TYPES OF FIT

&
HOLE BASIS & SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM OF DESIGNATION
Zero line: Imaginary line that represents the basic size.
Deviations and Tolerances
Deviation = Algebraic difference between the actual size (measured quantity) and
the basic size. There are two deviations: lower (LD) and upper (UD)
Tolerance on shaft (IT) = es – ei
Tolerance on hole (IT) = ES-EI
The deviation values may be (+) or (-) from zero line.
Fundamental deviation: For hole or a shaft, the deviation
respectively (UD, LD) which is nearest to the zero line is called
the fundamental deviation.
Basic shaft (h): A shaft whose UD = 0 = es, denoted by shaft,
‘h’.
Basic hole (H): A hole whose LD = 0 = EI, denoted by hole ‘H’.
Tolerance grade (IT) indicates degree of accuracy of
manufacture. It is denoted by IT (International tolerance grade)
followed by a umber. Larger the number is larger the tolerance.
say IT8>IT7.
Fundamental or standard tolerance unit (i)
It is the unit (in μm) that serves to calculate the fundamental
tolerance of the system. For example
where,
D = G.M. of the diameter steps in which the basic size (mm)
falls as per IS 919—1993.
Fundamental tolerance (IT)
It is the amount of tolerance as per the standard provided on the hole
and on the shaft. It is in line with ISO. BIS gives

(i) 25 holes: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, JS, J, K, M, N, P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z, ZA,

ZB , ZC
(ii) 25 shafts: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, js, j, k, m, n, p, r, s ,t, u, v, x, y, z,
za, zb, zc
(iii) 18 grades of fundamental tolerances: IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3, ........,
IT16

EXAMPLE:
(i) BASIC HOLE with tolerance IT8: H8 is the symbol.
(ii) BASIC SHAFT with tolerance IT7: h7 is the symbol.
(iii) A FIT is expressed as: H8d7 (say). Find out whether it is clearance fit
or interference fit.
(iv) It is fully expressed as 100H8d7 (say), 100 = Basic size.

THE VALUES for shaft type (a-zc) and hole type (A-ZC) AND
Diameter steps in B.I.S. are: (a-b, where a is above and b is up to of the basic size
limits)
1-3, 3-6, 6-10, 10-18, 18-30, 30-50, 50-80, 80-120, 120-180, 180-250, 250-315,
315-400 and 400- 500 mm.

IT01 = 0.3 + 0.008D

IT0 = 0.5 + 0.012 D
IT1 = 0.8 + 0.020D
IT2 to IT4 = the values of tolerance grades are placed geometrically between the
tolerance grades of IT1 and IT5.
IT5 = 7i; IT6 = 10 i; IT7 = 16i; IT8 = 25i; IT9 = 40i; IT10 = 64i; IT11 = 100i; IT12 = 160i;
IT13 = 250i; IT14 = 400i; IT15 = 640i; IT16 = 1000i.
Examples of some types of FITS
 GO and NO-GO Limit Gages

PLUG
GAUGES

RING GAUGES SNAP GAUGE

 Taylor’s Principle for gage/gauge Design
OR
Taylor’s principle of limit gauging

STATEMENT 1
The “Go” gauge should always be so designed that it will
cover the maximum metal condition (MMC/MML), whereas
a “NO-GO” gauge will cover the minimum (least) metal
condition (LMC/LML) of a feature, whether external or
internal.

STATEMENT 2
The “Go” gauge should always be so designed that it will
cover as many dimensions as possible in a single operation,
whereas the “NOT-GO” gauge will cover only one dimension.
 Go gage size corresponds to the
Maximum Material Condition/Limit (MMC/MML) of the
Part.
1. Gauge allowance
2. Wear allowance
Standard Gauges Standard gauges are made to the nominal size of the part
to be tested and have the measuring member equal in size to the mean
permissible dimension of the part to be checked. A standard gauge should
mate with some snugness.

Limit Gauges
These are also called „go‟ and „no go‟ gauges.

Working Gauges Working gauges are those used at the bench or machine in
gauging the work as it being made.

Inspection Gauges These gauges are used by the inspection personnel to

inspect manufactured parts when finished.

Reference Gauges These are also called master gauges. These are used
only for checking the size or condition of other gauges and represent as
exactly as possible the physical dimensions of the product.
Hole Gauge It is used to check the dimensions of the hole present in the
element.

Shaft Gauge It is used to check the dimensions of the shaft.

Taper Gauge It is used to check the dimensions of the tapers.

Thread Gauge It is used to check the threading of the element.

Form Gauge It is used to check the forms of the elements

The material used to manufacture gauges should satisfy the following
requirements:

1. The material used in the manufacture of gauges should be hard and

wear resistant for a prolonged life. This is one of the most important
criteria that should be fulfilled.
2. It should be capable of maintaining dimensional stability and form.
3. It should be corrosion resistant.
4. It should be easily machinable, in order to obtain the required degree of
accuracy and surface finish.
5. It should have a low coefficient of expansion, in order to avoid
temperature effect.

High carbon Steel, Mild Steel, Chromium plated, glass gauges, Invar