UNIVERSIDAE FEDERAL DE ALAGOAS. FACULDAE DE LETRAS. DISCIPLINA: INGLES INSTRUMENTAL PROF. DR. PAULO LEONCIO NOME: DATA: INSTRUGOES: Ler o anexo texto (AGRIOS, sd, p. 4) através da estratégia de escan(eJagio ("scanning") ¢ responder, em agua portuguesa, 0 que ee pede abaino’ Nate Pergunte ao professor, F 1. Que é “plant pathology"? 2. Por que & dito que “plant pathology” é “an integrative science and profession”? 3-De que depende “the control of plant diseases and other plant pests"? 4. Por que & dificil “pinpoint” com exatidio quando uma planta est doente?ip sie, pl ogee Plant pathology is the study of the organisms and of the cuvironmental factors that cause disease in plants; ofthe mechainisms by which these factors induce disease’ in plants; and of the methods of preventing or control- ling disetse and reducing the damage it causes. Plant pathology -is for plants largely «what medicine is for humans and veterinary shedicine is for animals: Each iiscpline stadies'the causes, mechanisms,,and control of Uisases affecting che organisms with which ie deals, i is, mals, respectively Plant pathology is an integrative sciencé and: pro- fession that uses. and.combines the basic knowledge of botany, inycology, bacteriology, virology, nematology, plantamatomy, plant physiology, genetics, molecular biology ‘and genetic ‘onginctring, biochemistry, hor- ticulturc}” agronomy, tissue: culture, soil science, forestry, Sthemistry, physics, méteorology, arid many other branches of science. Plant patholojy profits from advances: in any..one. of these ‘scieices; and many advanceg‘in other sciences have been made in attempts: to solve plant pathological problems. . ‘As-a ‘science, plant ‘pathology tries to increase out knovledge about plant diseases: At the same time, plant Pathology tries to develop methods, equipment, and ‘materials throtigh which’ plait diseases can'be avoided or controlled. Uncontrolled plant diseases may result in less food: and higher food ‘prices of in food of poor quality. Diseased plant produce may sometimes be p sonouls dad unfit for consumption. Some plant diseases say Ws ow eis plat species and many alert the beauty and landscape of our environment. Controlling plant disease results in mére food oftherer quality anid a thofe ‘aesthetically pleasing environment, but con- ‘suméss tiust,pay for costs of materials, equipment, and labor used to control plant diseases and, sometimes, for other Jejs evident costs such as contamination of the envitonisent. , In thé last 100 years, the control of plant diseases and othir’plant pests has depended increasingly on the ‘extensivé tse of toxic chemicals (pesticides). Controlling plant diseases often necessitates the application of such ‘oxic chémicals not only on’ plaats and plant products ‘hat ve consume, butalso into the soil, where many path- operiic sticroorganisms live’ and attack the plant roots. ‘Many‘ef'these chemicals have been shiown to be toxie £0 nontarget microorganisms anid animals and may be toxic + to-huméas, The short- and long-term costs of environ- mental fontamination on: human health ond welfire ‘caused by our efforts toccontrol plant diseases (and other pests) act dificult to estimate: Much of modem research inplant pathology aims at finding otherenvironmentally Sicndlyimeans of controlling plant diseases. The mést Promising: approaches in-clude conveational bieediig ‘and genétic eaginccring of disease-resistant ‘plants, appli- AGRIOS, G. N. Plané pathology. London: Elsevier, s.d. p. 4. é B Febe” bev, . “aiid, genesilencing fechniques| of plant -defense- “promoting, nontoxic sfbstances, ind, t@ goméextent, use! of biological agents ailtagonisticko the microorganisms that cause plant disease. | oe The challetiges for plant pathology are to feduce food. losses while improving food quality and, at the same time, safeguarding. our’ environment. As the world . population continues to increase while arable land and “most other natural resources conti as our environment becomes further congested and sueessed, the need for controlling plant diseases effec: tively and safely will become one of the most basic ™ rctessities for feeding the hungry billions of our increas ingly overpopulated world. ‘The Concept of Disease in Plants Because it is not known whether plants feet pain or dis- + eOinfort and because, in any case, plants do not speak of otherwise communicate with us it is difficalt to pin- point exactly whtn a plant is diteased. tis accepted that plant is healthy, or rormal, when it can carry out its physiological fuse of its genétic poten- “tial. The meristeifictic|(caimbium) cells of a healtiy plant divide and differéntiate as heeded, and difftient types of specialized calle" qhsorb’ waler’ and ‘nuttisats from: the soily'transloéite these to al plane parts, carry of photosynthesis, translocate, mécabolize, or store the Photosyathetic products; and produce seed or other reproductive oigins ‘for survival and’ multiplication. When the ability‘of the cella of a plant or plait part 19 i ‘ i 2 i ion'of disease-suprlessing cual practices, RNA- i ssrry out one Ot more of these essential fictions is * interfered with-by‘either a’ pathogenic organism ox an adverse environnieital factor, the activities of the cells ‘are disrupted, altered, or inhibited, the cells malfunction ‘or dic, and the plant becomes diseased, At first, the affliction is localizéd to one ‘or « few cells and it invis ble: Soon, however, the reaction becomes more wide- , spread and affected plant parts develop changes visible to the naked eye. These visible changes are the symp- /. toms of the diéease. The visible or otherwise measura- ble adverse changes in a plant, produced in reaction to | infection by an organism of to an unfavorable environ- §. ilental factor, are‘a measure of the amount of disease { iii the plant..Discase in plants, then, can be defined as | the series‘of invisible nd visibl responses of plait cells *| aiid tissues to a-pathbgenic-orghnism or environmental | ‘factor that result in ddverse chdnges in the form, func- sion, or integrity: of fhe plint dnd may lesd:to partial | impairment gv death bf plant palts or of the entire plant. ‘The kinds of;cells| and tissuls that become affected determine the typrof'physiological function that will be * i | | Seo.