PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
OF AIR-CONDITIONING AND
VENTILATION SYSTEM

REPORTERS:
CAYETANO, JEZREEL T.
ALBUERA, ROCHELLE
PONCE, RODEL
BALANCIO, JAY
SOLOMON, JAKE
GROUP 1
BSCE-3A

ENGR. WILFREDO VELASCO

INSTRUCTOR

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF AIR-CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

SYSTEM
 An air conditioning system generally consists of five mechanical components:

1. Compressor

Compressor is a device for increasing the pressure of a gas by mechanically

decreasing its volume. Air is the most frequently compressed gas but natural gas,
oxygen, nitrogen, and other industrially important gases are also compressed. The
three general types of compressors are positive displacement, centrifugal, and
axial. Positive displacement compressors are usually of the reciprocating piston
type, in which the gas is drawn in during the suction stroke of the piston,
compressed by decreasing the volume of the gas by moving the piston in the
opposite direction, and, lastly, discharged when the gas pressure exceeds the
pressure acting on the outlet valve. Reciprocating compressors are useful for
supplying small amounts of a gas at relatively high pressures.

2. Fan

Fan is a device for producing a current of air or other gases or vapors. Fans
are used for circulating air in rooms and buildings; for cooling motors and
transmissions; for cooling and drying people, materials, or products; for exhausting
dust and noxious fumes; for conveying light materials; for forced draft in steam
boilers; and in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems.

A fan consists of a series of radial blades attached to a central rotating hub. The
rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner;
and it may or may not be enclosed in a housing. Fans may be driven by an electric
motor, an internal-combustion engine, a steam turbine, a gas turbine, or other
motive power.

3. Condenser Coil (Hot)

Condenser coil is one of two coils that are part of your air conditioning or
heat pump system. The other coil, the evaporator coil, is located indoors while the
condenser coil is located outdoors (in a split system). The condenser coil is where
the heat is removed from the refrigerant.

After the gas refrigerant is pressurized and heated in the compressor, it

enters the condenser coil. Here, two things happen. The gas refrigerant transfers its
heat to the air blowing over it. Simultaneously, the refrigerant cools and turns into a
liquid. The air around the coil will start to heat up and is blown out of the outdoor
unit.

4. Evaporator Coil (Cool)

An air handler or blower fan blows warm indoor air across the chilled
evaporator coil, which removes heat from the air and transfers it to the refrigerant.
The air – cooled by the elimination of heat – is then blown through your ductwork to
every room in the house. Before it goes back to the A/C via return ducts, it passes
through an air filter that removes airborne particulates and contaminants. During
this process, the evaporator coil also removes moisture from the air. The water
drains into a condensate pan at the base of the evaporator before draining away
through a PVC pipe.

5. Chemical Refrigerant
 Refrigerant is the generic name for the chemical blend those cycles through
an air conditioner, changing from a liquid to a gas as it absorbs and releases heat.
Sometimes referred to by the trademarked name Freon, refrigerant has come in a
variety of types (“blends”) during its history, starting originally as toxic and
combustible chemicals. Today’s blends are safe and have no ozone-depleting effect.

Refrigerant can shift easily between liquid and gas states, which make it ideal
for ACs since it doesn’t take significant amounts of energy to cause the phase shift.
Refrigerant starts inside the compressor, where the reduction of volume turns it into
a high pressure gas about 150°F. It moves to the outdoor condenser coil, where the
warm air (which is still cooler than the refrigerant) moves across it and causes
condensation, which releases heat from the refrigerant. The gaseous refrigerant
then heads toward the indoor coil, and is now lowered to about 100°F. The gas
moves through an expansion device, dropping its temperature and pressure and
changing it to a liquid about 20°F.

The cold refrigerant now passes through the evaporator coil, and the warmer
indoor air blowing across the coil goes through evaporation, warming the refrigerant
and lowering the indoor temperature. The refrigerant, now approximately 50°F,
returns to the compressor to restart the cycle.

At no point in this process is refrigerant lost: it remains at a set level, known

as its “charge,” at all times. Refrigerant will only lose its charge through leaking,
which is a major repair need; a lowered charge will not only endanger cooling
power, but the change in pressure in the system can cause damage to the
compressor.

Ventilation System

Ventilation is the mechanical system in a building that brings in "fresh"

outdoor air and removes the "contaminated" indoor air.
In a workplace, ventilation is used to control exposure to airborne
contaminants. It is commonly used to remove contaminants such as fumes, dusts,
and vapors, in order to provide a healthy and safe working environment. Ventilation
can be accomplished by natural means (e.g., opening a window) or mechanical
means (e.g., fans or blowers).
Industrial systems are designed to move out (exhaust) and bring in (intake) a
specific amount of air at a specific speed (velocity), which results in the removal of
undesirable contaminants. While all ventilation systems follow the same basic
principles, each system is designed specifically to match to the type of work and the
rate of contaminant release at that workplace.
There are four purposes of ventilation:

1. Provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air.

2. Maintain temperature and humidity at comfortable levels.
3. Reduce potential fire or explosion hazards.
4. Remove or dilute airborne contaminants.

An industrial ventilation system has two main parts: a fresh air supply system and
an exhaust system.
In general, the supply system is a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system
(HVAC) and consists of:

● air inlet,
● air filtering equipment,
 ● heating/cooling equipment,
● fan,
● ducts,
● air distribution registers.

The exhaust system consists of:

● an "air intake" area,

● ducts to move air from one area to another,
● air cleaning device(s),
● fan(s) to bring in outside air and exhaust the indoor contaminated air, and
● discharge stacks

References:
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/introduction.html
https://www.aceac.com/hvac-info-center/components-of-an-air-conditioning-system/