Shift Factores

MRTU
Shift Factors:
Methodology and Example
CRR Educational Class #5
CAISO Market Operations

Why are Shift Factors Important to
the Allocation Process?
The shift factors are derived directly from the DC
version of the FNM
They are not an explicit input into the CRR allocation
The shift factor is the actual component that
determines the flows on branches and interfaces that
results from the application of CRR Source(s) and
Sink(s)
The flow on a branch or interfaces as compared to
the branch limit or interface limit impacts how many
CRRs can be allocated
The shift factors are calculated and used in the
optimization process within the simultaneous
feasibility test
Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 2

MRTU
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will

be able to:
Understand the concept of a shift factor
Given a power system FNM data set,
determine a set of shift factors for this
FNM
Given a set of shift factors along with a
balanced Source/Sink pair determine the
flow on any line in the system

MRTU
Agenda
Definition of the shift factor

Shift factors in the AC FNM
Shift factors in the DC FNM
Using shift factors
Detailed calculation of the shift factors
An example using shift factors

MRTU
Definition of the Shift Factor
Shift Factors are also known by other

names
Power Transfer Distribution Factors
(PTDFs)
Power Distribution Coefficients (PDCs)
Effectiveness Factors
Impedance Factors

MRTU
To provide the definition or concept of the shift factor, start with a
sample FNM (buses and lines). Assume this network is a DC FNM.
The arrow on line l represents the reference direction
Injection at Bus i
Bus i
Bus
Transmission
Line
Line l
Withdrawal at
the Reference
Bus

MRTU
A shift factor has 4 attributes:
A particular Line (with reference direction)
A particular Bus
Value of the shift factor
A reference bus
The value of the shift factor of line l with
respect to bus i is defined to be:
The change (or sensitivity) of active (MW) power
flow in a reference direction on line l with respect
to an change in injection at bus i and a
corresponding change in withdrawal at the
reference bus
Δflow in line l / Δinjection at bus i
MRTU
Simple Example
Suppose there is a generator at Bus i and a load
at the reference bus
If the load increased by 1 MW and this load was
served by an additional MW of generation
(assume lossless FNM) at bus i there would be
changes in the transmission line flows throughout
the FNM
Assume that the change in the MW flow on line l
(in the reference direction) increased by 0.4 MW
The shift factor for this line with respect to the
generator and load locations is
Δflow in line l / Δinjection at bus i
0.4/1 = 0.4 = 40%
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Agenda

Using shift factors

MRTU
Shift Factors for an AC FNM
Calculated for the system conditions around a
solved power flow operating point
A given generation and load pattern
Calculated for a certain system topology
Topology is the connectivity of the system
Shift factors will change when
Operating point changes
Reactive power flow may change
Losses may change
Topology changes
Line characteristics change, e.g., change in line
impedance
MRTU
Agenda

Using shift factors

MRTU
Shift Factors for a DC FNM
DC FNM is a linear system

Shift factors calculated for a certain
system topology
No operating point necessary
No reactive power flow modeled
No transmission losses modeled

MRTU
Shift Factors In the DC FNM
Shift factors change when

Topology changes
Line impedance changes
Shift factors do not change if the
injection/withdrawal amount increases
for any set of locations

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Linear superposition of flows holds

This is because the DC FNM is a linear network
For example, for a given line l
Injection of 1 MW at bus A and withdrawal of 1
MW at reference bus
Assume shift factor on line l in the reference direction =
30%
The flow on line l is 1 MW * 30% = 0.3 MW
Remove injection at Bus A and withdrawal at
reference bus…

MRTU
…Injection of 1 MW at bus B and withdrawal of 1
MW at reference bus
Assume shift factor on line l in the reference direction =
40%
The flow on line l is 1 MW * 40% = 0.4 MW
Apply both sets simultaneously
Inject 1 MW at bus A and inject 1 MW at bus B
Withdrawal 2 MW (1 + 1) from the reference bus
Flow on line l in the reference direction = 0.3 + 0.4 =
0.7 MW

MRTU
Injection of 1 MW at bus A and withdrawal of 1 MW at
reference bus
1 MW
Bus A
0.3 MW
Reference
Line l Bus
1 MW

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Injection of 1 MW at bus B and withdrawal of 1

MW at reference bus
Bus B
1 MW
0.4 MW 1 MW
Line l Reference
Bus

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Injection of 1 MW at bus A and 1 MW at bus B
and withdrawal of 2 MW at reference bus
1 MW
Bus A
1 MW
Bus B
0.7 MW 1 MW
Line l Reference Bus
1 MW

MRTU
Any Questions?

MRTU
Agenda

Using shift factors

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Task: Given a set of shift factors for a

FNM
Determine the flow on line l given a Source
(injection) of x MW and a Sink
(withdrawal) of x MW
Steps to accomplish this task
Understand the set of shift factors
Understand how to use this set along with the
given Source/Sink pair to determine the flow on
line l

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Understanding the set of shift factors

Assume N number of buses in system
Assume Nth node is defined to be the
reference bus
Assume L number of transmission lines
in the FNM each with a given reference
direction…

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Using Shift Factors (continued)
For each line l ∈ (1, …, L) calculate the
shift factor for each node n ∈ (1, …, N-
1)
Inject 1 MW at node n and withdraw 1 MW
at reference node (node N) and determine
the flow on line l
The actual mathematical method of calculating
the shift factors are presented later in this
presentation
Each shift factor has associated with it a
line (l) and a node (n)
Each shift factor is denoted by Sln
MRTU
Using Shift Factors

Note that SlN = 0, l ∈ (1, …, L)
A injection of 1 MW at the reference
bus and a withdrawal of 1 MW at the
reference bus will result in a net of 0
MW injection at the reference bus
No flow in the system
The shift factors, SlN, l ∈ (1, …, L) are all 0

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Using Shift Factors
The number of shift factors in the set for a
FNM with N nodes and L branches
Number of shift factors calculated are L * (N
– 1)
All shift factors are defined with respect to a
specified reference bus
The number of shift factors for SlN is L
A Total number of shift factors are L * (N – 1)
+L=L*N

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Sample shift factor data set

There would be L * N records in the set
Each record in the data set would have
Injection bus identifier (e.g., bus name)
Line identifier
From bus
To bus
Circuit ID
The reference direction is in the direction of “From bus” to
“To bus”
Shift factor value

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Given the set of shift factors what is the

flow on line l in the reference direction
for an injection of x MW at bus A (the
Source location) and withdrawal of x
MW at bus B (the Sink location)?
Assume bus A is not the reference bus
Assume bus B is not the reference bus

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Injection of x MW at bus A and withdrawal of x
MW at bus B
What is the flow on line l?
x MW
Bus A
x MW
Bus B
Line l
Flow = ?

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Note that from the set of shift factors given

An injection of x MW at bus A and withdrawal at
the reference bus of x MW will give the flow on
line l in the reference direction as
Flow on line l = (x MW) * SlA
An injection of x MW at bus B and withdrawal at
the reference bus of x MW will give the flow on
line l in the reference direction as
Flow on line l = (x MW) * SlB

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Injection of x MW at bus A and withdrawal of x MW
at reference bus
Injection of x MW at bus B and withdrawal of x MW
at reference bus
x MW
Bus A
x MW
Bus B x * SlA
x MW
x * SlB Reference Bus
x MW

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Instead of having an injection of x MW at bus
B and x MW of withdrawal at the reference
bus, what if the injection is at the reference
node and withdrawal at bus B?
Shift factor in the reference direction is
(- SlB)
The flow on line l in the reference direction is
(x MW) * (- SlB)
Note that the shift factor has a negative sign
indicating a flow opposite to the reference
direction

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Injection of x MW at bus A and withdrawal of x MW
at reference bus
Injection of x MW at reference bus and withdrawal of
x MW at bus B
x MW
Bus
A
x MW
Bus x * SlA
B x MW
x * (-SlB) Reference Bus
x MW

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
The injection and withdrawal at the

reference bus cancels out!
What remains is an injection of x MW at
bus A and a withdrawal of x MW at bus
B
The flow on line l in the reference
direction is
x * SlA + x * (-SlB) = x * (SlA – SlB)

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Thus given the set of shift factors with

The calculated shift factors, L * (N – 1) with
respect to a reference node
With SlN = 0, l = (1, …, L)
To determine the flow on line l in the
reference direction with an injection of x MW
at bus A and a withdrawal of x MW at bus B
perform a subtraction of the associated shift
factors
SlA – SlB

MRTU
Using Shift Factors (continued)
Apply this value to the injection (or balanced

withdrawal amount) to determine the flow on
the line in the given reference direction
Flow on line in the reference direction = x * (SlA –
SlB)
Does not matter where the reference bus is
located!
Do not even need to know the location of the
reference bus!

MRTU
Using Shift Factors
Injection of x MW at bus A and withdrawal of x
MW at bus B
What is the flow on line l?
x MW
Bus A
x MW
Bus B
Line l
Flow =
x * (SlA - SlB )

MRTU
Any Questions?

MRTU
Agenda

Using shift factors

MRTU
Detailed Calculation of the Shift
Factors
The shift factor is conceptually obtained in
three steps based for a DC FNM:
Step 1: Sensitivity of phase angles with respect to
bus injections:
θ’ = [ B’ ]–1 P’
Step 2: Sensitivity of line flows with respect to
phase angles:
Pl = [ H ] θ’
Step 3: Combine Step 1 and Step 2:
Pl = [ H ] [ B’ ]–1 P’
The shift factors are the entries of the matrix:
[ S ] = [ H ] [ B’ ]–1
Bold elements are vector or matrices
Elements in brackets “[ ]” are matrices
MRTU
Factors - Details of Step 1
DC load flow model in matrix form
P=[B]θ
Pi, the ith element of vector P, is the net injection
into the system from bus I
θi, the ith element of θ, is the phase angle at bus i
[ B ] is the bus admittance matrix and is
determined directly from the FNM line data
B(i,i) = ∑j(1/xij), for j is over all lines connected to i
B(i,j) = -1/xij
[ B ] θ is the vector whose ith row is the sum of
the power flows over all the lines originated from
bus i

MRTU
Factor - Details of Step 1
[ B’ ] is the submatrix of [ B ] obtained by
eliminating the row and column associated
with the reference bus
[ B ] cannot be inverted because it is singular
[ B’ ] is not singular
θ’ and P’ are obtained from θ and P by
eliminating the elements associated with the
reference bus
θreference = 0 radians
Reduced DC load flow model
P’ = [ B’ ] θ’
θ’ = [ B’ ]–1 P’
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Factors - Details of Step 2
The relationship between the line flow and phase angles
across the line is as follows
Pij = (θi – θj) /xij
Pij is the power flow on the line connecting bus i and j in the
direction from bus i to bus j
θi is the phase angle at bus i
θj is the phase angle at bus j
xij is the reactance of the line connecting buses i and j
In vector form, this can be written as
Plines = [ H ] θ’
where Plines, k = Pij is the kth element (i.e., the kth line) of Plines
H(k,i) =1/xij, H(k, j) = - 1/xij and H(k, m) = 0 for m ≠ i, m ≠ j
The values of [ H ] are determined directly from the FNM line
data

MRTU
Denote [ Z ] = [ B’ ] –1
Then Plines = [ H ] θ’
= [ H ] [ B’ ]–1 P’
= [ H ] [ Z ] P’
Define [ S ] = [ H ][ Z ]
Plines = [ S ] P’
Gives the relationship between the flows
on lines and the injection/withdrawals at
buses

MRTU
The shift factors are the entries of matrix [ S ]

where the (l, i)th element of [S] is the sensitivity of the
flow on the l th line with respect to a resource at the ith
node. The slack node balances out the system
Sli = (zmi - zni) / xl
where
xl is the reactance for line l which connects bus m and bus n.
zmi is the (m,i)th element of [Z]

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Any Questions?

MRTU
Agenda

Using shift factors

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An Example of Using Shift Factors
Example 7 bus system with

Main commercial transfer corridor
External loop
Inject 10 MW at bus 1
Withdraw 10 MW at bus 5
Find the resulting flows on
line 4 (bus 3 to bus 4 is the reference direction)
line 9 (bus 2 to bus 7 is the reference direction)
Use Bus 7 as the reference bus

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1 2
0.002
Inject 10 MW
0.002 0.002
3 0.01
Line 9
Line Line 4 0.00125
reactances are 7
in italics
4
0.01
0.002 0.002
Withdraw 10 MW 0.002
5 6
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To determine the flows on these lines

First
Determine the shift factors with Bus 7 as the
reference bus
Second
From this set of shift factors and the amount of
injection and withdrawal determine the flow on
these lines

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Determine the set of shift factors - Form the B matrix
B’
1000 -500 -500
-500 1100 -500 -100
-500 -500 1800 -800
B=
-800 1800 -500 -500
-500 1000 -500
-500 -500 1100 -100
-100 -100 200
As can be seen, the sum of all the columns and the

sum of all the rows are zeros. Select bus 7 as the ref
bus; delete row 7 and column 7 to obtain B’
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Invert the B matrix to get the Z matrix
Z = [B’]-1 =
0.0065761 0.0055401 0.0056121 0.0050546 0.0047573 0.0044599
0.0055401 0.0058188 0.0052613 0.0047387 0.0044599 0.0041812
0.0056121 0.0052613 0.0059628 0.0053705 0.0050546 0.0047387
0.0050546 0.0047387 0.0053705 0.0059628 0.0056121 0.0052613
0.0047573 0.0044599 0.0050546 0.0056121 0.0065761 0.0055401
0.0044599 0.0041812 0.0047387 0.0052613 0.0055401 0.0058188

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Remember the form of the shift factor is
Sline,bus
The relevant shift factors are:
S4,1 = 0.45
S4,1 = (z3,1 – z4,1) / x4 = (0.00561-0.00505)/(1/800)
S4,5 = -0.45
S4,5 = (z3,5 – z4,5) / x4 = (0.00505-0.00561)/(1/800)
S9,1 = 0.55
S9,1 = (z2,1 – z7,1) / x9 = 0.00554/(1/100)
S9,5 = 0.45
S9,5 = (z2,5 – z7,5) / x9 = 0.00446/(1/100)
MRTU
Shift Factor data with only relevant records
Bus From bus To Bus Circuit ID Shift Factor Value
1 3 4 1 0.45
5 3 4 1 -0.45
1 2 7 1 0.55
5 2 7 1 0.45
Line 4 is from bus 3 to bus 4 with circuit ID = 1

Line 9 is from bus 2 to bus 7 with circuit ID = 1

MRTU
The flow on Line 4

= 10 MW * (S4,1 + (–S4,5))
= 10 MW * (0.45 + (-(-0.45)))
= 10 MW * 0.9
= 9 MW
The flow on Line 9
= 10 MW * (S9,1 + (–S9,5 ) )
= 10 MW * (0.55 + (– 0.45) )
= 10 MW * 0.1
= 1 MW

MRTU
1 2
Inject 10 MW
1 MW
3
Line 9
9 MW Line 4 7
Withdraw 10 MW
5 6
MRTU
Any Questions?

MRTU

Shift Factores

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MRTU

CRR Educational Class #5

CAISO Market Operations

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 2

 Upon completion of this course, you will

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 3

 Definition of the shift factor

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 4

 Shift Factors are also known by other

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 5

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 6

 Definition of the shift factor

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 9

 Definition of the shift factor

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 11

 DC FNM is a linear system

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 12

 Shift factors change when

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 13

 Linear superposition of flows holds

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 14

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 15

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 16

Injection of 1 MW at bus B and withdrawal of 1

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 17

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 18

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 19

 Definition of the shift factor

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 20

 Task: Given a set of shift factors for a

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 21

 Understanding the set of shift factors

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 22

 Understanding the set of shift factors

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 24

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 25

 Sample shift factor data set

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 26

 Given the set of shift factors what is the

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 27

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 28

 Note that from the set of shift factors given

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 29

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 30

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 31

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 32

 The injection and withdrawal at the

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 33

 Thus given the set of shift factors with

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 34

 Apply this value to the injection (or balanced

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 35

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 36

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 37

 Definition of the shift factor

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 38

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 40

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 42

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 43

 The shift factors are the entries of matrix [ S ]

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 44

Market Ops - R. Treinen 12/6/2005 to 12/8/2005 45

Upon completion of this course, you will

Definition of the shift factor

Shift Factors are also known by other

Definition of the shift factor

Definition of the shift factor

DC FNM is a linear system

Shift factors change when

Linear superposition of flows holds

Definition of the shift factor

Task: Given a set of shift factors for a

Understanding the set of shift factors

Understanding the set of shift factors

Sample shift factor data set

Given the set of shift factors what is the

Note that from the set of shift factors given

The injection and withdrawal at the

Thus given the set of shift factors with

Apply this value to the injection (or balanced

Definition of the shift factor

The shift factors are the entries of matrix [ S ]

Definition of the shift factor

Example 7 bus system with

To determine the flows on these lines

The flow on Line 4