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APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
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such basic geometrical shapes. To compute the area
of such regions, we apply methods involving the use
of integral calculus to calculate the area.
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The area bounded by a straight line and an axis
.
The shaded region shown below has a basic shape
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and its area can be obtained by applying the formula
for the area of a triangle. In the diagram, the region,
shown shaded as A, is bounded by the straight line
𝑦 = 2𝑥, the x-axis and the line 𝑥 = 4.
at To use integration,
1. The region, A must be bounded so that it has a
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finite area.
2. The curve must be continuous in the interval
s
in which we are interested.
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ò f ( x)dx
The base of the triangle is 4 units and the vertical x1
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The region, whose area is required, is the shaded We have seen earlier that the area of plane figures
part in the diagram shown. can be obtained using calculus. When we integrate a
function we are really obtaining an expression for the
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2
2 é x3 ù
Hence, the area required = ò x 2 dx = ê + C ú area under its curve. By inserting limits, the region
1
ë 3 û1 has a definite shape and its area is finite.
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æ (2)3 ö æ (1)3 ö 8 1
=ç ÷-ç ÷= - In this section, we will go one step further and show
è 3 ø è 3 ø 3 3
how we can use calculus to obtain the volume of a
.
1
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=2 square units solid obtained by rotating a definite region under a
3 curve.
Example 2
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 3 + 1 , the at The volume of a solid of revolution
If we rotate a plane figure about a straight line (called
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x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 . an axis) through a complete revolution or 360°, it
sweeps out a three dimensional (3D) region. The
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Solution shape of the 3D region depends on the shape of the
2D region. The solids obtained by this process are
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solid of revolution.
x2
Area of A = ò y dx
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x1
(x + 1) dx
2
=ò 3
0
2
é x4 ù
= ê + xú
ë4 û0
ìï ( 2 )4 üï ìï ( 0 )4 üï
=í + 2ý - í + 0ý
ïî 4 ïþ ïî 4 ïþ
= 6 square units
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Rotation of regions on the Cartesian Plane
We can form solids of revolution by the rotation of
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regions about the vertical or horizontal axes on the
Cartesian Plane. If the plane region has a definite
shape, then the solid will have a definite shape as
.
well. We will first illustrate how this is done without
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the use of calculus. Example 2
Example 1
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as
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The region, R, bounded by the straight line y = 2x, The region, R, is bounded by the horizontal line,
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the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3, is rotated y = 2 , the x-axis and the verticals x = -1 and
through 2p radians about the x-axis. Find the x =5.
volume of the solid generated. Calculate the volume of the solid formed when R
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Solution
The region has the shape of a triangle and when Solution
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rotated through 2p radians about the x-axis, a cone When R is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the
will be generated. When x = 3, y = 2 ( 3) = 6 . solid generated is a cylinder.
The radius, r = 2 units, and the height, h = 6
Hence, P is the point (2, 6). The solid generated is a We can apply the formula for the volume of a
cone of height, h = 3 units and base radius, r = 6 cylinder.
units (see diagram of cone below) Volume = p r h = p ( 2 ) ´ 6
2 2
We can apply the formula for the volume of a cone to Volume = 24p units3.
obtain the exact value of the volume.Volume
1 The diagrams below show the area rotated to form a
= p ( 6 ) ´ 3 = = 36p units3
2
cylinder.
3
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. co
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at When a region, R, bounded by a curve and the x-
axis, between the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, is rotated
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Regions with curved boundaries
through 2p radians about the x-axis, the volume
If one or more of the boundaries of the region is not a
of the solid generated is obtained by the formula:
straight line, then the solid generated may is not a to
s
b
basic shape and we cannot easily measure its volume V = p ò y 2dx
as
a
by a simple formula. An example of such a region is
where y is the equation of the curve, expressed in
shown below.
terms of x.
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below.
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1
axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2 is rotated
= π ∫ (x )
2
through 360° about the x-axis.
4
+ 4x 2 + 4 dx
1
2
Solution ⎡ x 5 4x 3 ⎤
=π⎢ + + 4x ⎥
The region described in the problem is shown as the ⎣5 3 ⎦1
shaded area in the diagram. The solid generated may
⎧⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞⎫
look like the solid shown in the diagram below. = π ⎨⎜ 6 + 10 + 8 ⎟ − ⎜ + 1 + 4 ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝5 3 ⎠⎭
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⎧ 1 1 ⎫
Area or region to be rotated = π ⎨6 + 9 + 4 ⎬
⎩ 5 3 ⎭
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8
= 19 π units3 .
15
.
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Volume of revolution
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