Electric Power Components and Systems

ISSN: 1532-5008 (Print) 1532-5016 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uemp20

Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for

Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms

Rahul K. Dubey, Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray & Bijay Ketan Panigrahi

To cite this article: Rahul K. Dubey, Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray & Bijay Ketan
Panigrahi (2014) Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network
Connecting Wind Farms, Electric Power Components and Systems, 42:11, 1181-1193, DOI:
10.1080/15325008.2014.921953

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2014.921953

Published online: 30 Jul 2014.

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Electric Power Components and Systems, 42:1181–1193, 2014
Copyright C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISSN: 1532-5008 print / 1532-5016 online

DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2014.921953

Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission

Network Connecting Wind Farms
Rahul K. Dubey,1 Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray,2 and Bijay Ketan Panigrahi1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
2
School of Electrical Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

CONTENTS
Abstract—This article presents an adaptive distance relay setting for
1. Introduction a power transmission network connecting more than one wind farm.
2. Background The ideal trip characteristics of the distance relay is greatly affected
in the presence of complex mutual coupling of transmission lines, as
3. Apparent Impedance Calculation the apparent impedance is significantly affected. Similarly, the reach
for Transmission Line Connecting setting of the relay for the lines connecting wind farms is signifi-
with Two Wind Farms cantly affected, as the relaying voltage fluctuates continuously. Thus,
the proposed study focuses on developing an adaptive relay setting for
4. Results and Analysis of Transmission Line with Wind Farms
a transmission network including more than one wind farm and con-
5. Adaptive Distance Relay Setting Method sidering variations in operating conditions of wind farms and mutual
6. Case Study coupling of transmission lines together. The proposed relay algorithm
7. Discussion is extensively tested on two-terminal as well as multi-terminal power
networks with wide variations in operating parameters. The perfor-
8. Conclusions mance testing of the proposed adaptive relay characteristics for faults
Funding and faults during power swing indicates the potential ability of the
References approach in handling distance relaying in a transmission system.
Appendix A

Keywords: adaptive relay setting, distance relaying, multi-terminal line,
transmission line protection, wind farms, power swing, real-time digital
simulator
Received 30 July 2013; accepted 1 May 2014
Address correspondence to Dr. Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray, School of
Electrical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar-751013, Orissa, India. E-mail: sbh samant@yahoo.co.in
1. INTRODUCTION
The mutual coupling between transmission lines is common
in power systems and has a significant effect on behavior
of the relay protection during faults involving ground. The
positive- and negative-sequence mutual impedances are negli-
gible; however; the zero-sequence mutual coupling may be sig-
nificant and should be considered when setting ground relays
[1–3]. In the area of digital protection techniques [4], adaptive
relaying concepts provide another opportunity for improved
performance [5–7]. In [7], the trip boundary was set adaptively
assuming supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
or phasor measurement units (PMU) voltages, and line flows of
all parts of the system are available. A neural network approach
has been proposed using real and reactive power at the relay
location as the input vector [9]. Such an approach provides
an approximate solution, and the neural network needs huge
training sets for developing a generalized scheme. Similarly,
the integration of wind farms in a power system is increasing
day by day to a larger extent [10]. The most difficult part in
a wind farm is the uncontrolled wind speed, leading to volt-
age and frequency fluctuation [11–13]. Thus, protection issues

1181
1182 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11

become critical as the transmission lines connecting wind

farms are subjected to a continuously changing environment.
The adaptive relay setting for transmission lines, including
wind farms, was proposed in [12], and the effect of variations
in wind farm parameters on the reach setting was extensively
studied; the trip boundaries of the relay are significantly af-
fected when there are variations in the loading level, source
impedance, voltage level, frequency, etc.
Considering the wind penetration and effect of mutual
coupling in parallel transmission systems, the adaptive dis-
tance relay setting for a transmission network connecting wind
farms and considering the effect of complex mutual coupling
is presented. The proposed approach calculates the correct
impedance to the fault point, including wide variations in sys-
tem parameters, such as power transfer angle, fault resistance,
and fault location, at different wind penetration levels with
FIGURE 1. Interconnection of wind farms to grid with com-
variation in different loading levels, source impedance, etc. In
plex mutual coupling situation.
current study, only a line-to-ground fault is considered, and
the same can be extended for other types of fault situations as
well. Further, the proposed adaptive relay setting is validated grid through the interconnected transmission network and is
for faults during a power swing, which is one of the critical protected by the proposed distance relaying scheme. The line
situations for the relay to handle. Although a line-to-ground diagram of the power system model for a single-line-to-ground
(phase-a-to-g) fault is addressed here, the trip region for other fault in the transmission line is shown in Figure 2. In the case of
types of faults can be derived likewise. The trip region consid- interconnected transmission lines connecting with more than
ered here is of quadrilateral characteristics on an R-X -plane. one wind farm, the measured impedance at the relaying point
Also, the approach for adaptive distance relay setting of a depends on a different power system operating, mutual cou-
multi-terminal line connecting more than one wind farm has pling between the transmission lines, wind farm loading level,
been discussed. source impedance, voltage level, frequency, fault condition,
the bus configuration, etc. Shunt capacitance is not considered
in this proposed analysis.
The digital distance relay is placed at W , as shown in Fig-
2. BACKGROUND ure 1 (in transmission line 1: TL1), and the analysis is carried
The tripping characteristic of a relay is decided from the de-
tailed off-line study of the system. In an adaptive relay, the
tripping boundary gets changed with a change in the power
system operating conditions. In the following section, the basic
mathematical formulation is outlined for generating the relay-
tripping characteristics for specific power system operating
conditions. The proposed study considers the most often oc-
curring line-to-ground (phase-a-to-g) fault situation for devel-
oping the adaptive tripping characteristics. The quadrilateral
tripping characteristics on an impedance plane (R-X -plane)
are realized by varying the fault location and fault resistance
within their possible limits. The studied power network with
wind penetration is shown in Figure 1, and the distance relay
protecting the transmission network is positioned at W .
The system studied in the proposed application includes
more than one wind farm, and each wind farm is a combi- FIGURE 2. Phase-a-to-ground fault model for simple trans-
nation of a number of generating units integrated to the grid, mission line connecting wind farm including mutual coupling
as shown in Figure 1. The wind farm supplies power to the between the lines.
 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms 1183

out for phase-a-to-ground fault at point F with a fault resis- where

tance of Rf . h1 , h2 and δ 1 , δ 2 are the wind farm 1 and wind Z 1L2 Z 1S M
farm 2 voltage and loading levels, respectively. Considering Z P1 =   , (2)
(Z 1L2 + Z 1S M + Z 1L2 Z 1SW ) ∗ Z 1L2 + Z P Q
the aforementioned interconnected transmission line network
with two wind farms, the calculation of apparent impedance (Z 1L2 + Z 1S M + Z 1SW ) Z 1L3
Z PQ = , (3)
for a phase-a-to-ground fault is carried out with the following Z 1S M
abbreviations: Z 1S M
Z P4 = , (4)
EAW = wind source 1 voltage for system; (Z 1S M + Z 1L2 + Z 1SW )
EAN = grid voltage; Z P3 = (Z 1S M + Z 1L3 + Z 1SW )
EAM = wind source 2 voltage for system;
2
h1 = voltage amplitude ratio 1 (EAN /EAW ) for wind farm 1; Z 1S
− M
, (5)
h2 = voltage amplitude ratio 2 (EAM /EAW ) for wind farm 2; (Z 1S M + Z 1L2 + Z 1SW )
δ 1 = loading levels for wind farm 1; Z 1L2 Z P Q1
δ 1 = loading levels for wind farm 2; Z P2 = (Z 1L1 + Z 1L2 + Z 1L3 ) −
Z P Q2
Z 1SW = positive-sequence source impedance of wind farm 1;
Z 0SW = zero-sequence source impedance of wind farm 1; Z 1L3 Z P Q3
− , (6)
Z 1SM = positive-sequence source impedance of wind farm 2; Z P3
Z 0SM = zero-sequence source impedance of wind farm 2; Z L2 Z L3
Z 1SN = positive-sequence source impedance of grid; Z PQ1 = (Z 1L1 + Z 1L2 + Z 1L3 ) + , (7)
Z 1S M
Z 0SN = zero-sequence source impedance of grid;
(Z 1S M + Z 1L2 + Z 1SW ) Z 1L3
Z 1L1 = positive-sequence impedance of line 1; Z PQ2 = Z 1L2 + , (8)
Z 1L2 = positive-sequence impedance of line 2; Z 1S M
Z 1L3 = positive-sequence impedance of line 3; Z 1L2 Z 1S M
Z PQ3 = Z 1L3 + . (9)
Z 0L1 = zero-sequence impedance of line 1; (Z 1L2 + Z 1S M + Z 1SW )
Z 0L2 = zero-sequence impedance of line 2;
Z 0L3 = zero-sequence impedance of line 3; Current through the Z 1SW element is derived using the su-
Z 0W 12 = zero-sequence mutual impedance lines 1 and 2; perposition theorem and given by
Z 0W 23 = zero-sequence mutual impedance lines 2 and 3;  
Z 0W 13 = zero-sequence mutual impedance lines 1 and 2; I Z 1SW = E AW
1
− h1e − jδ1 Z F1
− h2e − jδ2 Z F2
,
n = proportion of line section from relaying point W to fault Z E Q1 Z E Q2 Z E Q3
point F; (10)
Z = sum of total positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence defining
impedances;  
Z 1L1 ∗ Z 1L2
A = A phase as calculations are for line-to-ground fault con- Z 1L12 = , (11)
Z 1L1 + Z 1L2 + Z 1L3
dition;  
2 = negative sequence; Z 1L1 ∗ Z 1L3
Z 1L13 = , (12)
1 = positive sequence; Z 1L1 + Z 1L2 + Z 1L3
0 = zero sequence.  
Z 1L2 ∗ Z 1L3
Z 1L23 = , (13)
Z 1L1 + Z 1L2 + Z 1L3
3. APPARENT IMPEDANCE CALCULATION Z E Q1 = Z 1SW + Z 1L12
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE CONNECTING
(Z 1L13 + Z 1SW ) ∗ (Z 1L23 + Z 1S M )
WITH TWO WIND FARMS + , (14)
Z 1L23 + Z 1S M + Z 1L13 + Z 1SW
The pre-fault load current in phase a (Figure 2) can be
(Z 1L23 + Z 1S M )
expressed as Z F1 = , (15)
 Z 1L12 + Z 1SW + Z 1L23 + Z 1S M
Z P1   Z 1L3
IPREF = E AW 1 − h 2 e− jδ2 − Z E Q2 = Z 1SW + Z 1L12
Z P2 Z P2 Z P3

  (Z 1L13 + Z 1S N ) ∗ (Z 1L23 + Z 1S M )
∗ Z P4 − h 1 e− jδ1 − h 2 e− jδ2 (Z P4 − 1) , (1) + , (16)
Z 1L23 + Z 1S M + Z 1L13 + Z 1S N
1184 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11

(Z 1L13 + Z 1S N ) Z 0S M ∗ Z 0S N
Z F2 = , (17) Z 0M D = . (35)
Z 1L12 + Z 1SW + Z 1L23 + Z 1S N Z 0L3 + Z 0S M + Z 0S N
Z E Q3 = Z 1S M + Z 1L23
Thus, the sequence currents between W to F are expressed
(Z 1L13 + Z 1S N ) ∗ (Z 1L12 + Z 1SW ) as
+ . (18)
Z 1L13 + Z 1SW + Z 1L12 + Z 1S N
G 1 VPREF
I1W = I2W = G 1 I1F =  , (36)
Z + 3 ∗ R f
The pre-fault voltage at F is given by
G 0 VPREF
VPREF = E AW − Z 1SW IZ1SW − n ∗ Z 1L1 IPREF . (19) I0W = G 0 I0F =  , (37)
Z + 3 ∗ R f
During a single-line-to-ground fault in phase a, the positive-,
where
negative-, and zero-sequence currents through fault resistance  
RF are given by Z 1N
G1 = ,
Z 1W + Z 1N
VPREF
I1F = I2F = I0F =  , (20)  
Z + 3 ∗ R f G0 =
Z 0N
,
Z 0W + Z 0N
where
I AW = IPREF + I1L = IPREF + I1L1 + I0L1 + I2L1 , (38)
Z  = Z ZEROSEQ + Z +VESEQ + Z −VESEQ , (21)
V AW = (I1F + I2F + I0F )R f + (IPREF + I1L1 + I2L2 )
Z 0W ∗ Z 0N ∗ n ∗ Z 1L1 + I0L1 ∗ n ∗ Z 0L1 + I0L2 ∗ n ∗ Z 0W 12
Z ZEROSEQ = + Z 0W N , (22)
Z 0W + Z 0N + I0L3 ∗ n ∗ Z 0W 13 . (39)
Z 1W ∗ Z 1N
Z +V E S E Q = Z −VESEQ = + Z 1W N , (23)
Z 1W + Z 1N
The apparent impedance measured at relaying point W is
Z 1L1 ∗ Z 1N D ∗ n
Z 1W = Z 1SW + , (24) V AW
n ∗ Z 1L1 + Z 1W D + Z 1N D Z AW = , (40)
I AW + K 0L1 I0L1 + K 0W 12 I0L2 + K 0W 13 I0L3
Z 0L1 ∗ Z 0N D ∗ n
Z 0W = Z 0SW + , (25) where
n ∗ Z 0L1 + Z 0W D + Z 0N D
Z 0L1 − Z 1L1
Z 1W D ∗ Z 1N D ∗ n K 0L = ,
Z 1N = Z 1M D + , (26) Z 1L1
n ∗ Z 1L1 + Z 1W D + Z 1N D Z 0W 12
K 0W 12 = ,
Z 0W D ∗ Z 0N D ∗ n Z 1L1
Z 0N = Z 0M D + , (27) Z 0W 13
n ∗ Z 0L1 + Z 0W D + Z 0N D K 0W 13 = . (41)
Z 1L1
Z 1W D ∗ Z 1L1 ∗ n
Z 1W N = , (28) Further simplification leads to
n ∗ Z 1L1 + Z 1W D + Z 1N D
Z 0L1 ∗ Z 0W D ∗ n Z AW = n ∗ Z 1L1
Z 0W N = , (29)
n ∗ Z 0L1 + Z 0W D + Z 0N D 3 ∗ Rf
+
IPREF ( Z  +3∗R f )
Z 1L3 ∗ Z 1S N + 2 ∗ G 1 + G 0 ∗ (1 + K 0L )
Z 1W D = (1 − n) ∗ Z 1L1 + ,(30) VPREF
Z 1L3 + Z 1S N + Z 1S M +G 0 ∗ del x12 ∗ K 0W 12 + G 0 ∗ del x13 ∗ K 0W 13 ,(42)
Z 0L3 ∗ Z 0S N where delx12 and delx13 are the ratios of the zero-sequence
Z 0W D = (1 − n) ∗ Z 0L1 + ,(31)
Z 0L3 + Z 0S N + Z 0S M current in the healthy lines to the zero-sequence current in
Z 1L3 ∗ Z 1S M faulted line, given as follows:
Z 1N D = Z 1L2 + , (32)  
Z 1L3 + Z 1S M + Z 1S N I0L2 C1 + C2 C3
del x12 = =− , (43)
Z 0L3 ∗ Z 0S M I0L1 C4 + C3 C5
Z 0N D = Z 0L2 + , (33)
Z 0L3 + Z 0S M + Z 0S N
 
Z 1S M ∗ Z 1S N I0L3 C1 − C6 C7
Z 1M D = , (34) del x13 = =− , (44)
Z 1L3 + Z 1S M + Z 1S N I0L1 C3 + C4 C7
 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms 1185

where C 1 to C 7 are the constants in terms of circuit parameter

and defined as
Z 0W T = Z 0W 12 + Z 0W 13 , (45)
X 12 = Z 0L2 − Z 0W 12 , X 13 = Z 0L3 − Z 0W 13 , (46)
Z 0S N
C1 = Z 0SW + Z 0S N − , (47)
(1 − n)
Z 0SW + n ∗ Z 0S N
C2 = , (48)
Z 0S M
X 13 (Z 0L1 + Z 0S N )
C3 = (1 − n) ∗ Z 0M T + Z 0S N + ,(49)
(Z 0L1 − Z 0M T )
X 12 (Z 0L1 + Z 0S N )
C4 = n ∗ Z 0M T + Z 0SW + , (50)
(Z 0L1 − Z 0M T )
Z 0SW + Z 0S M + Z 0L2 + n ∗ Z 0M T − Z 0M12
C5 = , (51) FIGURE 3. Tripping boundaries for transmission line con-
Z 0S M necting more than one wind farm including mutual coupling
Z 0SW + n ∗ Z 0M T between the lines.
C6 = , (52)
Z 0SW + Z 0S M + Z 0L2 + n ∗ Z 0M T − Z 0M12
Z 0S M in transmission lines 2 and 3 induces a voltage drop along pro-
C7 = . (53)
Z 0SW + Z 0S M + Z 0L2 + n ∗ Z 0M T − Z 0M12 tected line TL-1 through mutual impedance Z 0W 12 and Z 0W 13.
Therefore, in this configuration, the effect of mutual coupling
on apparent impedance is more pronounced compared to that
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION of the parallel transmission lines. Figure 4 compares the relay
LINE WITH WIND FARMS setting for the transmission network with only one wind farm
connected to the grid through a single transmission line [12]
4.1. Initial Conditions for Generating Tripping and two wind farms connected to the grid through three trans-
Boundaries Transmission Line with Two Wind mission lines, including mutual coupling. The tripping zone is
Farms larger in the two wind farm case as wind penetration increases
The tripping boundaries are set for different operating condi- compared to the single wind farm case. This happens as the
tions of the wind farm connected with a power network with addition of wind penetration causes more voltage and power
complex mutual coupling. The initial values of voltage level fluctuation, which causes change in apparent impedance seen
and impedances are chosen as follows for setting the tripping by the relay, which is directly proportional to the voltage.
boundaries, as shown in Figure 3.
h 1 = 0.98, h 2 = 0.98, Z 1SW = 20e j85 ,
Z 0SW = 1.5 ∗ Z 1SW , Z 1S M = 20e j85 .
Z 0S M = 1.5 ∗ Z 1S M , δ1 = 300 , δ2 = 300 ,
Z 1S N = 10e j85 , Z 0S N = 1.5 ∗ Z 1S N .
Z 1L1 = 37.76e j86 , Z 0L1 = 134.49e j81.3 ,
Z 1L2 = 37.76e j86 , Z 0L2 = 134.49e j81.3 .
Z 1L3 = 18.88e j86 , Z 0L3 = 67.25e j81.3 ,
Z 0W 12 = 87.4185e j81.3 , Z 0W 13 = 87.4185e j81.3 .

4.2. Relay Setting for Transmission Line with More

Than One Wind Farm
The configuration of transmission lines connected with two FIGURE 4. Trip boundaries comparison for one and more
wind farms is shown in Figure 2. The zero-sequence current than one wind farm.
1186 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11

Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

δ1 10 10 10
δ2 15 10 5
h1 0.98 0.98 0.98
h2 0.98 0.98 0.98

TABLE 1. Summary of varying wind farm 2 loading level

ues of δ 2 lower the wind farm generation, resulting in a larger

setting of the trip boundaries.

4.4. Relay Setting for Transmission System with Change

FIGURE 5. Trip boundaries for more than one wind farm with
and without mutual coupling.
Figure 5 shows the tripping boundaries with and without
mutual coupling effects for a complex transmission network
connected with wind farms.
4.3. Relay Setting for Transmission System with Change
in Wind Farm 2 Loading Level Keeping Wind Farm
1 Operating Parameters Constant
This section deals with the impact of second wind farm pa-
rameters on the relay-tripping characteristics with no change
in first wind farm parameter. Figure 6 shows the adaptive trip
boundaries for different loading levels. It is observed that for
lower values of δ 2 (Table 1), the trip boundary is at the larger
side compared to higher values of δ 2 ; conversely, lower val-
in Wind Farm 2 Voltage Level Keeping Wind Farm
1 Operating Parameters Constant
It can be seen in Figure 7, that when amplitude factor h2
changes (Table 2), there is substantial change in the operating
trip boundaries of the relay. Thus, the relay trip boundaries are
significantly affected by the voltage variation in the grid side.
For h2 = 1.1, the voltage level of wind farm 2 is higher than
that of wind farm 1, resulting in a power flow from wind farm
2 to wind farm 1,which is the case of a reverse power flow.
This makes the impedance stay in the negative region.
4.5. Relay Setting for Transmission System with Change
in Wind Farm 1 Voltage Level Keeping Wind Farm
2 Operating Parameters Constant
It is observed from Figure 8 that when amplitude factor h1
changes (Table 3), there are substantial changes in the operat-
ing trip boundaries of the relay. For h1 = 1.1, the voltage level
of wind farm 1 is higher than wind farm 2, resulting in power

FIGURE 6. Trip boundaries for transmission system with FIGURE 7. Trip boundaries for transmission system with
change in second wind farm loading level keeping first wind change in wind farm 2 voltage amplitude ratio keeping wind
farm loading level constant. farm 1 voltage amplitude ratio constant.
 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms 1187

Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

δ1 10 10 10 δ1 15 10 5
δ2 10 10 10 δ2 10 10 10
h1 0.98 0.98 0.98 h1 0.98 0.98 0.98
h2 0.98 1 1.1 h2 0.98 0.98 0.98

TABLE 2. Summary of varying wind farm 2 voltage level TABLE 4. Summary of varying wind farm 1 loading level

Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

δ1 10 10 10
δ2 10 10 10 5. ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING
h1 0.98 1 1.1 METHOD
h2 0.98 0.98 0.98
To achieve an accurate adaptive relay setting for the
TABLE 3. Summary of varying wind farm 1 voltage level distance relay at the wind farm side, information from
three ends is required. The grid-side voltage, current, and
impedance information is necessary to compute factors
flow from the wind farm to the grid through a transmission line h 1 , h 2 δ1 , δ2 , G 1 , G 0 , del x12 , and del x13 . The flowchart of the
network, and thus, the impedance stays in the positive region. proposed adaptive relay setting algorithm is shown in Fig-
ure 10, which uses local information for developing the relay
tripping characteristics. Table 5 depicts the summary of actual
4.6. Relay Setting for Transmission System with Change and estimated apparent impedance for fault conditions with
in Wind Farm 1 Loading Level Keeping Wind Farm variations in operating parameters. Figure 11 presents varia-
2 Operating Parameter Constant tions in Rapp and Xapp , with different fault resistance for fixed
This section deals with the impact of variations in the first power system operating conditions, and Figure 12 presents the
wind farm’s parameters on the tripping boundaries of the relay corresponding values with variation in wind farm loading level
with no change in the second wind farm’s parameters. Figure 9 δ. The extensive test results indicate that the maximum error
shows the adaptive tripping boundaries for different loading stays within 3%, showing the efficacy of the proposed distance
levels. It is observed that for lower values of δ 1 (Table 4), relay setting.
the trip boundary characteristic is the reverse of the results
presented in Section 4.3.

FIGURE 8. Trip boundaries for transmission system with FIGURE 9. Trip boundaries for transmission system with
change in wind farm 1 voltage amplitude ratio keeping wind change in wind farm 1 loading level keeping wind farm 2
farm 2 voltage amplitude ratio constant. loading level constant.
1188 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11

Fault Actual Actual Estimated Estimated Rapp error, Xapp error,

Distance Length resistance, Rapp , Xapp , Rapp , Xapp , (a – a’)/ (b – b’)/
Sl. no. (km) (%) RF () a () b () a ’ () b ’ () a × 100 b × 100
1 50 39.06 0.002 1.1542 14.9341 1.1883 15.0669 −2.95% −0.89%
2 50 39.06 50 48.3085 21.5830 48.6223 21.6864 −0.65% −0.48%
3 50 39.06 100 86.3144 26.7567 86.7733 26.9626 −0.53% −0.77%
4 50 39.06 150 117.5956 30.8953 118.1300 31.2660 −0.45% −1.20%
5 50 39.06 200 143.7912 34.2852 144.3700 34.8430 −0.40% −1.63%
6 94 73.44 0.002 2.1488 28.1031 2.2111 28.4116 −2.9% −1.10%
7 94 73.44 50 79.3830 34.8143 79.9456 35.0637 −0.71% −0.72%
8 94 73.44 100 133.4614 39.5647 134.1500 40.0610 −0.52% −1.25%
9 94 73.44 150 173.4365 43.1056 174.1500 43.9330 −0.41% −1.92%
10 94 73.44 200 204.1911 45.8434 204.8700 47.0150 −0.33% −2.56%

TABLE 5. Summary of actual and estimated apparent impedance for faults with wide variations in operating condition

FIGURE 11. Computed values of Rapp and Xapp at reach point

for variation in fault resistance.

FIGURE 10. Flowchart for trip boundary generation by pro-

posed method. FIGURE 12. Computed values of Rapp and Xapp at reach point
for variation in wind farm loading levels.
 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms
FIGURE 13. Impedance trajectory during power swing.
6. CASE STUDY
6.1. Adaptive Relay Setting During Power Swing
Power swing is a critical issue and must be handled by the relay
carefully. In the case of power swing [14–16], load angle may
keep changing from 0◦ to 360◦ ; the relay must not respond to
the power swing and must effectively work for faults during a
power swing. A three-phase fault is simulated (at 32 km from
relaying point W in line 1) for a load angle of 160◦ between
buses W and N during a fast swing with frequency 6 Hz. The
performance of the proposed adaptive relay setting scheme for
a power swing and a fault during power swing is shown in
Figures 13 and 14, respectively. It is clearly observed that the
power swing and fault during power swing are distinguished,
and thus, the reliability of the relay is improved. Figure 14
shows the fault impedance trajectory for the fault initiated at
FIGURE 14. Impedance trajectory for fault during power
swing.
1189
FIGURE 15. Impedance trajectory for high-impedance fault
during power swing.
0.15 sec. It is noticed that the impedance trajectory enters the
set boundary after 10 ms (half-cycle) and settles down.
It is observed that the impedance trajectory enters the trip-
ping boundaries of the proposed adaptive relay zone and ex-
isting MHO relay in the case of a faulty situation (Rf = 10
), but in the case of a high-impedance fault during a power
swing (Figure 15), the impedance trajectory enters the tripping
boundaries of the proposed adaptive relay zone only and does
not enter the zone of the existing MHO relay. Therefore, the
existing MHO relay fails to operate during a high-impedance
fault. However, the reliability of the proposed adaptive distance
relay is much better than the MHO relay, as the impedance tra-
jectory for a high-impedance faults (Rf = 50 ) enters the
adaptive distance relay while not entering into the MHO re-
lay characteristic. To measure the performance further, the
FIGURE 16. Impedance trajectory during power swing on
RTDS platform.
1190 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11
FIGURE 17. Impedance trajectory for fault during power
swing on RTDS platform.
proposed method is tested on a real-time digital simulator
(RTDS) module. The performance of the proposed relay for
a power swing and a fault during power swing on the RTDS
platform are shown in Figures 16, 17, and 18 (high-impedance
case), respectively. In recent articles [16–19], theory and al-
gorithms for out-of-step protection during a power swing and
high-impedance fault detection were discussed in detail.
6.2. Adaptive Relay Setting for Multi-terminal Line
Connecting with Wind Farm
The proposed adaptive relay setting approach is also tested
on multi-terminal lines, as shown in Figure 19. The apparent
impedance formula for a multi-terminal line given in Appendix
A. Extensive computer simulation for a wind-connected multi-
terminal network has been conducted to examine the impact of
FIGURE 18. Impedance trajectory for high-impedance fault
during power swing on RTDS platform.
FIGURE 19. Interconnection of wind farm to grid through
multi-terminal line.
a multi-terminal (three-terminal T-type) network on the trip-
ping characteristics of the relay.
Simulation results indicate that the measured apparent
impedance (ZAPP ) is significantly affected not only by vari-
ations in fault locations (0–95%) and fault resistance (0–500
) but also by variations in initial parameters, as defined in
Section 4. ZAPP for the trip zone of lines 1 and 2 is shown in
Figure 20, which clearly shows the efficacy of the proposed
adaptive relay setting and clearly distinguishes the tripping
zones for different sections of the multi-terminal lines. A sim-
ilar observation is made for faults in lines 1 and 3, as shown
in Figure 21.
FIGURE 20. Trip boundaries for fault classification in lines 1
and 2.
 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms
FIGURE 21. Trip boundaries for fault classification in lines 1
and 3.
7. DISCUSSION
The adaptive distance relay setting for a transmission network
connecting wind farms is achieved, including wide variations
in operating parameters of wind farms and power networks. It
is observed that the trip boundaries are significantly affected
by variations in operating conditions, and thus, the relay set-
ting must be done accordingly to accommodate the possible
changes. It is also found that the trip boundaries are signifi-
cantly affected for a single wind farm connected to the grid
compared to multiple wind farms.
The performance of the proposed relay setting for faults on
transmission systems with two wind farms connecting to the
grid is also studied, as shown in Figure 22. It is observed that
the impedance trajectory enters the tripping boundaries of the
proposed adaptive relay zone and the existing MHO relay in the
FIGURE 22. Impedance trajectory for a-g faults when two
wind farms are connected to grid.
1191
FIGURE 23. Impedance trajectory for a-g fault on RTDS
platform when two wind farms are connected to grid.
case of a faulty situation (a-g fault, Rf = 0.1 ). However, the
speed of the proposed adaptive relay is much faster (1.5 cycles)
than the MHO relay as the trajectory enters to the adaptive
relay far before the MHO relay characteristics. To measure the
performance further, the proposed method is also tested on
an RTDS module, and the test result is shown in Figure 23.
This shows the effectiveness and reliability of the adaptive
distance relay setting for a transmission network connected
with wind farms for two-terminal and multi-terminal lines.
As the proposed relay setting uses local voltage and current
information, it is thus easy to implement on a digital signal
processing/field-programmable gate array (DSP/FPGA) board
for developing the commercial distance relay module.
8. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed research focuses on generating the adaptive dis-
tance relay setting for a transmission network connecting wind
farms. Extensive studies are carried out to derive the impact
of variations in a power system as well as wind farm param-
eters on the relay-tripping characteristics. Significant changes
are observed in the relay setting when the penetration level
of wind farms is increased. Extensive tests are carried out on
the two-terminal and multi-terminal lines, and results indicate
that the proposed adaptive relay setting is highly effective and
reliable in providing a protection measure for the transmission
system with wind integration. Further, the performance dur-
ing a power swing and the test results on an RTDS platform
establish the potential ability of the proposed relay setting for
transmission relaying application.
FUNDING
This research work has been supported by Prime Minister’s Fel-
lowship for Doctoral Research, being implemented jointly by
1192 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 11

Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) and Confed- [17] Rao, J. G., and Pradhan, A. K., “Differential power based
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Bosch. Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 1557–1564, July 2012.
[18] Dubey, R., and Samantaray, S. R., “Wavelet singular entropy-
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 Dubey et al.: Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme for Transmission Network Connecting Wind Farms 1193

Z 1M L = Z 1S M + Z 1M J , Z 1N L = Z 1S N + Z 1J N , Case 3: Apparent Impedance Calculation for

Multi-terminal HV Line Connected to Wind Farm When
Z 1SN1F = Z 1SNEQU + Z 1N 1F , Z 0S N F = Z 0SNEQU + Z 0N F .
Fault (LG) Occurs at F3
Z 1SW F = Z 1SW + Z 1W F , Z 0SW F = Z 0SW + Z 0W F ,
This case analysis is the same as that in Case 2 except for the
E AN E AM
= h 1 e− jδ1 , = h 2 e− jδ2 . exchange of external parameters between N and M and line
E AW E AW impedances between TL-2 and TL-3.

Case 2: Apparent Impedance Calculation for

Multi-terminal HV Line Connected to Wind Farm When BIOGRAPHIES
Fault (LG) Occurs at F2 Rahul K. Dubey received Master in Technology (M. Tech.)
The expression of apparent impedance measured by a relay for in the department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute
a fault occurring in transmission line 2 is of Technology Rourkela, Orissa, India in 2012. He is currently
V AW working towards the Ph.D. degree in power system engineering
Z AP P = = Z 1W J + Z N E W , at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
I AW + β0 I0W
of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India. His research interest
where
includes Intelligent Protection, Digital Signal Processing, Soft
Z NEW = Z NEW1 + Z NEW2 + Z NEW3 , Computing, FACTs.
3R F
Z NEW1 = (Z  +3R F )∗η
, Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray received a B.Tech. in electri-
1−Z 1W L η+Z J F μ
+ 2σ1 σW T + β0 σ1 σW T
cal engineering from UCE Burla, India, in 1999 and a Ph.D. in
Z 1N F + Z 1S N power system engineering from the Department of Electronics
σ1 = Z 1W L Z 1M L
Z 1W L +Z 1M L
+ Z 1N L and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Tech-
nology, Rourkela, India, in 2007. Dr. Samantaray holds the
2σ1 Z J F + σ0 Z 0J F
Z NEW2 = (Z  +3R F )∗η
, position of Assistant Professor in the School of Electrical Sci-
1−Z 1W L η+Z J F μ
+ 2σ1 σW T + β0 σ1 σW T ences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. He
−Z J F visited the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineer-
Z NEW3 = η (1−Z 1W L η+Z J F μ)(2σ1 σW T +β0 σ1 σW T )
. ing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada as a Post-Doctoral
μ
+ (Z  +3R F )μ Research Fellow in 2008 and 2009-10. His major research in-
IW J (1 − λ) terests include intelligent protection for transmission systems
η= = ,
E AW Z 1W L + ZZ1N1NLL+Z
Z 1M L (including FACTs) and microgrid protection with distributed
1M L
generation and dynamic security assessment in large power
IN J − (1 − ρ) networks.
μ= = ,
E AW Z 1N L + ZZ1W1WLL+Z
Z 1M L
1M L

  Bijay Ketan Panigrahi (SM’06) is an Associate Professor

Z 1W L
ρ = h 1 e− jδ1 + 1 − h 2 e− jδ2 . with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
Z 1W L + Z 1M L
of Technology (IIT), New Delhi. Prior to joining IIT Delhi, he
Z 0N F + Z 0S N Z 1M L was a Lecturer at the University College of Engineering, Burla,
σ0 = , σ1W T = ,
Z 0W L Z 0M L
Z 0W L +Z 0M L
+ Z 0N L Z 1W L + Z 1M L Sambalpur, Orissa, for 13 years. His research interestsAre in
the areas of intelligent control of FACTS devices, application
Z 0M L (2σ1 Z 1J F + σ0 Z 0J F ) V AF
σ0W T = , = of advanced DSP techniques for power quality assessment,
Z 0W L + Z 0M L Z  + 3R F
and application of soft computing techniques to power system
− Z 1J F μE AW operation and control.