Encryption

Written by: Iris Keijzers & Isa Spoelder TV1E

Date we started: 15/04/19
Date we finished: 18/04/19
Index:
1. foreword
2. exercise 5
3. exercise 7
4. exercise 11
5. exercise 12
6. exercise 15
7. diary
8. epilogue
9. used sources
Foreword.
Our report is about three encryption. But first, what
is a encryption? A encryption can you for example
compareme to music. You must be able to read the
notes before you can understand them. Other things
about encryption are for example: flag semaphore,
ISBN Numbers, sign language and way more things! Me
and Isa chose these five things: Sign language,
Braille, Secret codes, Bar codes, Country codes. We
have chosen these things because, we find them very
interesting and we want to learn more about it!
We had to make this for a school assignment, we had
to choose a few subjects about encryption. We chose
these subjects because, we didn’t know very much
about these subjects. But we want to explore new
things about it!
Isa and I didn’t had very much experience with this
subjects before. I hope that after this report we
know way more about this. And have learned many new
things.
I want to thank Isa with working together with me.
Without her I really couldn’t make this report! And I
ofcourse want to thank mrs. van der Velden, to
explain the exercise and answer my questions!
Exercise 5:
Sign language
A: investigate how sign language developed:
Sign language developed in France in the 18TH century.
In the same time the France grammar developed.
Socrates thought of how people would communicate if
we were born without a mound or tongue. If that would
be true, we probably used our hands and body. Most
signs are developed trough the manual alphabet of
different countries.

B: Work out how to count in sign language:

in the following pictures you can see how you can
count from 1 till 20 in sign language:
Further information:
Sign language is communicating by using your hands
and body instead of your voice and mound. Another
word for sign language is ASL. Most deaf people use
it to communicate, and then the family and friends of
that person also have to be able to use sign
languages. People that are not able to speak good or
maybe they can’t speak another language. Sign
languages have their own grammar. Sign language is
different from body language. Cause body language is
type of nonverbal communication.
Here are some basic signs to communicate:
Exercise 7:
Country codes

A: Work out when and where

these codes are used:
The codes are used for data processing and
communicating. They are used in countries and
dependent area’s.
B: Investigate what the codes are for a few
countries:
The Netherlands:
3-letter: NLD
2-letter: NL
United Kingdom:
3-letter: GBR
2-letter: GB
Belgium:
3-letter: BEL
2-letter: BE
Germany:
3-letter: DEU
2-letter: DE
C: how many possible 3-letter country codes are there
and how many 2-letter country codes:
3-letter: 26x26x26 = 17576
2-letter: 26x26 = 676
D: how many 3-letter country codes are there that
contain 3 different letters. And how many with 2
different letters:
3 different letters: 26x25x25 = 16250
2 different letters: 26x25 = 650
E: find out the codes of a few airports:
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport:
ABV
Nizhny Novgorod - Strigino International Airport:
GOJ
Utica (NY) - Oneida County Airport:
UCA
F: how many codes are there that:
Have An A at the beginning: 30
Have A B at the begin and a X at the end: 0
Contain a B and X: 0
Contain only a B and X: 0
Contain An A, S, Z: 0

Further information:
Country codes are used for communicating and data
processing. There are 2-letter codes and 3-letter
codes. the country codes can also be abbreviation
for a country, just like NL.
Exercise 11:
Bar codes.
A. Find a few bar codes and work out what information
they provide.
1. It’s a green highlihter, the review is 4.5 stars.
You can buy it on different webshops, the price
differences. Some can you buy for €1,- and some
you can buy for €7,62.
2. It’s a Stabilo Schwan pencil, the review is 5
stars. You can buy it on different webshops, the
price differences. Some you can buy for €0,21
and some you can buy for €1,96.
3. It’s are Whiteboard Magnets, I can’t found more
information about this product.
B. Work out why bar codes are binary codes.
They both have two symbols, and have to do with
numbers.
C. How many codes can you make with seven white and/or
black symbols?
You can make 2, cause it is black with black
with etc.
D. A manufactor wants to put bar codes on all of its
products. How many products can this manufactures
produce?
53156
E. One country uses 30% of all its available
manufacturer codes. How many products in that
country could have unique bar codes?
37209.2
Furter information.
barcode is a code with black lines that can be read
by a scanner. This code consists of numbers letters
and punctuation marks. The first code was launched on
October 7, 1952. Norman Woodland, together with
Bernard Silver, invented the bar code. This scan code
was first used in the United States and Canada. But
soon afterwards it also became popular in other
countries.

The barcode is used in different places. The bar code

is used in different companies, for example: in a
supermarket: so that products cannot be stolen. The
barcode is also used in a hospital: in a hospital one
registers with bar codes the hundreds of tubes of
blood that arrive every day. Parking machines also
use the bar codes: they use bar codes to code, read
out and open the barrier. Libraries also use bar
codes: they use bar codes in books and to see which
books have been lent, and when the books must be
returned. And for airports, the barcode is also
important: when checking in luggage at an airport, it
is given a barcode with fertilizer clearance. The
luggage is then automatically transported to the
correct aircraft.
Exercise 12:
Braille.
A. Describe Braille’s life. How did he come to
develop Braille?
When Lious Braille entered a school for blind
people. he learned of a system of tangible
writing using dots, invented in 1819 by Capt.
Charles Barbier, a French army officer. This was
his inspiration to make a code for blind people.
The system was first published in 1829.
B. Find out how letters and numbers are represented.
A to j or formd by dots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The
letters k to t are formed by adding dot 3 to the
signs that represent a through j.
C. Think of some exercises that will help you find
out the possible number of codes with six dots.
For example: how many codes are possible with two
raised dots?
64
D. Nowadays, there is also Braille with eight dots.
Work out how this new script works and why a
decision was made to extend Braille.
Typically, the dots of the eight-dot braille cell
are numbered 1, 2, 3, 7 downward on the left and
4, 5, 6, 8 downward on the right.
E. How many symbols can be made with this new
Braille?
256
Furter information.
Braille is an alphabet specially developed for the
blind. Louis Braille (after which this alphabet is
named) developed this alphabet, and in 1829 it was
officially published. Braille is already being used
all over the world. Braille was published in the
Netherlands and Flanders in 1947.

Braille writing goes from left to right. So that when

you turn the paper, the braille can be read from left
to right. A good Braille reader can read more than
100 words per minute. There are also Braille books.
They are only 5 times as thick as a normal book.
Ecercise 15:
secret codes.

Up here you can see exercise A:

Down here you can see the answer:
This secret code is fun.
Further information.
Secret codes were very important in the ancient
times, cause then their enemies would not understand
them. This is why people have developed all kinds of
secret codes. The science of secret codes is called
Cryptography. Many companies send information over
the Internet and using secret codes is essential to
protect this information. This is also important for
webshops: to keep financial information safe.

One of the oldest methods to transmit secret massages

is the scytale used by the Spanish around 400 BC. A
strip of parchment paper was wrapped around a stick
and a message was written on it. Messages could only
be deciphered using a stick with a diameter exactly
the same as the original stick.
Diary:
Iris.
Day 1: The first day Isa was ill, so I started with
the report. I divided the work (so what Isa had to do
and what I had to do). After that I started with the
foreword. When I was done with the foreword, I
started the first exercise: exercise 11. I didn’t
finished the exercise at school. So I finished it at
home.

Day 2: Isa was not ill anymore and she started with
her work. She made exercise 5 and started with
exercise 7. She didn’t finished exercise 7 yet. I
started with exercise 11, I actually did the whole
school day on this exercise. But I finished it! For
now I think we are working good together, it’s a fair
dividing of the work and we can ask each other
questions if we don’t understand something.

Day 3: Isa started the summary and tried to finish

exercise 7. It didn’t work cause she didn’t
understand exercise 7 very good, and I also didn’t
really understand it. I started with exercise 15 and
I tried to make the questions from exercise 11, and
12 that I didn’t understand. I didn’t finished
exercise 15 so I had to make it at home. Isa made at
home the epilogue. I made at home exercise 15 and the
used sources.

Day 4: Isa is to the doctor so she is again not at

school, she comes back at school in the afternoon.
I’m working today on this diary and with the
exercises I didn’t understand. When Isa is back at
school she works on exercise 7.
Epilogue
This is the end of our report. We learned a lot of
new things, like country codes and (fill in).
sometimes it was really hard if we didn’t understand
a question. But in the end it all worked out, even
though it took longer. It was really interesting to
make this report, cause we worked out and
investigated lots of things we have never heard of.

I’m grateful that Iris helped me making this project.

The work was divided equal, and we both did our best.
I think we are a great team.
So this is really the end, we hope that this is going
to deliver us a good mark and that you found it
interesting!

- Isa Spoelder & Iris Keijzers TV1E

Used sources.
https://www.wikihow.com/Create-Secret-Codes-and-
Ciphers
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille
https://www.google.com/chrome/
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdpagina
https://www.wisfaq.nl/show3archive.asp?id=2331&j=2002
https://geocachen.nl/geocaching/geocache-puzzels-
oplossen/binaire-code/
https://laendercode.net/en/3-letter-list.html