Assignment Fluid Dynamics

Table of Contents
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) :...................................................................................................2
Applications:......................................................................................................................................2
AERODYNAMICS STUDY:........................................................................................................................3
TYPICAL CFD SIMULATIONS INCLUDE:................................................................................................4
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF CFD INCLUDE:...........................................................................................5
Example:........................................................................................................................................5
Oil and Gas:...........................................................................................................................................6
Applications:......................................................................................................................................6
Example:........................................................................................................................................8
Chemical Processing:.............................................................................................................................8
Applications:......................................................................................................................................9
example:........................................................................................................................................9
REFRENCES:.........................................................................................................................................10

Figure 1 CFD analysis of an airplane....................................................................................................3

Figure 2 airflow distribution around an aircraft design..........................................................................5
Figure 3Mineral Concentrator bin.........................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Floattaion IN CFD.....................................................................................................................9

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Assignment Fluid Dynamics

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) :

It is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze
and solve problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations
required to simulate the free-stream flow of the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid
(liquids and gases) with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-
speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved, and are often required to solve the
largest and most complex problems. Ongoing research yields software that improves the
accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.
Initial validation of such software is typically performed using experimental apparatus such
as wind tunnels. In addition, previously performed analytical or empirical analysis of a
particular problem can be used for comparison. A final validation is often performed using
full-scale testing, such as flight tests.

CFD is applied to a wide range of research and engineering problems in many fields of study
and industries, including aerodynamicsand aerospace analysis, weather simulation, natural
science and environmental engineering, industrial system design and analysis, biological
engineering and fluid flows, and engine and combustion analysis.

The Need for CFD Applying the fundamental laws of mechanics to a fluid gives the
governing equations for a fluid.

The conservation of mass equation is ∂ρ ∂t + ∇ · (ρV~ ) = 0

and the conservation of momentum equation is

ρ ∂V~ ∂t + ρ(V~ · ∇)V~ = −∇p + ρ~g + ∇ · τij

These equations along with the conservation of energy equation form a set of coupled,
nonlinear partial differential equations. It is not possible to solve these equations analytically
for most engineering problems. However, it is possible to obtain approximate computer-based
solutions to the governing equations for a variety of engineering problems. This is the subject
matter of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Applications:

CFD is useful in a wide variety of applications and here we note a few to give you an idea of
its use in industry.

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AERODYNAMICS STUDY:

Aerodynamics is a common application of CFD and one of the team’s core areas of
expertise.

CFD allows the steady-state and transient aerodynamics of heating ventilation & air
conditioning (HVAC) systems, vehicles, aircraft, structures, wings and rotors to be computed
with extremely high levels of accuracy.
Studies can cover the full speed range of low speed, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic
flows as well as turbulence and flow control. System properties such as mass flow rates and
pressure drops and fluid dynamic forces such as lift, drag and pitching moment can be readily
calculated in addition to the wake effects. This data can be used directly for design purposes
or as in input to a detailed stress analysis.

CFD simulation offers the ability to conduct comprehensive, automated, multi-point

optimisation of designs. This process allows engineers to automatically optimise a design to a
given set of performance parameters and can be used to minimise drag, or maximise mass
flow or lift forces to given targets.

Figure 1 CFD analysis of an airplane

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Use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools by the aerospace field to increase
understanding of fluid dynamic and aerodynamic phenomena has been rapidly increasing
during the past decade especially the last several years. The primary reasons for this are the
rapidly increasing simulation capabilities in the CFD field and the rapidly expanding
capabilities in computer hardware performance. For example, computer hardware execution
speed has increased by a factor of about 15 over the past decade and by over 200 during the
past two decades. This rapid advance in computational execution speed is displayed in figure
1. The top curve shows how the theoretical peak execution speed has improved with time and
includes effects from both circuit speed and architectural improvements, e.g., vectorization
speed ups from Cray-type computers. The lower curve represents the improvement in
execution speed due to just circuit speed. The middle curve represents the actual
improvement in execution speed performance from a variety of CFD application codes as
approximated from the shaded symbols. Another reason for the dramatic increase in the use
of scientific computational tools is that industry has discovered the positive influence that
computational analysis can Conventional main-frame computer execution speed
improvement as a function of time, results taken from references 1-4. have on aircraft,
spacecraft, and missile design. Improved efficiency in aerospace vehicle performance at
reduced design cost and risk is a direct result of increased use of computational simulations.
Indeed, additional advancement in this area is crucial to enable the United States to maintain
its technological advantage in the aerospace sciences. Just as numerical simulation has
become a significant and growing aspect of the aircraft design process, the stage is set for a
dramatic increase in the utilization of CFD in the educational arena. In this context, it is not
meant to imply that the study of CFD will increase dramatically, but that the use of CFD as a
teaching tool for other areas or disciplines of fluid dynamics will increase. This utilization
should range from enhancing the understanding of nonlinear engineering models, e.g., the
aerodynamics of transonic wings, to obtaining a better understanding of fluid physics, e.g.,
flat plate boundary layer transition. Through the synergistic utilization of CFD coupled with
an appropriate level of experimental validation, students will obtain a better understanding of
the physical aspects of aerodynamics and fluid mechanics as well as how to
interprettheeffectsof numerical error associated with CFD solutions.

TYPICAL CFD SIMULATIONS INCLUDE:

 Vortex Shedding

 Structure Wind Load

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 HVAC Application

 External Vehicle Aerodynamics

 Internal flow i.e air box

OTHER APPLICATIONS OF CFD INCLUDE:

 Industrial Fluid Dynamics

 Fluid Structure Interaction
 Heat Transfer
 Hydrodynamics
 Aerodynamics
EXAMPLE:

Figure 2 airflow distribution around an aircraft design

This aircraft simulation shows the airflow distribution around an aircraft design at low
subsonic compressible flow regime.
The flow of air around the commercial aircraft model was simulated via the Reynolds-
averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method. The flow conditions were Mach number M = 0.35,
Angle of Attack = 2 degrees, Pressure P = 100000 pa and temperature T = 0 degrees Celsius.
For turbulence modeling, the k-omega SST model was used with the wall function approach.

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A ramping of the velocity boundary condition was applied up to the free stream value for
better convergence.

OIL AND GAS:

CFD is more and more used in chemical engineering for application in the oil and gas
industry. Its application field goes from calculations as an help for the tests of technological
concepts to more fundamental work such as two-phase flow calculations in industrial reactors
as a complementary tool to pilot plant tests

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used in the oil and gas industry. The
present article aims to show how CFD can be used at all steps of the development of a new
process, with a focus on refining technologies. Those different steps consist first of setting up
tools that will be used during the development phase, second of obtaining data in complement
with experiments required for the process development, and finally, of troubleshooting
actions or technology developments that will make the process even more efficient. A large
number of applications corresponding to various flow configurations, single-phase or gas-
liquid, gas-solid or even gas-liquid-solid, characterised by significantly different scales and
requiring adapted simulation approaches, are discussed based on original results and a review
of the literature. Perspectives are given in particular on the multi-scale approach and physical
phenomena coupling.

Applications:

Predicting Equipment Failure Due to Erosion:

Drill cuttings, produced sand and proppants transport reduce the life of equipment, pipelines
and downhole tools through erosion. ANSYS solutions can predict erosion due to particulate
flow as well as that caused by both impact and rolling at the surfaces. The ANSYS toolkit
enables flow modeling of single or multiple fluids that take into account particle size and
loadings. A wide array of industry-accepted models is provided to determine erosion rate.
Calculations allow for material wear, so geometry is dynamically modified as the material is
eroded. The image shows contours of erosion rate on a choke valve.

Optimizing Hydrocarbon Production and Unit Development Costs in Unconventional:

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Assignment Fluid Dynamics

Oil and Gas Reservoirs Engineers can combine structural mechanics and fluid flow analysis
for jointed rocks with sensitivity and parametric analysis to optimize hydraulic fracking. This
allows companies to balance an increase in production with unit development costs and will
lead to efficient fracking design and stimulation treatment. Using simulation to understand
factors for hydraulic fracturing performance results in a cost-effective hydraulic fracking
strategy and improved production profile for the budget.

Cool-down analysis of subsea separators:

Design of subsea equipment to effectively and reliably operate for long periods of time is
challenging. Some of the complexity is derived from understanding multiphase flows and
cool-down for each device during a disruption or pause in production. Engineers are seeking
to prevent the undesirable formation of hydrates. FMC Technologies engineers in Brazil
performed thermal and fluid flow analysis of a three-phase gravitational separator to optimize
the design and help determine the cool-down requirement for a temperature range from 55 C
to 15 C (hydrate formation temperature) with an external temperature of 4 C (seawater).

Flow assurance: gas hydrate characterization :

Utilizing a combination of species transport and population balance modeling, engineers can
perform hydrate formation simulation in oil and gas equipment and pipelines under given
pressure, temperature and gas composition conditions. Volumetric and surface-initiated phase
change processes are accounted for by including hydrate formation kinetics. This framework
enables the use of ANSYS computational fluid dynamics solutions to track hydrate
deposition, aggregation and dissociation effects of two-phase flows in oil and gas
applications.

Customization and engineering productivity tools :

Customers and channel partners develop customized solutions using ANSYS ACT. Within
this framework, targeted applications and complete vertical solutions can be created for a
problem of interest. One productivity toolkit of interest to the oil and gas industry is a
collection of ACT applications developed to follow standard design practices. This oil and
gas productivity toolkit contains applications to enable efficient pre- and post-processing of
models typical for the industry. Assemblies with a large number of bolts as well as
applications that require nonlinear soil stiffness as a boundary condition are examples that the
toolkit can efficiently handle. Results evaluation based on common standards such as ASME

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recommended practices and weld-strength calculations are other simulation tasks that can be
accomplished using the productivity toolkit.

EXAMPLE:

The mineral concentrator bin The mineral concentrator bin reviewed here was reported to
show problems of accumulation of solids on the upper slanting walls. Investigations were
carried out to find out the possible cause of this unusual accumulation of solids. CFD
simulations were carried out for the exact operating configuration and geometries modified to
overcome the problem. A quarter of the geometry was used in the model due to structural
beams inside. Figure 2(a) shows the grid and Figure2 (b) shows the accumulation of solids on
the upper slanting walls, which will grow with time and eventually slump into the bottom,
causing blockage problem for the slurry pump suction, located at the bottom of the bin.

Figure 3Mineral Concentrator bin

CHEMICAL PROCESSING:

in order to illustrate the use of cfd in providing an understanding of mixing processes, three
examples, mixing in a pipe, homogenization with a static mixer and flow in a mixing vessel
with a rushton turbine, are discussed and compared with experimental results. special
attention is focussed on the resultant concentration distribution, which is closely linked to
turbulent properties. a semi‐empirical model is presented for a quantitative prediction of the
initial turbulent conditions. using special numerical techniques a mixing vessel with wall‐
separated baffles, which represents a problem generally regarded as beyond the capabilities of
numerical analysis, can be simulated.

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Assignment Fluid Dynamics

computational fluid dynamics (cfd) is widely applied in process industry, for example in
developing the equipment, choosing optimal process parameters or solving wearing
problems. most of the industrial cases involve multiple phases. the rapid development of
computer performance and multiphase models has made cfd a powerful technique for
obtaining detailed information about the processes, even if the process conditions make the
measurements difficult. vtt applies cfd for troubleshooting, for design and scale-up of
reactors. vtt has a high level expertise in multiphase cfd of complex processes involving
reactions and heat transfer.

Applications:

 petrochemicals

 natural extract processing

 cosmetics

 dyes

 food processing

EXAMPLE:

flotation cfd has been used in modelling of flotation process equipment to extend the
understanding of the process and to find new solutions for saving energy and water. one, two
and three phase models are in use (water, solids and air bubbles). flow pattern in a flotation
cell (sand-water slurry). validation data was measured by vtt using the udvtechnique.

Figure 4 Floattaion IN CFD

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REFRENCES:

https://www.simscale.com/blog/2017/01/5-cfd-simulations-aircraft-design/

http://cfd2012.com/aircraft-design.html

http://www.academia.edu/documents/in/aerodynamics

https://www.simscale.com/blog/2016/03/what-everybody-ought-to-know-about-cfd/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308889297_how_cfd_supports_problem_analy
sis_and_solution_in_oil_production_industry

https://www.slideshare.net/drganeshvisavale/learn-c-axiichelecture

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0098135494800413

https://www.engineering.com/designsoftware/designsoftwarearticles/articleid/9532/cfd-
simulations-predict-erosion-of-oil-gas-pipelines.aspx

https://www.nap.edu/read/18928/chapter/5

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fld.1757

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