AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE D 155

10.16 Repeat Prob. 10.15 for the general RLC parallel circuit shown in Fig. 10-8.
I In this case we have

Hence,

v
I
T I+I ,

v
1 Fig. 10-8 Fig. 10-9

10.17 Draw a phasor diagram for the circuit of Fig. 10-8.

I The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 10-9 where cf> is the power factor angle.

10.18 A 4-0 resistor in series with a 7.96-mH inductor is connected across a 11O-V 60-Hz source. Determine (a) the
impedance, (b) input current, and (c) the voJtages across the resistor and the inductor. (d) Draw a phasor
diagram showing the current and the voJtages .

• 11O~
(a) Z R + jXL 4 + j3 5 /36.87° 0 (b) I ~ 22/ 36.87° A

(c) VR = RI = 4(22)/-36.87° = 88 /-36.87°V

V L = jXLI = j3(22) /-36.8r = 66 /90° - 36.87° = 66 /53.13° V
(d) See Fig. 10-10.

/''J.r~tI . . . .. .. "
~ 11' 12...,0 v

Fig. 10-10

10-19 Find the power factor and the power input to the circuit of Prob. 10.18. Verify that the total input power is
dissipated in the resistor.
I From Fig. 10-10, cf> = -36.87°. Thus,
Power factor = cos (- 36.87°) = 0.8 lagging
Input power Pin = VI COS cf> = (110)(22)(0.8) = 1936 W
Power dissipated in R = 12R = (22?4 = 1936 W
156 D CHAPTER 10

10.20 Given v = 200 sin 377t V and i = 8 sin (377t - 30°: A for an ac circuit. Determine (a) the power factor,
(b) true power, (c) apparent power, and (d) reactive power.
I (a) The current lags the voltage by () = 30°. Power factor = cos 30° = 0.866 lagging.
(b) From the data, V= (200 1V2) V and l = (8/V2) A. Therefore, true power = VI cos () =
(200 1V2)(8 1V2)(0.866) - 692.8 W.
(c) Apparent power = VI = (200/V2)(8/V2) = E:OO VA.
(d) Reactive power = VI sin () = (200 1Y2)(8 N2)( 0.5) = 400 var.

10.21 A coil has a resistance of 10 n and draws a current of 5 A when connected across a 100-V 60-Hz source.
Determine (a) the inductance of the coil, (b) the power factor of the circuit, and (c) the reactive power.
100 r
I (a) Z y'R2 + (WL)2 V10' + (377Lf or L 45.94 mH
5
R
(b) cos () or
z 2

(c) Reactive power = VI sill 19 = (100)(5)(sin 60°) = 433 var

10.22 A. series RLC circuit is excited by a lOO-V 79 6-Hz source and has the following data: R - 100 n, L - 1 H,
C = 5 JLF. Calculate (a) the input current and Cb) the voltages across the elements.

I (a) w - 27Tt - 27T(79.6) - 500 radl S (500)(1)-5oun

1
wC (~iOO)(5) 400 n

z 100 + j(5()(I -- 400) 100 + /100 141 4 ~ Q

v 100~r
0.707 / 45° A
z 141.4H~

(b) ~ RI (loo)(0707L 45°) 70 7~V

VI. = jXLI = (500 L2Q~)(0.707 /-45°) = 353.5 /45° V
Vc - - jXcI - (400 L-9Q')(0.707 / -45°) - 282.8 / -13SC V

I
1\ 12
"- /
"- ...... /
173.2/SX. V
" V= 173. V
2O{l -jl1.55 {l

/
/1
0
1\
(a) (b)
Fig. 10-11

10.23 For the circuit shown in Fig. lO-11a, evaluate the current through, and the voltage across, each element. Then
dlaw a phasOI diaglam showing all the volt ages llnd currents.

I Applying nodal analysis at node 1, with VI = VH "

VI - 173.2 VI VI
10 + 20 + -jll.55' =0 whence
 AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE D 157

From this, VID n = 173.2~ - VI = 100 !300V

VI 100 /-30° 0
11 =20= 20 =5/-30 A

It can be Ieadily velified that 1 I1 I 12 , The phasOI diaglam of Fig. lO-llb shows all voltages and cunents.

10.24 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-12, calculate the current supplied by the voltage source and the voltage across
the current source.

2.83~ A 500 lOOL!r V

Fig. 10-12

I At node 1 we have, with VI = VlO = voltage across current source,

Current in = current out

from which VI = 25 + j75 V. Then the current from the voltage source is 1 = (100 -Vl)/50 = 1.5 - j1.5 A.

10.25 For the mCUlt of Fig. 10-12, by usmg the relatIOnship P - Re (VI*), determme the power delIvered by (a)
the voltage source and (b) the current source. (c) Verify that the sum of these two powers is the power
dissipated in the two resistanees.

I (a) Since, from Prob. 10.24, 1 = 1.5 - j1.5 A, P v = Re [(100 + jO)(1.5 + j1.5)] = 150 W.
(b) Again, from Prob. 10.24, VI = 25 + j75 V and 2.83! 45° = 2 + j2 A. Thus,
P, - Re [(25 + j75)(2 j2)]- So + 1 SO - 200 W
(c) Power dissipated in the two resistances,

10.26 A voltage source V ~ having an internal impedance Zs = Rs + jXs supplies a load having impedance
ZL = RL + jXL · If RL and XL are individually variable, show that maximum power is transferred to the load
when RL = Rs and XL = - Xs; that is, when ZL = Z~. (This is known as the maximum power
transfer condition.) What is the power transferred to the load under this condition?

I Because Z sand Z L are in series, we have the load current

~'

Power transferred to the load is

Equality in the first line is attained for XL X, ; in the second, for RL - R,. Hence, P attains its
absolute maximum, V 2/4R s , for ZL = Z~.

10.27 A 20-n resistance is connected in series with a parallel combination of a capacitance C and a 15-mH pure
inductance. At angular frequency w = 1000 radl s, find C such that the line current is 45° out of phase with
thc linc voltagc.
• For V and 1 to be 45° out of pbase tbe net reactance of tbe parallel' C combination must be +20 Q, since
R = 20 n. Hence,
1
±j20 j(1000)~0.015) + j1000 C or C= ]010 Us + fo) = 16.67 p,F, 116.7 p,F
For the smaller (larger) capacitance, 1 lags (leads) V by 45°.
166 D CHAPTER 10

I The circuit and the phasor diagram for the experiment are shown in Fig. 1O-28a and b respectively, from
which 32 ~ + 104 ~ = 120 L.[' . The law of cmines gives
(104)2 + (120)2 - (3::)2
cos (}2 = 2(104)(120)- = 0.9692 or (}2 = 14.25°

Similarly, (}I = -53.1° or VR =32/-53.1°Y

"R "" " coil £\

~V'
",,0
4 L=i::'-'-t A 10 + j24
.•U .. /
Icoil I 53.1° ZCOil
R 8 Icoil 4i-53.1°
Hence K -lUH, L-L4/jl/ OJ.OO mH.

~~
\ 1 lL
R
11 ..IVV
+ X, I
loo V

-
B1 Fig. 10·29

10.64 In the circuit shown in Fig. 10-29, X is purely reactive. With the switch closed, the circuit draws 1 A of current
at 100 Y and consumes 80 W of Dower. With th,~ switch ODen the current remains unchanl!ed at 1 A.
Determine X and Xc-
p RO
• R- /2 -- (1)2 - 80 H
• _L _,
""'"'' "''-' ~. '"'' "'v~'-'u.

Z = ~
,
= 100
~
= yt'{Rot-:::-X2 or X= ±60n

With the switch open:

Z = 100 = V(80)2 + (X - Xc)! or Ix - xci = Ixl = 60
Thp IlnimlP ~ollltion with no~itive X i~ X = nO.n :lnO X= +non

10.65 A circuit draws 2 A at 120 Y and 60 Hz and conSUlles 120 W of power. A capacitor of unknown value is
connected in series with the given circuit and the combination put across the same voltage source. It is found
that the magnitude of the input current is increased. Determine the values of the original circuit elements.
I Let Z = Z li
n. Now, since the current increases when a capacitor is connected in series, the original
circuit is inductive and cjJ is positive. Or,
P 120 600 V 120
cjJ
= cos
-I
VI = cos-1Clii';)i2i = Izl = -
I
= -
2
= 60 n

Thus Z = 60 i60° = 30 + j51.96 R=30n

wL = 51.96 n or L = J;~;U = 137.83 mH

10.66 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-30, calculate C such that the input current is 45° out of phase with the input
voltage at a frequency w = 2000 rad/s.

~D.n.
---'V\I'

w=.:tOOD r-1Ld./A J1
:~c
'l~
Fig. 10·30
170 D CHAPTER 10

RIRX = R2 R 3 (1)
L, ,= CR 2 R 3 (2)
(b) For the given numerical values, from Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain
(400)(600)
240 L, (0.5)10-6( 400)(600) 120 mH
10,000

10.76 Two impedances ZI = 10 / - 53.13° 0 and Z2 == 20 /36.87° 0 are connected in parallel. The combination
draws 2 + j1 A current from a voltage source. Delermine the complex power for each branch.

• Total admittance is
- ~ +Z
Y -- Y ,+ Y 2-Z ~ -- 1L0 ,15'1
' - ' l4° +20
L /-3687°
.
1 2

= (0.06 + jO.08) + (0.04 - jO.031 = 0.1 + jO.05 = 0.1118 /26S S

hr.. ,,0 ,I 2.236 ~ !ro0
1= 2 + j1 =2.236~A \ = Y = 0.1118 /26S = 20&' V

11 = VY I = (20 L!L)( fa /53.13°) = 2 /53.13° A 12 = VY 2 = (20 L!L)( 10 / - 36.87°) = 1 / - 36.87° A

VIr-(20L!r)(2t=]3.J~)
9
SI 40/ 53.13 24 {32VA
S2 = VI; = (20 L!L)(1 D6.Hn = 20 /36.87° = 16 + j12 VA

10.77 For the circuit of Prob. 10.76 verify that the total compllex power is the sum of the two complex powers obtained
in Prob. 10. 76.
• From Prob. 10.76,
SI = 24 - j32 S2 = 16 + j12
Thus, S SI + S2 40 }20 VA. OtheIWise,
S = VI* = (20 L!L)(2.236 / -26.:~ 1'= 44.72 / -26S = 40 - j19.95 VA
The slight error is due to roundoff.

10.78 A parallel circuit consisting of two impedances is shown in Fig. 10-36. Replace it by an equivalent series circuit
and, hence, calculate the input current I.

• Since V= 200 L!L V,

V 200i!1"
1= - = ---=. = 37 74/-32° A
Z 5.3il£: .

Fig. 10·36

10.79 Determine the power factor of the circuit of Fig. 1(1-36 by calculating the power dissipated in the equivalent
resistor. Verify that the result is consistent with that of Prob. 10.78.

• From Prob. 10.78, Z = 5.3/32° = (4.495 + j2.80H) n. Thus, R = 4.495 n.

P 6402
P = [2R = (37.74)2(4.495) = 6.402 kW cos cjJ = V[ = (200)(37.74) = 0.848 lagging

From Prob. 10.78, cos cjJ = cos (- 32°) =0.848 Jagging.

 AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE D 171

10.80 A series-parallel circuit is shown in Fig. 10-37. Determine the currents I, 11' and 12,

311. jS.Jl.

,. 1; 3
SA - b.f2
V.: loo Ll
~
Fig. 10-37

• The input impedance Zi is given by

Z - 2 + '3 + (3 + j5)(5 j6) 2 '3 (5 82 M)(7.81/ 50.2°)
+J + 8.06/-7.120
2+j3+5.65~ 7.43+j4.55 8.71~ft

_ V_lOO jJl _ °
1- Zi - 8.71~ -11.48/-31.48 A

The voltage across the parallel branch is

V23 = IZ 23 = (11.48/-31.48°)(5.65/15.92°) = 64.86/-15.56° V
9
V23 64.86/ 15.56 / V23 64.86/ 15.56° /'lA t:'l0
11 = ~ = 5.83/59° =11.12 -74.56° A 12 = Z; = 7.81/-50.19° = 8.3 ~A

10.81 Draw a phasor diagram for the circuit of Fig. 10-37 showing V12' V23 , V, I, 11' and 12,

• From Prob. 10.80,

V12 = 1(2 + j3) = (11.48 /-31.48°)(3.6/53.3°) = 41.39/24.83° V Vn = 64.86/-15.56° V

Hence we draw the phasor diagram of Fig. 10-38.

-- -- -
-
I,
Fig. 10-38 Fig. 10-39

10.82 The circuit of Fig. 10-39 operates at a frequency of 50 Hz. Determine the value of C in order that the input
voltage V and the input current I are in the same phase.

• Input impedance:
Z= - L + (6)(j12) = _ L + (j72)(6 - j12) = _ L + '24+ 48
wC 6 + ;12 wC 36 + 144 wC J. .
For V and I to be in the same place, the imaginary part of Z must be zero. Thus, l/wC = 2.4. At 50 Hz,
w = 27T(50) = 314. Hence,
1
C = (2.4)(314) = 1326.9 J1. F
172 D CHAPTER 10

10.83 For the C obtained in Prob. 10.82 calculate the power input to the circuit of Fig. 10-39 by: (a) VI cos cI>; (b)
I2R, where R is the resistive portion of Z (obtained in Prob. 10.82); and (c) (I 1 ?6, where 11 is the current
through the 6-0 resistor. Verify that the results are identical.,

• (a) Since Z = 4.80, 1= (100/4.8) L!r = 20.83 ,~!J~A. Hence, VI cos cl> = (100)(20.83)(cosOO) = 2083 W
(b) I2R = (20.83)2(4.8) = 2083 W. (c) By current division rule,
Z2 _ ° j12 _ (20.83 L!r)(12/900) _ °
I, = I Z1 + Z2 - (20.83 L!r) 6 + rl2 - - 13.42 ~ - 18.63/26.56 A

I~R = (18.631\6) = 2083 W

10.84 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-40, we have V,= 10 L!r V. Find 11' 12, and 13 ,

• 11 -
_ 10 + jO _ _1~~~':_ _ 77/-
3 + j2 - 3.60 L~,.690 - 2.
°
33.69 A

Z3 _ ( / 0) 9 - j6 ,_ (:~.77 /-33·n(10.82/-33.7°) _ 57/ 73 °

12 = 11 Z2 + Z3 - 2.77 -33.7 19 + j2 -- 19.1 & - 1. - .4 A
2.77 / ° 10 + j8 (2.77/-33.7°)(12.8/38.7°)
( - 33.7) 19+j2' 19.1&

r+-"I\f'-~
I, 3.f2 ~ j1Jl
'00'--- I ' \~ -
+ . ,. v.,-- IDU" - I t ~
4!-/\/V'-_~~
V '1ft -jt.Jl

- Fig. 10-40

10.85 Determme the termmal voltage V for the CifCUlt 01 hg. 10-40.

• V - VI + V2 • Since V, = 10 /0° = 10 + iO V (given) and, from Prob. 10.84,

V2 = 13 Z3 = (1.86/-1°)(10.82 L-3:hn = 20.13/-34.7° = 16.55 - jl1.46 V
we obtam V - (10 + jO) + (16.55 - j11.46) - 26.55 - jl1.46 - 28.9 7-23.3° V

10.86 Obtain the complex power in each of the three impedances of the circuit of Fig. 10-40. Verify that the sum of
the three complex powers is the same as the input complex power.

• 52
S1 = V11~ = (10 L!r)(2. 77 L11.n
V2I; (20.13/ 34.7°)(1.5in}.4°)
=. 27.7 /33.7° = 23.05 + j15.37 VA
3I.6llli.2': 24.66+JI9.76VA
S3 =V31; = (20.13/-34.7°)(1.86 Lt:) = 37.44/-33.7° = 31.15 - j20.77 VA
S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 78.86 + j14.36 VA =VI~ = (28.9 /-23.3°)(2.77/33.7°) = 80 /10.4° = 78.68 + j14.44 VA
which are approximately equal.

10.87 Repeat Prob. 10.86 for the circuit of Fig. 10-37.

• From Prob. 10.81,

S1 =V'21* = (41.39/24.83°)(11.48 LU.AB~) = 475.16/56.31° = 263.57 + j395.36 VA
S2 = V231~ = (64.86/-15.56°)( 11.12 fl~.56°) = 721.24/59° = 371.46 + j618.22 VA
S3 V23 I ; (64.86/ 15.56°)(8.384.62°) 538.34/ 50.W 344.67 j413.54 'lA
s = S, + S2 + S3 = 979.7 + j600 =VI* = (100 L~)(11.48/31.48°) = 1148/31.48° = 979.04 + j599.49 VA
Hence
204 D CHAPTER 10

10.193 The circuit of Fig. 10-93 has a voltage source and a dependent current source. Determine the current through
the 25-0 resistor.

Fig. 10-93

I By KCL,
I '0° V I 251 1
11 = 501 = 50 iI~l=- j100 = 2 _ j2

Solving, 11 = 1/(27 - j2) = 36.94/4.2° mA.

10.194 What is the voltage across the l-kO resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-93?
I By using the results of Prob. 10.193, we have

Vx = (-491)(1000) = ( - ~~ 11 )(1000) = --%0/1 = (980 /180°)(0.03694/4.2°) = 36.2/184.2° V

10.195 How much complex power is delivered by the 5 LlQ':-A current source to the circuit of Fig. 1O-94?
I SI =V1(5/-300)VA. To solve for VI' we use nodal analysis:
'7 '7 '7
-.r
~1 + _ 1 _ ._2 =5 D!f "2
-=2V + - -2
~ 1

J2 -Jl .- 2 1 -jl
which may be written as

From these, VI = 3.07 /167.48° V and SI = (3.07 D67.48°)(5/-300) = 15.35/137.48° VA.

Fig. 10-94

10.196 Determine the complex power supplied by the dependent current source of the Cif CUlt of Fig. 10-94.

I In this case, S2 = V22Vi. From Prob. 10.195, Vi = 3.07 /-167.48° V, and the node equations give
11.82 ~6.:Q~ / 20
V2 1.82L74.1~~ 6.15130.6 V

Hence, S2 = (6.15/130.62°)2(3.07 L -167.48°) = 37.78/-36.86° VA.

10.197 From the results of Probs. 10.195 and 10.196, verif) the complex-power balance for the circuit of Fig. 10-94.

I Complex power supplied by the two sources:

SI + S2 = 15.35/137.48° + 31. 7 8/-36.86° = 18.91 - j12.29 VA
Complex power absorbed:

P
=P = (V2)2 = (6.15)2 = 18 91 W Q= Q __ Q = (Vl)2 _ (1V1 - V21)2 = (3.07)2 _ 17 = -12 29
2n 2 2' j2 n -jl n 2 1 2 1 . var

Thus, S = P + jQ = 18.91 - j12.29 VA, which is the same as the total power supplied.
232 O CHAPTER 11

VI
di l
di

(b) Fig. 11-3

I The equation of the passive loop is

R I
2 2
+ L 2 ---
dr
- M-
dt
= O

whereas that af the active loop is

11.4 Write the KVL equations for the magnetically coui=,led circuits of Fig. 11-4 operating under steady-state ac.
The circuit also shows the dot convention stated as follows: (a) When the assumed currents both enter or both
leave a pair of coupled coils by the dotted terminais. the signs on the M terms will be the sarne as the signs on
the L terms; but eh) Jf one current enters by a dctted termmal whlle the other leaves by a dotted termmal,
the signs on the M terms will be opposite to the Sigls on the L terms.
I The KVL equations in matrix form may be written as

-jwM

v, v,

Fig. 11-4 Fig. 11-5

11.5 Represent the circuit of Fig. 11-4 by a conductively coupled circuit.

I Let the desired circuit be as shown in Fig. 11-5, where an inductive reactance X M = wM, carries the two
mesh currents in opposite directions, whence Z'2 =, Z21 = - jwM in the Z matrix. If now an inductance
LI - M be placed in the first loop, the mesh currellt equation for this loop will be (RI + jwL,)I, - jwMI2 =
VI Similarly, , 2 - M in the second loop result~. in the sarne mesh current equation as for the coupled-coil
circuit. Thus, the circuit of Fig. 11-5 is equivalent to that of Fig. 11-4.

11.6 ln Fig. 11-1, we have shown two ftuxes-<I>lI linking with coil 1, and <1>12 linking with coils 1 and 2 both. This
latter ftux gives rise to the mutual coupling between lhe two coils and is known as the mutual fluxo The ftux <1>'1
is known as the leakage fluxo With the use of the définition of inductance as ftux linkage per ampere (see Probo
7.11) and defining coupling coefficient k = <1>12/<1>1 = <1>21/<1>2' obtain an expression for k in terms of self- and
mutual inductances. Coils 1 and 2 in Fig. 11-1 ha\'e N I and N 2 turns, respectively.

I From Probo 7.11, since À = N<I> = Li, we haw

di d<l> .
L dt = N dI ,= e (mduced volt age)
From Fig. 11-1, induced voltage e 2 in coil 2 is given by
 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 233

di, d
e2 = M di = N 2 di <P'2

or (1)

Similarl), e I in eoil 1 is given by

or M = N d<P2' (2)
I di 2
MuJtiplying Fqs (1) and (2) yields

(3)

Now k = <P'2 _ <P21 (4)

<P, <P,
NI<Pl
(5)

and (6)

Substituting Eqs. (4) through (6) into (3) gives

M
Hence, k=--
VLIL2

11.7 The devi ce shown in Fig. 11-6 is a transformer. Represent this by an equivalent circuito Identify ali the circuit
parameters.

. <I>,~
R,
T "'..
í. _
R2
T

vJ
~

v'0 I,
N,C
4 ""'~
• <1>"
C
t 1-1-
~N2 I, ] ZL

'1 \

J<lg. 11-0

, Referring to Fig. 11-6, the primary winding of N j turns is connected to the source voltage VI and the
secondary winding of N 2 turns is connected to the load impedance ZL' The coil resistances are shown by
lumped parameters R I and R 2 • Current 12 produces ftux <P2 = <P21 + <P22 and II produces <PI = <P12 + <Pll"
ln terms of the coupling coefficient k,

From these ftux relationships, leakage inductances L1l and L 22 can be related to the self-inductances LI and L 2
by
Lll = (1 - k)Lj
The corresponding leakage reactances are

The ftux common to both windings in Fig. 11-6 is the mutual flux <Pm = <P 12 - <P21' This ftux induces the coil
emfs by Faraday's law.
234 O CHAPTER 11

dcP,"
e = N ----
\ \ dt
Defining the turns ratio, a = N\IN2 , wc obtain from these the basic equation of the transformer, e\le 2 = a.
ln terms of rms values, E/E2 = a.
The relationship between the mutual inductance can be developed by analysis of the secondary induced emf,
as follows:
d</Jm d</J\2 d</J 21 d</J 12 d(k</J2)
e 2 = N 2 dt = N 2 Tt- N 2 dt = N 2 dt - N 2 --;{f

Using the results of Probo 11.6, wc have

di\ di 2 di\ M di 2
e2 = M di - kL 2 dt = M di - -;; di
Now, defining the maglletizillg cttll mt i.p by the equdtion
1
or 2 +I
a ii'

di.,
wc have e =M-- or
2 dt
Hence, in terms of the coil emfs and various reactances and resistances, wc obtain the equivalent circuits of
Fig. 11-7a and b.

R, jX" jX22 R2 R, jXM R2

+ + +

~ ~
V, E2 ZL V, V, jX2 ZL

(a) (b)

I'ig 11-7

11.8 From the circuit of Fig. 11-7b determine the input impedance of the transformer.
, The governing equations are

Eliminating 12 gives

or

11.9 An ideal transformer is represented by Fig. 11 8. [t i.i eharacterized by the fact that it is lossless (RI R 2
O), has no leakages (XII = X 22 = O), and has an infinitely permeable core (X M = 00). Under these condi-
tions determine its input impedance for a load ZL

+ +

+ +

Fig. 11-8
 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 235
I From Fig. 11-8, VI =E I = aE 2 = aV2· Since the transformer is lossless,
VI 12
VIII =V2I 2 or -=-=a
V2 II

VI aV2 2 V2 2
Hence, Zio = II = I I a = a I = a ZL
2 2

lI.IU ror an lOeal uansrormer me ampere-Tum aOT rUte slales LIlal LIle algeuraic sum 01 LIle ampere lurns lor a
transformer is zero. Now refer to the three-winding transformer shown in Fig. 11-9. It has turns N I =20,
11., - 11.1 - UI ]:;';nrl T coi",,," th"t T - U1J1 I .<;1.11°.1 , T- , - l n n I. ·4<;°.1
2 3 lo' -L ~

- II
·L~
~.-
C
N 2 12

NI .
~

•
...
. t(' N 3 13
r Fio
~
l1_Q

I With the dots and current directions as shown. N.I. - NoI. - N.l = O from which 201 =
10(10.0 [-53.13°) + 10(10.0 [-45°) or II = 6.54 - j7.54 = 9.98 [-49.06° A.

11.11 When one coil of a magnetically coupled pai r has a current 5.0 A, the resulting ftuxes <PII and <P12 are 0.2 and
0.4 mWb, respectively. If the turns are N I = 500 and N 2 = 1500, find LI' L 2, M, and the coefficient of
'0

I <PI = <P 11 + <P12 = 0.6 mWb. From Probo 11.6,

L = N I <PI = 500(0.6) = 60 mH
I I 5.0
M= N 2<P12 = 1500(0.4) = 120mH
I 5.0
k= ~.2 = 0.667

Then, from M=kyL I L 2, L 2 = 540mH.

11.12 Two coupled coils have self-inductances LI = 50 mR and L 2 = 200mH, and a coefficient of coupling
k = 0.50. If coil 2 has 1000 turns, and i = 5.0 sin 400t A, find the voltage at coil 2 and the ftux <p,.
di d .
I M= k\/ LIL2 = 0.50Y(50)(200) = 50mH v 2 = M d: = 0.05 dt (5.0 sm 400t) = 100 cos 400t
Assuming a linear magnetic circuit,

M= ~2=
. 2\''-'1-'1 ) 4
or <PI = ;lk ii =5.0x 1O- sin400tWb
II iI 2
11.13 Write the mesh equations in terms of instantaneous values for the circuit of Fig. 11-10.

R -

(i -
1
~

v +
-
Me
L2
*c
'---
Fig. lI-lO

I Examination of the winding sense shows that the signs on the M terms are opposite to the signs on the L
terms.

RI. + L -di - M -di + -1

I dt dt C
I. + I dt L -di - M -di = V
2 dt dt
(1)
236 O CHAPTER 11

or Ri + L di + -1
I --
dI C
I i dt = v (2)

where L' = LI + L2 - 2M. Because M;;;,. 'ILIL~;;;" (L, + L 2 )/2, L' is nonnegative.

11.14 Rewrite the mesh equations of the circuit of Fig. ll-lO for sinusoidal steady condition.

I These equations follow directly from Eqs. (1) and (2) of Probo 11.13. Thus,

(R + jwLI - jwM + j~C + jwL2 -- ;lJJM)1 =v or (R + jwL' + j~C)1 =v

where L' = L, + L2 - 2M.

11.15 ln a series aiding connection, two coupled coil~ have an equivalent inductance L A; in a series opposing
connection, L B. Obtain an expression for M in te:"ms of LA and L B.

I As in Probo 11.13, LI + L 2 + 2M = LA and LI + L 2 - 2M = LB' which give M = HLA - L B).

This problem suggests a method by which M can be determined experimentally.

] 1.]6 Write the mesh cllrrent eqllations for the cOllpled coils with currents i , and i 2 shown in Fig. 11-11.

/"-- - -.;2
~
1<,
( t I
1<2

v(O C~
LI C~ ~
~ ~-------
M 4- •
41'-- ~ L 2
L.

Fig. 11-11

I The winding sense and selected current directiom. result in signs on the M terms as follows:

1117 Repeat Prob 11 16 ii i 2 is given by the dashed line in Fig 11-11

d.. di
I R,(i, - i,) + LI _.- (I, - I?) + M - 2
- - L -di dt
= v

11.18 Obtain the dotted equivalent cireuit for the coupled ,j,cuit shown iII Fig. H-12a, aIld use it to fiIld the voltage V
across the 10-0 capacitive reactance.

, To place the dots on the circuit, consider only tne coils and their winding sense. Drive a current into the
top of the left coi I and place a dot at this terminal. The corresponding flux is upward. By Lenz's law, the flux
at the right coil must be upward-directed to oppose the first fluxo Then the natural current leaves this winding
by the upper terminal, which is marked with a dot. See Fig. 11-12b for the complete dotted equivalent circuit,
with currents 11 and 12 chosen for calculation of V.
I 10 5 + j31
10 1'10 10 + j6

and V= 1,(-jlO) = 10.15 /23.96° V

 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 237

so

--.
SO

jS 04
4
'2 O
'-
.-
4~ ~ jS O
~

r-- r-
I'" /':'\
IULl[: v \.._; \..;.I"V~ V
+
V;;:
-
l' -jlO O

(Q.)

~
S O • jS O
.- r-- -.
jS O •

I,
SO
...
I, +
1O,1t V (~) V;;:~-jIOO
C0 10m V

(b)
Fig. 11-12

11.19 Obtain the dotted equivalent for the circuit shown in Fig. 11-13a and use the equivalent to find the equivalent
inductive reactance.

j4 O

j2 O j3 O
~ ~

• j3 O jS O. • j6 O

eh) Fig. 11-13

I Drive a current into the first coil and place a dot where this current enters. The natural current in both of
the other wiodiogs estahlishes ao opposiog flux to that set up hy the driven current Place dots where the
natural current leaves the windings. (Some confusion is eliminated if the series connections are ignored while
deterrnining the locations of the dots.) The result is shown in Fig. 11-13b.
Z = j3 + j5 + j6 - 2(j2) + 2(j4) - 2(j3) = j12 n
i.e., an inductive reactance of 12 n.

11.20 Compute the voltage V for the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-14.

·S O k = 0.8 '\0 O •
• J J
~

+
50,1t V +
V

Fig. 11-14
238 O CHAPTER 11

I X M = (0.8y5(1O) = 5.660, and so the Z matnx is

3 + jl _o: -- j1.66]
[ -3 - j1.66
8 + j6

Then 8.627 24.79° A

and V= 12 (5) = (8.62i--:~.79°)(5) = 43.1/-24.79°V

11.21 Repeat Probo 11.20 with the polarity of one coil reversed.

I ln this case, the Z matrix is as follows:

5~ I
,3.82 7 112.12° A

and

11.22 Obtam the eqUlvalent mductance of the parallel-connected, coupled cOlls shown m fig. 11-15.

I Currents I, and 1 2 are selected as shown; then Zie =VIII I .

(jwO.3)(jw0.414) - (jwO.043)2 . 02 6
and = JW . 9
II

or Leq = 0.296 H.

20 50

VI ~ U . .j t1 J v.o n ~ ~
~ o~ ~ jIO
50~ j5 o
r
I
k - 0.7 I I
Fig. 11-15 Fig. 11-16

11 23 For the cOl)pled circuit shown in Fig 11-16, show lha! dots are not needed so long as the second loop is passive

I Currents II and 12 are selected as shown.

501
5~
1 ± j4 I 2 + j5
5 _+-".j_1O---,-_
11 = ----'-_ _ _ 250 + j500 _ 1.- ° 12 = _±--,,-j_4_ _0_ = 3.92/-118.07 + 90° A
-24 + j45 - 10.96 L...::.:~·64 A I:l z
2 + j5 ± j4 1

1_ + j4 S+jlO
The value of I:l z is unaffected by the sign on M. Since the numerator determinant for II does not involve the
coupling impedance, 1 I is also unaffected. The expression for 12 shows that a change in the roupling polarity
results in a 180° phase shift. With no other phasor voltage present in the second loop, this chang e in phase is of
no consequence.

11.24 For the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-17, find the ratio V2 /V I which results in zero current I, .

1 VI j2 I

I
 MAGNETICALL Y COUPLED CIRCUITS o 239

S!l 2!l J!l j4 !l

:;o~ v -j8 !l

Fig. 11-17 Fig. 11-18

11.25 ln the circuit of Fig. 11-18, find the voltage across the 5-0 reactance with the polarity shown.
I For the indicated choice of mesh currents,

Similarly, 12 3.66/ 40.28° A.

The volt age across the j5 is partly conductive, from the currents 11 and 12 , and partly mutual, from current 11
in the 4-0 reactance' V - (I + 1 ) i5 + 1 ( i3) - 29 97 ~ V Df course the sarne volt age mlJst exist
across the capacito r: V = - IJ- j8) ,,: 29.27 49.72° V. í '

11.26 Obtain Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminais ab for the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-19a.

40 fIO 11 3n

I'

(a.)

8.62/48.79" O

-
~

I
4.82/- 34.60°
v~ 0.559, - 83.39" A ~ 8.62/48.79" O

b b

(b) (c) Fig. 11-19

I ln open circuit, a single clockwise loop current I is driven by the volt age source: 1= (10 ~)/(8 + j3) =
1.17/-20.56° A. Then VTh = 1(j5 + 4) - 1(j6) = 4.82/-34.60° V.
To find the short-circuit current 1', two clockwise mesh currents are assumed, with 12 = 1'.

8+j3 10 1
I -4 + jl O 4.82/- 34.60°
I' 0.559/ 83.39° A and 8.62~n
8 + j3 -4 + j11 I' 0.559 / 83.39°
I -4 + jl 7 + j5
The equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 11-19b and c.
240 O CHAPTER 11
11.27 Obtain a conductively coupled equivalent circuit for the magnetically coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-20a.

• jSfi
j6
~jIOfi.
fi z"

3fiJ
SOL![ V

J I,
fi
-j4
12 S!l SOL\L V +

Fig. 11-20

I Select mesh currents I, and 12 as shown, and write the KVL equations in matrix formo

l 3 +jl
-3 - J2
The lmpedances m Fig. 11-20b are chosen to glve l;he ldentIcal Z matnx. lhus, smce I, and 12 pass through
the common impedance Zh in opposite directions, Z'1 in the matrix is -Zb' Then, Zb = 3 + j2 il. Since ZII
is to include ali impedanees through whieh I, p.u.scs, 3 I j1 Z" I (3 I j2), from which Z" j1 n.
Similarly, Z22 = 8 + j6 = Zb + Zc and Zc = 5 +)4 n.

11.28 For the transforme r circuit of Fig. 11-7b, k"O.96, R,=1.2il, R 2 =0.3il, X}=20il, X 2 =5il,
ZL = 5.0 /36.87° n, and V2 = 100 ~ V. Obtain th,~ coil emfs E, and E 2, and the magnetizing current 1<1>'

I X'I (1 k)X, (1 0.96)(20) -O.SI! Xn (1 k)X 2 0.2 I!

a rx:
VX 2 2 XM kVXlX2 9.6ft

Naw a circuit af the forro Fig 11-7a caD he coostmcted, startiog iraro the phasar valtage-curreot relationship
at the load and working back through E 2 to E,.
V2 100 t!l~ °

E2 - I 2 (R 2 + JX 22 ) + V2 - (20 E!!l..:..:'L':'.)(0.3 + JO.2) + 100 Bt - 107.2 J0.4 V

E2
aE 2 214.4 jO.8 V 1<1> 0.042 jll.17 A

11.29 For the linear transforme r of Probo 11.28, calcula te the input impedance at the terminais where V, is applied.

, Completing the construction begun in Probo 11.28,

1

V, = I,(R, + jXII ) + E, = (18.93/-65.L~)( 1.2 + jO.8) + (214.4 - jO.8) = 238.2/-3.62° V

Therefore,

11.30 ln Fig. 11-21 three identical transformers are primar)' wye-connected and secondary delta-connected. A single
loadimpedancecarriescurrent IL=30~A. G,ven Ih2=20~A and I"2=I c2 = iO~A, with
N, = lON2 = 100, find the primary currents I"" I b ,. lei'
 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 241
lal-

Ibl-

Fig. 11-21

I The ampere-tum dot mie is applied to each transformer.

or lal = -l~(lO~) = -1 ~A
NI -NI =0 or I = ~ (20 /0 = 2 /0 A 0
)
0

or
The sum ot the pnmary currents provides a check: lal + Ihl + lei = O.

.......... .~ pu" v< ~v,,~ <~ ~HV 'H <H • <5' «-~~u. ""u<un <H" "5U<" V] ""HHHUUH5 ... " 5"VU'''<H~U< U"VHUUUVU

and replacing it by the dot notation. If the. coil resistances are negligible, write the voltage equations for the
rirrllit

o... '''b !Cd.

e
1- • L, ,J t
~"
~b
-
b
2~. - J

LO)

.... '._-
10': 11 ,...,...

.
• Ine reqmrea clrcmt IS snown m rlg. ll-LLD ror wmcn
1 di ab .,., di cd (1\
ab dI dI
di di
v = -2 --""- + 5 ~ (2)
cd dI dI

11.32 ln the circuit of Fig. 11-22b vab = 100 sin 10001 Vand iab = 5 sin(lOOOI + 30°) A. Determine vcd'

I From Eq. (1) of Probo 11.31,

di cd = ! (di ab _ V )
dI 2 dI ab

diab 5 (diab )
Thus vcd = - 2 di + 2" di - v ab
Substituting the given expressions for V ab and iab yields V cd = 2385 sin (10001 + 114.8°) V.
242 O CHAPTER 11
11.33 Terminais b and c of the coi Is of Fig. 11-22a are cünnected and a voltage v ad = 400 cos IOOOI V is applied
across a and d. Determine v ab and v cd'
I The circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 11-23, which gives
di ad di ad di ad di ad ,diad di ad di
ad
v ab = 1 di - 2 di = -1 di v cd = 5 di -- ,~ -dI = 3 di v ad = 400cos IOOOI = v ab + v cd = 2 di
Hence, diadldl=200cosIOOOIA/s, giving v ab = -200cosIOOOIV and ved=600cosIOOOIV.
. .
i"b -:. Ltu!.
a..
~b
IH

c1.--- Fig. 11-23 Fig. 11-24

11.34 Repeat Probo 11.33, assuming that b and dare now connected and v ae = 400 cos IOOOI V.

I The circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 11-24, frem which

Vab = 1 --- + 2 -
di dI

V ae = V ab + V de ,= 10 di = 400 cos IOOOI V

Thus, d~;c = 40 cos IOOOI Ais so that V ab = 120 cos IOOOI V and V ed = -280 cos IOOOI V

11.35 Obtain expressions for currents iab and iCd in Probo [1.31.

I Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) and integrating yields

r
J e5 !) ab +2!) "a )dt

11 36 Three coupled coils are woulld Oll a core as sho"'ll ip Fig 11-25a. Redra'" it by usillg the dot notation. Us€
circles to relate coil 1 to the other coils and squares to relate coils 2 and 3. Neglecting coil resistances write the
voltage eguations.

't _ _-+-_-/..

Fig. 11-25

I The required circuit is shown in Fig. 11-25b. The volt age equations are
diab died _ M ~i!...1 diab di cd - M ~
vab = L 1 di + M 12 dI 13 d' Ved = M 12 di + L 2 dI 23 dI

11.37 For the coupled coi Is shown in Fig. 11-26, Lp L2' <Jnd M are equal to 9, 16, and 12 mH, respectively. The
currents iab and iCd are identical and equal to 3 Sill iOOOI A. Find the voltages v ab and vedo
 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 243
0------, , - - - - - -.. c
• •
L, LZ

ed Fig 11-26

di di di cd di
I v ab
ab
= LI di cd
+ M di = 63 cos 1000t V V cd = M di
ab
+ L 2 di = 84 cos 1000t V

11.38 Find the total instantaneous power absorbed by the magnetic field of the coils of Fig. 11-26 (Prob. 11.37).
What is the maximum energy stored in the magnetic field?

AI t O, stored enelgy w is zelO because both iab and iCd ale zelO. Thus,

W = J: P dr = 220.5 J: sin 2000r dr = 0.11(1 - cos 2000t) J W max =0.22J

11.39 The current iab in th€ coupl€d coi Is of Probo 11.31 is held constant at 1 A Ihe current iCd has the forro shown
in Fig. 11-27. Plot the voltages v ab and vcd for one period (8 time units).

~b
ZI".,

,..t
~
~ 4 ~ lo - " t
Q---
1m - - S-~"'"' .----
V! 1\ /
I
I

.1
I\{"

-'m
4\1
1 2 3 6
11 ~ 4 ~ g 10 _l-

Fig. 11-27 Fig. 11-28

di di d'
Thus, Vub,max - \(,,} - 2~" V ,- -2 ~ + 5 cd - 5 lcd and V, -V-51
cu dt dt dt
The plots are shown in Fig. 11-28.

11.40 Sketch the power absorbed by each winding over 0:5 t:5 8, using the data of Prob, 11.39,

I PI - vabi ab -lv ab (se e Fig. 11-28) and P2 = Vc)cd (see Figs. 11-28 and 11-27). The plots are shown in
Fig. 11-29.

10 -+t
244 O CHAPTER 11

11.41 Sketch the total energy absorbed in the magnetic field of the coils of Probo 11.39, over O:::; t:::; 8.

I w = !Lli~b +
!L2i~d - Miabicd' Inserting the known numerical values gives w = ~ + ~i~d - 2icd = fõ +
~(iCd - ~)2 J.
Referring to Fig. 11-27, we see that the w curve will be flat between t = 1 and t = 3, and
between t = 5 and t = 7; it will be parabolic ovcr the rest of the cycle. We shall always have w ~0.1 J,
with equality at certain times only if 1m ~ 0.4 A. Figure 11-30 graphs w in the representative cases 1m = 0.2,
0.4, and 0.8 A.

'cJl {WJw,y, .iGIl • O. 'f A

0.8
o.t
0.2
O
1
//..
IY
}i ---:: ~~ ~ --I:-.
·.V
~ '1
r- ---I

3.0
, I
I"", '"
I
I
'4-
I
O.iA

!P- I ,,
I

*
I
2.d I I

}I I", "0.'1 A

!I..........~
I.~

' ..{'"
~
- - --,~I"~ .';
.,\.. I

'
m ,O.1.A

v.
.............. I
, , ..., , ,
I 2 3 i ~ ~ 7 8 'i 10

t Fi g. 11.30

11.42 An electronic amplifier is modeled by the circuit shown in Fig. 11-3l. Determine the turns ratio of the ideal
coupling transformer for maximum power transfer to the load resistor R.
I Power absorbed by R is

Combining the above four equations,

The expression above is a maximum when N 1 /N2 ='YrpIR.

s- e
J

1"1-' ,4.V~~
N,
., ;J R
•
RJ;!
...
jwLzz jwC
I

Ia
"íZ:fLVab

Fig. 11-31 Fig. 11-32

 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS o 245
11.43 Figure 11-32 shows the equivalent circuit of an amplifier. Obtain an expression for the volt age gain
G =VcdIVab .
I Establishing mesh currents counterclockwise and clockwise in the left and right meshes respectively,

[(r p + RI) + jWL11]11 + jwMI 2 = jJ.V ah

Solve for 12 and then obtain

G= IhwC = -f-LMIC

V
ab
[(r p + RI) + jwL ll l[R 2 + j(wLn - w
1
C)] + w M 2 2

11.44 ln the amplifier of Probo 11.43, if rp "pY(R I )2 + (WLlI)2, obtain a simplified expression for the gain of the
amplifier.
I We may write

for the given condition. Therefore

-jJ.M/C
G

11.45 An equivalent circuit of a transformer-coupled amplifier is shown in Fig. 11-33. Determine the volt age gain

L
d

Fig. 11-33

I Choosmg mesh currents upward through 60th of the mductances,

Elimination of II and 12 between the three equations yields

G= Vcd = -jgm(MlwCI C2)
2
Vab (RI + j(WLll -1/wC I )][R 2 + j(WL22 -1/wC2)] + w M 2

11.46 ln a two-winding unloaded transformer, the flux linking the primary and the mutual flux are 10 m Wb and
8 mWb, respectively. What is (a) the primary leakage flux, and (b) the coefficient of coupling?

I (a) Leakage flux = 10 - 8 = 2 mWb. (h) Coefficient of coupling, k= lo = 0.8.

 17 CHAPTER15
UTransients in DC Circuits

15.1 The volrage across a capacito r C in an electric circuit ar to is v(to). Whar is rhe voltage ar some instant t
if the current through the capacito r is i(t)?

I The v-i relationship for a capacitor is

which becomes, for the problem at hand,

(1)

IS 2 Obtain a relationship similar to Eq (1) of Prob 15 1 for ao juductor , if tbe CllTreut tbrollgb it is ;(to) at

I For the mductor, we have

1 (
L J udt

Thus,

15.3 A capacito r C initially charged to a volt age Vo is suddenly connected across a resistor R. Find vdt).

I The circuit is shown in Fig. 15 1. The volt age v(t) ve satis fies

from which we obtain

(1)
sincc ue ,,~ at t O.

Fig. 15-1

15.4 The quantity RC in Eq. (1) of Probo 15.3 has the dimension of second (s), and is known as the time constant. If
R = 10 kil and C = 50 JLF, what is the time constant r?

I r = RC = (10 x 10 3 )(50 x 10- 6 ) = 500 ms (or 0.5 s)

15.5 Given R = 2 Mil in an RC circuit of the form shown in Fig. 15-1, find C if we want a time constant of lOs.
I r = 10 = RC = (2 X 1Q6)C or C= 5 X 10- 6 = 5 JLF

15.6 To what value will the volt age Vo of the capacito r of Probo 15.3 decay ove r a period of one time constant?

I Substituting t =r = RC in Eq. (1) of Probo 15.3 we obtain

ve(r) = Voe- 1 = 0.368Vo V
or 36.8 percent of its initial value.

351
352 O CHAPTER 15

15.7 Determine the time constant of the circuit shown in Fig. 15-2a.

I The given circuit may be reduced to that of Fi~;. 15-2h, from which

where and
e 1 R2 + R3

R,

(bj Fig. 15-2

15.8 Determine the energy stored in the capacito r of Probo 15.3.

, wcCt) = !C(ucf From Probo 15.3, ue = ~,e lIRL. Hence,

(1)
where Wo = ~ CV~ is the initial stored energy.

15.9 Obtain an expression for the transfer of energy from the capacito r to the resistor of the circuit of Probo 15.3.
, wR(t) = W o - Wc
= ll'o - ll'oe -2 me (from Prob 15 8)

15.10 A 50- JLF capacito r is discharged through a 100-k!1 resistor. If the capacitor was initially charged to 400 V,
determine its initial energy and the energy stored alter 600 ms.

I T = RC = (100 x 10 3 )(50 x 10- 6 ) = 5 s

15.11 How long will it take the capacitor of Probo 15.10 tI) discharge to 0.072-1 stored energy?

I Substituting the numbers in Eq. (1) oí Probo 15.8 we obtain

0.072
= 4e- 2t1S
or 5-2t =ln ~
0.072
= -4.017
Hence, t = 10 S.

L ______L-____~__-=~O~.O=I~O~~~~.O_.O_18_V~
o
__O-.OO-7~V~ (00)=0
Ir--------
Fig. 15-3
 TRANSIENTS lN DO OIROUITS D 353

15.12 Sketch the decay of voltage of a charged capacitor C being discharged through a resisto r R as a function of time.
I The volt age is given by Eq. (1) of Probo 15.3, which may be written as ve = Voe-tfT. The plot is shown in
Fig. 15-3.

15.13 A portion of the decay of voltage of the capacitor of Probo 15.12 is shown in Fig. 15-4. If v e = VI at t = ti
and v e = v 2 at t = t 2 are the readings from Fig. 15-4, determine the time constant of the circuito

I or

Hence,

Ir' "--~
\rz. --.t--.1'-----
! ! -- , Fig 15·4

15.14 ln the clrcuJt oí Fig. 15-1 we have VI - 600 V at ti - 1s and v2 - 300 V at t2 - 4 s. What IS the time
constant of the circuit?
I From Eq. (1) of Probo 15.13,
4-1
T 4.328 s
ln 600 - ln 300

15.15 The voltage across a 20-JLF capacitor varies with time and is given by ve = 10.75 - 1.5e-IOOOt V. What is the
current through the capacitor?
dv
I ic = C de = (20 X 10- 6 )(-1.5)( -1000)e -IOOOt = 0.03e -IOOOt A
t

15.16 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-1, we have C = 40 JLF and R = 400 il. Obtain the current transient if Vo = 100 V.
1 _ 1000 _ -I
I RC = (40 x 10- 6 )(400) = 16 ms RC - 16 -62.5s VO =100V

Thus, Ue uR iODe 625t O.25e 62.5t A

R

15.17 How does the charge vary as a function of time in the circuit of Probo 15.16?

15.18 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-5 the switch is closed at t = O when the 6-JLF capacitor has charge Qo = 300 JLc.
Obtain the expression for the traflsient voltage v R.

I The two parallel capacitors have an equivalent capacitance of 3 JLF. Then this capacitance is in series with
the 6JLF. Thus, r=RCeq =40JLs. At t=O+, KVL gives v R =300/6=50V; and, as t~oo,
t140
VR~O (since i~O). Therefore, v R = 50e- = 50e-
tlT
V, in which t is measured in JLS.
354 O CHAPTER 15

l?
Oo~r" 6 p.F
+~~i t~~F 2 p.F

T .."
.... 1~ ~

15.19 An RC transient identical to that in Probo 15.3 has a power transient PR - 360e W. Obtain the initial
charge Qo, if R = 100.

I PR = Poe
-2t1RC
or
2
-=10
RC
5
or C= 2 JLF wR = L' PR dt = 3.6(1 - e·-tI0.00001) mJ

Then, WR(OO) = 3.6 mJ = Q~/2C, from which Q,)= 120 JLc.

15.20 A 100-JLF capacitor, carrying an initial charge of 500 ,ue, is discharged through a 50-O resistor. Determine the
timp it t~kp~ thp .
('~n~('itor to cli~('h~rIJP to 1 R4_C ('). "rIJP ~

I Since q = Cu c or Qo = CVo, we may write Eq. (1) of Probo 15.3 as q = Qoe-tIRC. Thus,
,«"" 6
1154 x IV JVV x IV e ~olvmgror t ylelOs [ J.vms.

15.21 From the graph of Fig. 15-3, find the time taken by th,~ capacitor of Probo 15.20 to discharge to a levei of 25 JLc.

.
·at• 0.05Qo' Dr'
~
{ c { \ , { , {\{\
\~VJ\'vv 'V J C
,{\-h ro
~ '''~.
,",c
~~ I-"~ ~~. '~'~jJ""~~ .~
{\ (\c
V'V~'-"o
3
n
...
\~ ~~
n
'-"o
c{\{\
~vv
ro\
I-"~J'
1:'. 1:':
•. ~'" • ·S·
'c
.~-~,
,.,

t = 3r. Hence the required time is t = :1(5 x 10- ) = 15 ms.

15.22 For the circuit of Fig. 15-1 we have C= 1 mF, R = 2kO, and "") = 120 V. Determine the current in the
clrcuil L. s aner me swilcn is clOseo.
3

• L
_ r du c _
dt
C
RC
li'
U'
-tIRC_ (1
\
10- \1 ")(l, -2/2 _
2 /
.(l (l,,),,)1 A

15.23 A 100-JLF capacitor charged to 24 V is connected in ~,eries with a 200-JLF uncharged capacitor, a l-kO resistor,
and a switch as shown in Fig. 15-6. Find the current 0.1 s after the switch is closed.

I By kVL we have

~~O J i dt + {~o J i dt + 1000i = O

which upon differentJatmg wlth respect to t becomes iSi+(difdt)-O or
i= Ae- ISt (1)
At t = 0+,
u el -r UC2 -r uR V or V -r L.4 -r IVVV~1 )t-o+ V
Thus, (i)too+ --0.024 A
= (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), A = -0.024 and i==-O.024e- 15t. Finally, at t = 0.1 s,
15
i = -0.024e- (0.1) =
-0.00536 A.

- 14V 1Ié,

cr-}
'O
+
(o°rF
,,~~ t<.,
+ /l. .-

(00(7.11. Fig. 15-6

 TRANSIENTS lN De elReUITS O 355

15.24 What is the voltage across the 200-JLF capacitor of the circuit of Probo 15.23 at t = 0.1 s?
106 (01 (01
I U C2 = 200 Jo i dI = 0.5 x 104 Jo (-0.024e -15') dt = -6.215 V

15.25 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-1, R = 1 kn and C = 100 JLF. The capacitor is initially charged to 24 V. What is
the initial current when the switch is closed?
I By kVL, Ue + U R = O or 24 + 1000i = O. Thus, i(O+) = -0.024 A.

15.26 Determine the circuit current 0.02 s after the switch is closed, for the circuit of Probo 15.25.
I Since RC = (1000)(100 x 10- 6 ) = 0.1 s, the solution to
1 r
Ri + C] i dt = O or R-+-t=O
dt C
becomes i - Ae oRe - Ae 181. From Probo 15.25, i(O+) - -0.024 A yields A - -0.024. Thus,
i"" -0.024e- lO '. At t = 0.02 s we obtain i = _0.024e- lO (002) = -0.0196 A.

15.27 What is the voltage across the capacitor of Probo 15.25 at t = 0.02 s?

I By KVL, uR+ue=O or u e =-1000i. At t=0.02s, i=-0.0196A (from Probo 15.26). Thus,

Ue =(-1000)( -0.0196) = 19.6 V.

15.28 Sketch ie and ue for the circuit of Probo 15.25.

I See Fig. 15-7.

Fig. 15-7

15.29 The circuit of Fig. 15-8 was under steady state before the switch was opened. If RI = 1.0 n, R 2 = 2.0 n,
e O.167F, al1d the batteI)' voltage is 24 V, detellUil1e 0e(O-) al1d ocC0+). Also fil1d i(O+).
I Since the capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, we have ucCO+)=ue(0-)=24V. After the
switch is opened, at t = 0+, ue + U Rl + U R2 = O or 24 + i(l + 2) = O. Hence, i(O+) "" -8 A.

~
.L
(.
:;: C
+ ~
::; ~ Ebal > R2

> RI
~

Fig. 15-8

15.30 Determine i in the circuit of Probo 15.29 1 s after the switch is opened.

I RC = (1 + 2)(0.167) = 0.5 S. Thus, the current is of the form i = Ae -,IRC = Ae -2'. Since i = -8 A at
t=O+, weobtain i=-8e- 2'. At t=l, i=-8e- 2(1)=-1.08A.
356 O CHAPTER 15

15.31 The circuit parameters in Fig. 15-9 are C = 2.4 F and R = 5.0 n. The battery voltage is 100 V. Assuming
the circuit is at steady state, determine the current in the resistor 10 s after the switch is opened.

I
or, at (=0+,
Si + 100 = O and i(O+) ,= - I~ = -20 A RC = 5(2.4) = 12 s
tI12
Thus, i = Ae-t/12. At (= 0+, i = -20 A :y'ields A = -20. Thus, i= -20e- . At (= 10 s,
i= _20-10/12 = -8.69 A.

R
VV-

J: b .,
~4T"'----')I~
FIg. 15-9

15.32 What is the energy stored in the capacito r of Probo 15.31 (10 s after the switch is opened)?

I Aí t - 10 s,
Ue + (-8.69)5 == I) or Ue = 43.45 V

15.33 Determme the current at (- O' m the C1fCUlt of FIg. 15-10. Given: C - 0.2 F, RI - 3 n, R 2 = 7 n,
and the capacitor is charged to 100 V initially.

I
or 100 I (3 I 7)i:: () or i(Q+) IOA

15.34 What is the current at (= 6s in the circuit of Fig. IS-lO?

I Since RC = (3 + 7)(0.2) = 2, i= Ae-- tI2. Since which

yields i 0.5 A at t 6 S.

c
.-----+-IF---,

"----1---- F'ig. 15-10

15.35 The initial current in the inductor L of the circuit of Fig. 15-11 with S open is lo. Determine the current after S
is closed.

Fig. 15-11
 TRANSIENTS lN DC CIRCUITS D 357
I By KVL we have L(dildt) + Ri = O, from which we obtain
i = Ioe-(RIL)I (1)
L
since i = lo at t = O.

15.36 The quantity LlR in Eq. (1) of Probo 15.35 has the dimension of second (s) and is known as the time constant.
What is the time constant of a coi! having R = 10 fi and. L = 100 mH?
L 100 x 10- 3
I T = li = 10 = 10 ms

15.37 It is desired to decrease the time constant of the coi! of Probo 15.36 to 2 ms by connecting a resistor in series with
the coi!. Determine the resistance of the resistor.
L 100 X 10- 3
I T 2ms 2 x 10 :l
R 10+ Rx
Hence, Rx = 40 n.

15.38 To what value will the current lo tlnough the inductor or Probo 15.35 decay over a period of one time constam.

I Substituting t =T= LI R in Eq. (1) of Probo 15.35 yields i I ( T) = IDe - 1 = 0.3681

0 A or 36.8 percent of
its initial value.

15.39 Sketch the decay of current through the inductor of Probo 15.35.

I lhe sketch IS IdentIcaI to that of Fig. 15-3, except tfiat for Vo we substitute lo'

15.40 What is the time constant of the circuit shown in Fig. 15-12a?
I The given circuit may be reduced to that shown in Fig. 15 129, for which we have
and

Hence, T = Lei Re S.
I ~ LI + Lt.
'-e....

Fig. 15-12

15.41 The decay of current in a coi! is recorded. It is found that i L = 10 mA at t = 2 ms and i L = 3.68 mA
at t = 6 ms. Determine the time constant of the coi!.
I From Eq. (1) of Probo 3 15.35 we obtain for the given data: at t = 2 ms, At
t = 6 ms, 3.68 = Ioe -6Xl0- /T mA or
(6 - 2) x 10- 3
T = ln 10 -ln 3.68 = 4 ms

15.42 The current through a 50-mH inductor is given by iL = 5 - 2e -101 A. What is the voltage across the inductor?
di
I uL=L d:=(50XlO-3)(-2x-1O)e-l01=e-l0fV
358 O CHAPTER 15
15.43 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-11, we have RI = R = 2n and L = 0.4 H. Determine the current transient.
24 L 0.4
I lo = 2 + 2 = 6 A R= T =0.2s

Hence, i= 6e~t/O.2 = 6e~5t A.

15.44 Determine the energy stored in the inductor of the ·;ircuit of Fig. 15-11.

W1,(t) = !L(i1Y = (~L.r~)e~(2Rlqt = Woe~(2R!L)t

where Wo = ! Ll~ is the initial stored energy.

15.45 Obtain an expression for the transfer of energy from the inductor to the resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-11.
,
15.46 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-11, L = 2 H and R = 4!1 If the initial current is 4 A through the inductor, what is
lhe energy slured aI 0.25 s?

I r=LlR=2/4=0.5s Wo = !Ll~ = !(2)(4f = 161

15.47 How 10ng will it take the inductor of Probo 15.46 lo clischarge to 0.8-1 stored energy?

I From Probo 15.46, 0.8 16e 4'. Thus O. 7S ~,.

15.48 How does the /lux linkage with the inductor of the coil of Probo 15.43 vary with time?

I Flux linkage À == Li or
À = Lloe~tlT == (0.4)6e~5t = 2.4e'St A

15.49 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-13, the switch is c10sed aI I = O when the 2-H inductor has a current lo = 10 A.
Find the voltage across the resistor.

L =2+ (3)(6)=4H Le 4
I e 3+6
r=-=-=ls
R 4

15.50 The power transient in an RL circuit of the type showl\ in Fig. 15-11 is given by PR = 72e ~ lO, W. Determine
the initial current if R = 2 n.
L 2 L
r=-=-='- or L = O.4H
R 10 2

WR = 1: PR dt = 72 1: e~10t dt = 7.2(1- e-lO') 1

Maximum energy stored is 7.2 = !Ll~ = HO.4)/~:. Thus lo = 6 A.

 TRANSIENTS lN DC CIRCUITS O 359

15.51 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-11 we have R = 1 fi and L = 1 fi. If the initial current through the inductor is
10 A, determine the current after 3 s.
I or i(3) == lOe~3 "" 0.4978 A

15.52 The 3-H inductor in the circuit of Fig. 15-14 carries a lO-A initial current. The switch is closed at t - O.
Solve for i.
I At t == 0+, we have, by KVL,

Le ~ + Ri =0 where L ",,(3)(6)=2H
e 3+6 and R=4fi

Thus, Ae
(4/2)( Ae 2( lOe 2(
sil1ce i lOA at t o.

Fig. 15-14

15.53 A 240-V dc generator supplies current to a parallel Clrcmt conslstmg of a reslstor and a COI! as shown in Fig.
15-15a. The system is at steady state. Determine the current in the coi I one second after the breaker is
tripp€d.

I The new circuit is shown in Fig. 15-15b, from which we have iL(O+)""iL(O~)= ~óZ =0.8A. By KVL
(600 + 300)1 + 2OOdi/dt - O. Thus, i - Ae 4.51. Since i(O+) - 0.8, A - 0.8 and i - 0.8e 4.5( A. Hence,
at t = 1 s, i = 0.8e~45(1) = 0.0089 A.

-
Circuit bre ....r ,,
.~v~
?, "L 200 H
).
200 H
600n ~ 300n "ltl< .,>600n Coil
•>
"RI • >300n
I I;;' (0+)

(a)

Fig. 15·15

15.54 What is the voltage induced in the coi! and the voltage across the coi! 1 s after the breaker is tripped in the
circuit of Fig. 15-15a?
I By KVL, from Fig. 15-15b,
or
At t = 1 s, i = 0.0089 A from Prob. 15.53. Thus,
V L (1 s) = -0.0089( 600 + 300) = -8.01 V
or Vcoil = - V R1 = -0.0089(600) = -5.34 V

~.(2.. lo li
.
t

Fig. 15-16
360 O CHAPTER 15

15.55 The circuit in Fig. 15-16 is at steady state. At 1 0 =0 the switch is opened. Determine i(O+) and i(O-).

I i(O+) = i(W) = <t = 8 A

15.56 Find the current in the 2-n resistor at = 0- anil at = 0+ in the circuit of Fig. 15-16.
,
1 1

i2fi(O ) = 'z4 = 12 A
15.57 What is the current through the inductor of the circuit of Fig. 15-16 at 1= 1.5 s7
I By KVL,

10 ~: + (3 + 2)i = () or i = Ae- O. 5 '

Since i =8A at 1= O, A =8 and i = 8e- 05 ' At 1= 1.5 s, i = 8e- O. 5 (1.5) = 3.78 A.

15.58 Sketch i(/) for the circuit of Fig. 15-16 after the sw.tch has been opened.

I See Fig. 15-17.

i, A
'('_ ............. !.. "",, ... ".• ·········.. ·····f···· .. ···..·.. ···
1\ !

2. ~
+ ..... _....... ,' ....""Q

~---T----+----,~==~~~~.=-~.~$
o 2. l' '" b" /0 Fig. 15-17

15.59 ln Fig. 15-18a, V = 100 V, RI = 50 n, and the coil parameters are 100 H and 200 n. At 1= O the switch is
opened What is the coi! cllrrent at t 1.55?

I i(O-) = i(O+) = ~gg = 0.5 A. With the switch open, by KVL,

d'
100 d: + (200 + 50)i = O or i = Ae- 25 ' A

Since i = 0.5 at 1= O, A = 0.5. Thus, i = O.5e -25, A. At 1= 1.5 s, i = 0.5e -(25)(1.5) = 0.012 A.

15.60 Determine the time constant of the circuit of Fig. 15 .. 18a and sketch i(/).

I T VR 100/(200 + 50) 0.45. For i(t) sec Fig. 15 18b.

L,A
.II Coil
",."."..

v .. . . . . . j)~............j.................i". ". . . . ..
+ I
2.0 t,s

Fig. 15-18

15.61 ln Fig. 15-19a a field discharge resistor is connectecl ln parallel with the motor field winding to discharge the
energy in the magnetic field when the switch is open.!d. This allows for a gradual discharge of the energy and
thus avoids damage to the switch and to the coi! whel1 the switch is opened The energy stored in the magnetic
field is dissipated as heat energy in R D and in the reslstance of the field windings. Assuming R D is 1000 n, the
generator is operating at 120 V, the parameters of the fleld winding are 100 H and 94 n, and the circuit current is
at steady state, determine (a) the current in the di5charge resistor at 1 = (0-), and (h) the current in the
discharge resistor at 1 = (0+).
 TRANSIENTS lN DC CIRCUITS D 361

i .e

t s

Fig. 15-19

I Thecircuitat t=(O+) is shown inFig. 15-19b. (a) iD(O-) = 1~=0.12A

0
iL(O-) - 1';4 - 1 28 A

15.62 ln the circuit of Probo 15.61, determine the field current 0.5 s after the switch is opened.
I From Fig. 15-19b,
di
100 dt + (94 + 1000) i = O or i = Ae-l094t

At t - O, i - 1.28 A. Thus, A - 1.28 and i - 1.28e 16.~41 A. At t - 0.5 s, i - 1.28e( 16.~4)(6.5)

5.39 mA.

15.63 What is the voltage across the field winding in the circuit of Probo 15.61 at t = O+?

I
15.64 ln the Clfcmt of Probo 15.61, determme the tIme elapsed for the volt age across the field winding to decay to 40 V.
I At the instant the voltage across the field winding is 40 V, the voltage across RIJ is 40 V, and
V 40
iD = R= 1000 =0.04A
But iD=1.28e-l0.94t, sothat 0.04=1.28e-l0.94t. Hence, t=0.317s.

15.65 Sketch i(t) and Ufie1d(t) for the circuit of Fig. 15-19.

I See Fig. 15-19c.

Fig. 15-20
362 O CHAPTER 15

15.66 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-20 a charged coil is discharged through a diode of negligible resistance by opening the
switch at t = O. Determine the coil current 0.2 s after the switch is opened.

I i(O+) = i(O-) = ~~g = 0.714 A. By KVL,

d'
200 d: + 350i == O or i = Ae- L7S1 A

Since i = 0.714 A at t = O, A = 0.714. Thus, i'~ 0.714e- L7S1 A. At t = 0.2 s, i = 0.714e(-175)(02) =

0.503 A.

15.67 What is voltage across the coil at (a) t = (0-) and (h) t = (0+) in the circuit of Fig. 15-20?

I (a) v(O-) = 250 V = vba"e,)' (h) v(O+) = Vdj"de = 0.714(0) = OV

1S.'8 What is the instantaneous power in the circuit of Probo 15.66?

I p = i 2 R = (350)(0.714l(e 2 (-L75)1) = 178.43e- 351 W

15.69 How much energy is dissipated in the resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-20 in 0.2 s?

I w= 0.2 (i2 R) dt = 178.43 (')2 e - 351 dt (from Probo 15.68)

III
= 25.661

15.70 ln Fig. 15-21 the two paralleled field windings are protected by a common discharge resistor. The parameters
of wmdmg 1 are 300 H and 200 n, the parameters of wmding 2 are 100 H and 200 n, R D IS 600 n, and the
generator voltage is 240 V. Determine (a) the steacly-state current in each winding and in the resistor before
the switch is opened and (b) the 'Ioltage across each winding at t (0-).

r -L

1br
+
ceo
rll Windio.
2
~ Ro
W~
Windio.
1

I , Fig. 15-21

15.71 What are the voltages across the circuit elements in the circuit of Fig. 15-21 at t = o+?

I Because of the inductances the currents cannot change instantaneously. Thus,

iRD(O+) = 1.2 + 1.2 = 2.4 A
(the windings being in parallel).

15.72 Determine the value R D in the circuit of Probo 15.70 to limit the voltage across the windings to 240 V when the
switch is opened.
I or 240 = 2.4R;'
Thlls R~ - 240/2.4 - 100 Q.

15.73 When the switch is closed, a current i ftows in the circuit of Fig. 15-22 because of an initial charge on the
capacito r. Write the equation governing i and the form of the solution to the equation.
 TRANSIENTS lN DC CIRCUITS D 363

FIg. 15-22

I By KVL,

di 1
L dt + C
I. I dt = O or

which has the characteristic roots given by

pp P2 -- +
- -'-=+. vrc - - ,w
where w == 1/VLC. Hence the solution is of the form
(1)

15.74 Using Euler's identity, express Eq. (1) of Probo 15.73 as a sum of sine and cosine functions.

I Since, e jwI = cos wt + j sin wt and e- jwI = cos wt - j sin wt, Eq. (1) of Probo 15.73 may be written as
i - A 1 (cos wt +, sm wt) + A 2 (cos wt - j sm wt) - (AI + A 2 ) cos wt + j(A 1 - A 2 ) sin wt
= BI cos wt + B 2 sin wt (1)

15.75 Show that B 1 and B 2 in Eq. (1) of Probo 15.73 are real numbers and AI and A 2 are complex conjugates.

I Since i is real, the quantity on the right-hand side must be real. Thus B 1 = AI + A 2 and B 2 =
](A 1 - A 2) mllst be real Conseqllently, AI = a +]b and A 2 = a -]b mllst be complex conjllgates.

15.76 If the initial voltage on the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 15-22 is Vo , determine the constants B 1 and B 2 in Eq.
(1) of Probo 15.73.

I At t - O, i- O Thus, 0- BI + BzCO) or BI - O At t - 0+,

di
L-+v'=O
dt o
or

Since di/dt = B 2 w cos wt. At we have Hence, and

(v~/wL).

15.77 Sketch the current for the circuit of Prob 15 76

I From Probo 15.76, i = (VolwL) cos wt. Hence, the sketch is as shown in Fig. 15-23.

i, A

15.78 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-24, L = 1.0 H, R = 6.0 n, and C = 0.2 F. The capacitor is initially charged to
24 V and the switch is closed at t = O. Determine i one second after the switch is closed.
I By KVL (and after differentiation),
d 2i di 1.
dt 2 + 6 di + 0.2 I = O
The characteristic roots of this equation are - 5 and -1. Thus, the solution is of the form i = A 1 e-sI +
A 2 e- l ; i(O+)=O yields A 1 +A 2 =0 and di/dt+0+24=0 yields dildt=-24=-5A 1 -A 2 • Hence,
A[=6 and A 2 =-6; i=6(e- sl -e- I ). At t=ls, i=6(e- s -e- 1 )=-2.17A.
364 O CHAPTER 15
, Ir
t ,

lr...
+
R L Fig. 15·24 Fig. 15-25

15.79 Sketch the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-24.

I See Fig. 15-25.

15.80 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-22, C = 2.55 ILF and L =, 200 mH. The capacitor is charged to 60 V. The switch
is c10sed at t = O. Calculate i at t = 0.4 s.
I From Probo 15.74, i = B, cos wt + B 2 sin wt.
1
w - -- - = 1400 rad/s
- 'fLC - ~1O')(2.55 )( 10 6)

di (0+) = _ Vo = -60 = -3')0 ,= wB cos wt= wB = 1400B

dt L 0.2 2 2 2

Thus, B 2 = -0.214, i= - 0.214 sin 1400t A. At t = 0.4, i = -0.214 sin (1400 x 0.4) = -0.153 A.

15.81 Determine uc(t) from the data of Probo 15.80.

I ue + 0.2 :t (·-1).214 sin 1400t) = O

UI Ue (0.2)(0.214)(1400) IXOS 14001 59.92 cus 14001 A

15.82 From the data 01 Probo 15.81 determme the first zero crossmg of the voltage across the inductor.
I uL O when cos 1400t - O or 1400t - 7T/2 Hence, t - 1 122 ms

15.83 ln the eircuit of Fig. 15-22, C 100 p;F. Find L so lhal lhe filsl zelO clOssing ur lhe vultage aclOss lhe
capacitor occurs at t = 10 ms.

, ue =O when cos wt = O or wt = 7T12. For t -10 ms, w = (7T12) X 10 2 - l/VLC, from which
L =0.405 H.

15.84 For the circuit of Fig. 15-24, write the equation governing the current i and obtain a general form of solution to
the equation.
I By KVL,

L -+
dt C
1
di R'1+-- J.dt= O
1

2
d i di 1.
or L - + R·- + -:c 1= O (1)
dt 2 dt C
The characteristic roots are

PI' P2 = - R :f V1(2RL)2
2/= LC
and the form of the solution is i = AI e P1t
+ A 2eP2t A.
 TRANSIENTS lN DC CIRCUITS D 365

15.85 Write the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Probo 15.84 when it has two distinct real roots. Obtain the relationship
between R, L, and C for this case.
I For distinct real roots, we must have (R/2L)2> 1/LC. Let -a and -b be the two real roots. Then the
form of the solution becomes i = A] e -aI + A 2 e -bl A.

15.86 What is the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Probo 15.84 when it has two real but coincidental roots? What is the
relationship between R, L, and C for this particular case?

I For the roots to be coincident we must have (R/2L)2 = 1/ LC. The roots are p] = P2 = -(R/2L) = -a.
If we write the solution as

we have only one unknown constant. For a second-order differential equation we must have two arbitrary
constants. Th@r@for@, th@ COH@Ct form oí solution is

15.87 Obtain the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Probo 15.84 when it has a pair of complex conjugate roots. Find the
relationship between R, L, and C for this case.
I For a pair af camp1ex canjllgate roats we must have (RI2 T )2 < lU C I et the roats he -a + Jilri ,

where 0'= R/2L and w = Y(R/2L)2 -1/LC. Then, the solution becomes
1- A]e ("tli",1) + A 2e (". i",1) (I)

15.88 Simplify Eq. (1) of Probo 15.87 to obtain the solution in terms of sin wt and cos wt.
I Proceeding as in Probo 1574, using Euler's identity, we may write Eq (1) af Prob 1587 as
i = e -al(B] cos wt + B 2 sin wt) (1)

15.89 Sketch the form of Eq. (1) of Probo 15.88 for B] = 2, B3 = 3, w = 1, and 0'=0.0796.
I See Fig. 15-26.

Fi . 15-26
ln Eq. (1) of Probo 15.88, a is known as the damping coefficient and w is called the damped frequency of
oscillation.

15.90 ln the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 14.28 mF, R = 45 n, and L = 5 H. The capacitar is charged to 50 V
The swítch is closed at t = O. Líst ali conditíons on voltages and currents at t = 0- and at t = 0+.
, Because oí inductance,
(1)
Because of capacítance, uc (0+)=u c (0-)=50V. KVL at t=O+ ímplies that uL(O+)+uc(O+)+
uR(O+) = O. But