1.5.6 (a) Land Treatment

1. The best method of land treatment is landfill.

2. Landfill – the disposal of hazardous and toxic waste,
after appropriate treatment.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03c2pnO2Xv0

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1.5.6 (b) Biological Treatment

1. It is form of disposal in which the final state of the

waste is mediated by microbial intervention.
2. For some wastes like domestic sewage and certain
wastes from food processing, the biological
treatment is firmly established as the standard
method of waste treatment.

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1.5.6 (c) Physical Treatment

1. These methods are used to remove separate and

concentrate hazardous and toxic materials. They
are considered to be conventional technologies and
are commonly used throughout the world

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1.5.6 (d) Chemical Treatment

1. This treatment would assist in the application of

physical treatment technologies, and lower the
toxicity of a hazardous waste by changing its
chemical nature, often yielding essentially non-
hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,
water and salts.

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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MINIMIZATION

1. Cost savings that go directly to the bottom line

(reduced raw material consumption, reduced waste
disposal cost savings due to reduced volumes and
recovered value of wastes)
2. Competitive advantage;
3. Reduced impact on the environment
4. Improved public perception;
5. Development of new and more sustainable
processes
6. Development of new products.

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2. CLEANER PRODUCTION
(CP)

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2.1 WHAT IS CLEANER PRODUCTION (CP)?

1. Definition: The continues application of an

integrated preventative environmental strategy
applied to PROCESSES, PRODUCTS and
SERVICES to increase overall efficiency and reduce
risks to human and the environment”
2. Production Processes: Conserving raw materials
and energy, eliminating toxic raw materials, and
reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions
and wastes.
3. Products: Reducing negative impacts along the life
cycle of a product, from raw materials extraction to
ultimate disposal.
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4. Services: Incorporating environmental concerns into
designing and delivering services.
5. Cleaner Production is one of the key ways to ensure
sustainable development.
6. CP aims to increase production and corporate
productivity through the more efficient use of raw
materials, water and energy in order to reduce
wastes and emissions of any kind at source rather
than simply to deal with them afterwards, and to
contribute to improved product designs for products
which will be more environment-friendly and cost-
effective over the whole of their LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT.
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2.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)

1. Life Cycle Assessment is a holistic approach, which

aims at mapping environmental impact throughout
the life cycle of a particular product or service from
the extraction of raw materials to disposal or
recovery/recycling at the end of life of the product. It
includes all transportation between the individual
steps in the product chain.
2. The assessed impacts are: global warming
(greenhouse gases), acidification, smog, ozone
layer depletion, eutrophication, eco-toxicological
and human-toxicological pollutants, habitat
destruction, desertification, land use as well as
depletion of minerals and fossil fuels. 40
41
3. The International Standards Organization (ISO)
initiated a global standardisation process for LCA.
4. Four standards were developed for LCA and its
main phases and issued in the ISO 14000 series of
standards for Environmental Management, ISO
14040-14043.
5. These standards provide minimum requirements for
the performance of life cycle assessment and define
the framework for LCA.
6. Why LCA?

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2.2.1 LCA Framework

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2.2.1 (a) Goal and Scope

1. Defination: the reason for conducting the study, its

intended application and the target groups to whom
its results are to be communicated.
2. The goal and scope definition also states;
The functional unit. Example → the function expressed in
quantitative terms of the product system to be studied.
System boundaries are set. Example → the processes to
be included,
Types of environmental impacts to be considered are
selected.
The level of detail of the data is decided.

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2.2.1 (b) Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)

1. LCI is developed according to the goal and scope

definition as a flow model of a technical system. It
involves an incomplete mass and energy balance
for the system, which incomplete because only
environmentally relevant flows are included, first of
all use of scarce resources and emissions of
harmful substances.
2. The specific activities of the LCI are as follows:
Development of a flow chart model displaying the activities
and the flows between these activities, according the
system boundaries of the system as defined in the goal and
scope definition;
Collection of data on raw materials, including energy
carriers, on products, and on solid waste and emissions to
air and water;
Calculation of the amount of resource use and pollution
emissions of the product system in relation to the functional
unit. 45
2.2.1 (c) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

1. The assessment takes inventory data and converts

it to indicators for each impact category.
2. Impact category?

2.2.1 (d) Interpretation

1. The conclusion whether the ambitions from the goal

and scope can bee met.

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2.3 PHASES OF CP ASSESSMENT Approach to
CP by Laforest
Recognized need to prevent V., 2008.
pollution by CP

Planning and Organization

- Get managerial commitment, Select cleaner
production team, Set overall assessment goals,
Overcome barriers, Start preliminary study

Assessment
Implementation
- Collect data, Set priorities, Select
* Obtain funds, Implement solutions,
assessment team, Generate cleaner
Monitor and evaluate results, Plan
production option, Start preliminary
new project
study

Feasibility Analysis
* Technical evaluation, Economic
evaluation, Environmental analysis,
Select option for implementation 47
2.4 CP PRACTICES
Input
Substitution
Good
Good
Housekeeping
Housekeeping

Better Process
Equipment
Equipment
Control
Modification
Modification

Technology
Technology
Change
Change
On-Site
Recovery/
Reuse

Production of
Useful by-
Product
Product product
Modification
Modification
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2.5 BARRIERS TO CP Lack of:
Information,
Expertise and
Resistance to Adequate Training
Change
Lack of
communication
within Perception of
enterprises Risk
Accounting
systems which
fail to capture
Difficulty in
environmental
accessing Difficulty in
costs and
external finance accessing
benefits
cleaner
technology

Competing
business
The failure of
priorities – the
Perverse existing
pressure for short
economic regulatory
term profits
incentives approaches
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2.6 BENEFITS

 Improves products and services

 Lowers down the risks (liability)
 Improves company image
 Improves worker’s health and safety conditions
 Reduces waste treatment and disposal costs
 Can be integrated with the business
Environmental Management Systems.
 Saves costs on raw material, energy and water.
Makes companies more profitable and
competitive.
 Can help implementing MEAs 50
2.7 EXAMPLE OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

1. The importance of minimizing and managing

pollutants in the industry has led to the emergence
of a number of cleaner technologies and strategies,
each of which is highly efficient at reducing and
detoxifying wastes released from point sources.
2. These systems, some of which have wide-ranging
purposes, and others, specific roles, all share the
characteristics of CP systems that have been
identified as follow:
Each system takes thermodynamics seriously, focusing not
on linear throughput of materials but on continuous
reduction in energy, materials and waste.
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 The use of each system results in a series of waste
reduction measures: minimization, reuse, recovery and
disposal
 Each system calls for an integrated approach to design,
manufacture, and use of a product, where, in addition to
inputs and waste residuals, how products are produced,
disposed of, as well as how they are made are accounted.
 Each system, over the long-term, is cheaper than
conventional “end-of-pipe” clean-up technology.

3. Collectively, these technologies have enabled

companies to operate in compliance with the
stringent requirements expressed in environmental
law, satisfy stakeholder demands, and reduce the
costs associated with environmental cleanup and
operations auditing.
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2.7.1 CLEANER TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL WASTE

 Autoclaves are generally used to treat sharps, items

contaminated with blood, residues from surgery and from
isolation wards, bandages, gauze, linen, gowns, and other
similar materials and non-chemical laboratory wastes.
 Autoclaves have a temperature range of 50–250 ºC, but they
are operated at 160 ºC as the optimum temperature to kill
bacteria.
 Autoclave of clinical waste is considered as an alternative
technology of the incinerator, but it is viewed as a more costly
method than incineration.
 Autoclaving is the double treatment option of clinical solid
waste, since autoclaving wastes require another treatment
method for final disposal.

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 STERILIZATION OF HEAT SENSITIVE REUSABLE WASTE
MATERIAL USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CARBON
DIOXIDE STERILIZATION (SCF-CO2)
 A supercritical fluid is any substances at a temperature and
pressure above its thermodynamic critical point.
 A supercritical fluid can diffuse through solids like a gas, and
dissolve materials like a liquid.
 In the supercritical environment only one phase exists. The
fluid, as it is termed, is neither a gas nor a liquid and is best
described as intermediate to the two extremes.
 This phase retains solvent power approximating liquids as well
as the transport properties common to gases. Like a gas the
SCF shows lower viscosity and higher diffusivity relative to the
liquid.
 Supercritical fluid can be good substitutes for organic
solvents.
 https://www.unitechannemasse.com/co2/co2-machine.html 54
2.7.2 CLEANER TECHNOLOGY FOR PALM OIL MILL
EFFLUENT

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2.7.3 CLEANER TECHNOLOGY FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT?

2.7.4 CLEANER TECHNOLOGY FOR LEACHATE

TREATMENT?

Influent REACTION
TANK
CLARIFIER Effluent
(sewage)

Activated Sludge

ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER

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REFERENCES

1. Gavin Hilson, 2000. Pollution prevention and cleaner

production in the mining industry: an analysis of current
issues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 8;119-126.
2. Module on Introduction to Cleaner Production by UTM.
3. Wrap 2010, Life cycle assessment of example packaging
systems for milk.
4. Hossain et al 2011. Clinical solid waste management
practices and its impact on human health and environment.
Waste Management , 31; 754-766.

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The End

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