Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ERVITA RITONGA
ROAD SHOW PERKENI
ENDONESIA UNTUK INDONESIA
2017
Diabetes: A global emergency
Diabetes around the world
Our patient’s glycemic control is still out of target, despite of treatment…
HbA1c levels across Asia are out of control
Chuang LM et al. The status of diabetes control in Asia – a cross-sectional survey of 24,317 patients with diabetes mellitus in 1998.
Diabetes Medicine, 19, 978-985; 105:105-117
10 Years Later…
Majority of T2DM patients in Asia-Pacific region still fail to achieve glycaemic targets (HbA1c < 7%)
37.8
30.0% 30.2% 33.0% 37.8% 62.2 32.1%
70.0% 69.8% 67.0% 62.2% 67.9%
15.0%
39.7% 41.1% 43.5% 22.0%
60.3% 58.9% 56.5% 85.0%
78.0%
1.Bryant W, et al. MJA 2006;185:305–9. 2. Kosachunhanun N, et al. J Med Assoc Thai 2006;89:S66–71 HbA1c at or
3. Lee WRW, et al. Singapore Med J 2001;42:501–7. 4. Nagpal J & Bhartia A. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2341–8 below target
5. Soewondo P, et al. Med J Indoes 2010;19:235–44. 6. Tong PCY, et al. Diab Res Clin Pract 2008;82:346–52
7. Pan C, et al. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:39–45. 8. Choi YJ, et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2016–20. HbA1c above target
9. Mafauzy M, et al. Med J Malaysia 2011;66:175–81.
10. Jimeno CA, Sobrepena L, Mirasol R. Phil. Journal of Int Med 2012; 50 (1):15-22
Approach to the Management of Hyperglycemia
more stringent A1C less stringent
Patient/Disease Features 7%
Disease Duration
newly diagnosed long-standing
Life expectancy
long short
Relevant comorbidities
absent Few/mild severe
Established vascular complications
absent Few/mild severe
1. Edukasi
2. Perencanaan Makan/Diet
3. Aktivitas Fisik
4. Terapi farmakologis
5. Pemeriksaan Gula Darah Mandiri
Terapi Nutrisi Medis
Perencanaan Makan pada DM
• Adalah sebuah bagian yang essensial dlm pengelolaan diabetes yang menyeluruh
• Tujuan :
– Mengendalikan glukosa darah
– Mengendalikan lipid darah
– Menunda atau mencegah komplikasi
– Mencapai-mempertahankan BB normal
• Berkontribusi dalam penurunan A1C sebanyak 1-2% dalam 6-12 minggu pertama
dimulainya terapi gizi medis
Perencanaan Kebutuhan Gizi Pasien Diabetes
Kebutuhan Energi
• Basal : 25-30 kkal/kg BB ideal perhari
• Anjuran ± 25 g/hari
• Kurangi konsumsi makanan yang diasinkan seperti : ikan asin, telur asin,
corned beef, sarden, sosis, nugget dll
Pedoman Pemberian Makan
3 J (Jadwal, Jumlah, Jenis)
3. Jenis: bervariasi
The Zimbabwe Hand Jive – Simpler Method of Portion Control
Exercise
Exercise
hepatic glucose
+ Peripheral
glucose uptake
production renal glucose
excretion
Acarbose
Increased Decreased
glucose glucose
production uptake
Metformin Hyperglycaemia
GLP-1 receptor agonists Metformin
DPP-4 inhibitors Pioglitazone
Insulin Insulin
Impaired Increased
insulin glucose
secretion reabsorption
Insulin SGLT2 inhibitors
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4;
Sulphonylureas
GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; Meglitinides
SGLT2, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2
GLP-1 receptor agonists
Reference
Tahrani AA, et al. Lancet. 2011;378:182–197. DPP-4 inhibitors
Obat Diabetes Oral di Indonesia
Dosis Durasi kerja Frek/ A1C
Kelas Generik Mg/tab Waktu
Harian (mg) (jam) hari turun
AACE
2015
IDF
20123
GLU-XM-046-VIII-2016 31
AACE 2015
11 types of medication!!
7 types of
potential side
effects !!
Metformin & Tempat kerja
Menurunkan Lipolisis
Metformin Menurunkan oksidasi
Menghambat
asam lemak
absorpsi glukosa
+ -
Menurunkan Meningkatkan
Produksi Glukosa Hati Normoglikemia Uptake Glukosa/
Meningkatkan
sensitivitas insulin
Hati
- + Otot
Metformin 34
It’s All About Weighing up All the Facts
PROS
• HbA1c lowering efficacy Cons
• Caution in renal failure and other states
• Macrovascular that predispose to lactic acidosis
• Microvascular • GI side effects
• Cheap Cost
• Weight neutral/loss
• No hypoglycemia
• Others
1. Mencegah atherosclerosis
2. Efek anti-thrombotic
Efek Metformin pada Mikrosirkulasi
GLU-XM-046-VIII-2016 38
Why Metformin Underdose ?
GI Effect & Metformin Dosage
Not dose related up to 1000 mg
Placebo
500
Dose of 1000
Metformin
1500
(mg/day)
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
% patients
Frequency
Discontinuations
Garber AJ. Am J Med 1997; 102: 491-7
39
Why Metformin Underdose ?
Lactic Asidosis
• Faktor risiko lain : gagal jantung atau gagal napas, infark miokard akut yang baru terjadi atau syok
sistemik, disfungsi hati
• gangguan Ginjal dapat menjadi faktor predisposisi adanya akumulasi kadar plasma metformin yang
melebihi rentang terapeutik
kedua +
lini pertama
• Agonis GLP-1 • Penghambat DPP-IV
Metformin atau
Metformin atau obat lini pertama yang lain + Kombinasi 3
• Penghambat DPP-IV
• Penghambat DPP-IV • Tiazolidindion obat
yang lain +
• Tiazolidindion
• Penghambat • Penghambat SGLT-2
• Penghambat SGLT-2
Glukosidase Alfa • Insulin Basal Mulai atau intensifikasi Insulin
• Insulin Basal
obat lini
• Penghambat SGLT- • SU/Glinid
• Kolsevelam**
2** • Kolsevelam**
Obat
• Bromokriptin-QR Keterangan
• Tiazolidindion • Bromokriptin-QR
• Penghambat
• Sulfonilurea • Penghambat *Obat yang terdaftar, pemilihan dan
Glukosidase Alfa
• Glinid Glukosidase Alfa penggunaannya disarankan
Jika belum memenuhi
Jika HbAc1 > 6.4% Jika belum memenuhi mempertimbangkan faktor keuntungan,
sasaran dalam 3 bulan,
dalam 3 bulan sasaran dalam 3 kerugian biaya, dan ketersediaan sesuai tabel
mulai terapi insulin atau
tambahan obat ke 2 bulan, masuk ke 11
intensifikasi terapi insulin
(kombinasi 2 obat) kombinasi 3 obat ** Kolsevelam belum tersedia di Indonesia
Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia. 2015.
Bromokriptin QR umumnya digunakan pada
Why Combination Therapy ?
of action
• Higher efficacy
Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes
Metformin/Thiazolidinediones
Lifestyle Insulin
Secretagogues
Insulin
resistance
Glucose
level
Insulin
production
b-cell
Time
Impaired glucose dysfunction
Normal tolerance Type 2 diabetes
Length of time between first monotherapy HbA1c > 8.0% and switch/addition in
therapy (months)
25
20.5 months
20
14.5 months
15
10
Months
0
Metformin only Sulfonylurea only
n = 513 n = 3394