AtR DEFENCE 2007

Ground Based
Air Defence Commanders
Our question to the GBAD Commanders were as follows:
- What are the main roles and missions of your Ground Based Air Defence Forces?
- Briefly describe your major communication assets.
- What are your most important ongoing procurement programme, and what is its current status?
- What are your major future procurement and modernisation programmes?

Canadian Ground
Based Air Defence
Major Paul V. Romeo
Director Land Requirements 2-5
National Defence Headquarters
Missions and Roles of the
Ground Based Air Defence Forces
Canada's ground based air defence is pro-
vided by 4 Air Defence Regiment which is
equipped with the Oerlikon Contraves Air De-
fence Anti-Tank System (ADATS). Their mission
is to provide airspace coordination support and
ground based air defence to the Canadian
Forces in both international and domestic oper-
ations and in support of maritime, land, air and
special operations forces.
Elements of 4 Air Defence Regiment are cur-
rently deployed with ISAF in the area of Kanda-
har, Afghanistan where their mission is to pro-
vide airspace coordination support to deployed
Canadian Forces personnel. Their roles see
them being employed across a wide range of
operations including in support of combat ope-
rations, complex peace support and stabilisa-
tion missions, assisting in maritime interdiction
operations, traditional peacekeeping and ob-
server operations, humanitarian assistance
missions and disaster relief, evacuation opera-
tions, sovereignty and search and rescue mis-
sions, in support of other govemment depart-
ments, and in support of civilian authorities.
Their specific roles include providing protection
to land forces, air forces Including air ports of
embarkation and disembarkation, maritime
forces including sea ports of embarkation and
disembar1<ation, and domestic operations in-
cluding protection of national special security
events and critical infrastructure.
- These systems are supplemented by a Harris
AN/PRC-n7 muiti-band multi-mission radio
to provide Link 16/TADL J capability via se-
cure satellite communications, a secure tele-
phone to provide Link 11/TADL B capability:
and
- A low-level air defence command, control
and communications battle management
network, produced by Oerlikon Contraves
Canada, which will deliver voice, data and
video from sensors to command posts and
to all networked air defence fire units. It will
fuse data from internal and external tactical
sources for situational awareness. This will
permit the commander to rapidly perform
threat analysis and to optimise weapon
assignments to the appropriate air defence
system to efficiently and effectively defeat air
The ADATS is currently the main asset
for Canadian Ground Based Air Defence.
(Photo: Canadian DoD)
threats. The system enhances command
and control functions through the integration
of several mission planning tools to calculate
radar, weapons, and radio network cover-
age, perform terrain analysis and air defence
simulation of a protected asset, all on geo-
referenced maps. This element is still in
development and will be delivered by the fall
of this year.
Most Important Asset in the Inventory
Our most important asset in support of cur-
rent operations is our airspace coordination
centres currently deployed in Afghanistan, This
is due to their critical role in the intimate coor-
dination of minute to minute air support to the
formation's activities. Airspace coordination of
assets includes UAVs. helicopters, fixed-wing
aircraft including those providing close air sup-
port, indirect fire and forward air control
requirements. Airspace coordination is vitally
necessary to prevent fratricide amongst friend-
ly forces and to ensure that non-combatants
are maintained safe and secure.

Major Communication Assets

Canada's major communication assets are
primarily located within the Airspace Coordina-
tion Centre and include:
- A Multifunctional Information Distribution
System Low Volume Terminal (MIDS LVT} 2
radio which transmits and receives Link 16
digital data communications;
- An Air Defence System Integrator, produced
by Ultra Electronics, which displays the data
received from the MIDS radio. It displays
multiple radar inputs along with intelligence
and planning functions and is the primary
intertacetoLink16/TADILJ,Link11/TADILA
and Link 11B/TADILB;

10

Ongoing Procurement Programme
Canada's most important ongoing pro-
gramme is the Low Level Air Defence Project.
This project is phmarily addressing communi-
cations security deficiencies with the Air De-
fence Anti-Tank System (ADATS). The solution
will enable our ADATS system to integrate with-
in the Canadian Land Force command system
as well as providing for interoperability. It will
digitise our ground based early warning system
and enable the ground based air defence
assets to participate in a positive control envi-
ronment vice being dependant solely upon pro-
cedural means of control, in turn enhancing
interoperability with our allies. In addition the
project will introduce a high level architecture
(HLA) compliant simulator to replace our cur-
rent training system.
Future Procurement and
Modernisation Programmes
Our major future procurement programme is
the Future Air and Missile Defence project- This
project is not scheduled to commence defini-
tion until 2011. The project will replace our cur-
rent ADATS system with a modem air defence
system. The future air and missile defence pro-
ject will study the requirement to be able to
defeat the asymmetric threat of rockets, artil-
lery and mortars, cruise missiles and
unmanned aerial vehicles in addition to the
more conventional helicopter and fixed wing
aircraft threats. Work will begin shortly to con-
sider options for the provision of a future
ground based air defence capability and what
requirements will have to be met. The priority
assigned to this project will be confirmed once
Canada's new defence strategy is published.
Finnish Ground
Based
Air Defence
LtCol Rauno Lankrla,
GBAD Inspector
Finland's Security Policy
The goal of Finland's security policy is to pre-
serve the country's independence and freedom
of action and to safeguard the welfare and live-
lihood of the population against the impact of
security threats. To achieve this goal, security
policy is used to prevent crises and threats, to
protect the country against them and make it
possible to resolve possible crises. The basic
elements of Finnish security policy are: main-
taining and developing a credible defence
capability, preserving military non-alliance in
the prevailing conditions and participating in
international co-operation to strengthen secur-
ity and stability. As part of the international
community, in addition to conventional military
threats, Finland is prepared for a number of
SA-11 system at Lohtaja Firing Range.
(Photo: Maj Jari Haikkinen, FDF)
Military Technology • MIUTECH • 4/2007
asymmetric threats. Finland's EU membership
support the security policy.
Geographically, in the north Finland's territo-
ry borders on Norway, a member of NATO, in
the west on Sweden, which pursues a policy of
non-alignment, and in the east on Russia, a
nuclear power. In the south are the Baltic
States, which have entered into membership
both in NATO and the EU and which aim at fur-
ther strengthening their military capacity.
Despite the changes in the intemational archi-
tecture, the security situation in Northern
Europe has remained relatively stable in recent
years. Northern Europe will be of permanent
strategic importance also in the future.
The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) are divid-
ed into Army, Navy and Air Force. The Army is
made up of infantry, field artillery, ground
based air defence, engineers and signals. The
Army also includes army aviation with helicop-
ter, UAV and parachute branches. The Navy
comprises naval units and coastal units. The Air
Force comprises air command units and sup-
port units.
The peacetime strength of the Army is
approximately 16,500 persons, of whom 8,700
are professional soldiers. Each year, 27,000
conscripts (including nearly 500 women) and
about 30,000 reservists undergo training.
The wartime strength of the Finnish Defence
Forces is about 490,000 men and women.
According to the Government White Paper, the
wartime troops will be cut down to 350.000
men by the year 2009-
The effectiveness of Air Defence (AD) is
based on co-operation between the Air Force
and Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD). The
main mission of GBAD is to defend the air-
space of Finland together with the Air Force.
The primary mission of GBAD is to defend the
capital area as well as vital Air Force and Naval
bases and Army units.
AtR DEFENCE 2007
Air Defence Command and Control (ADCC)
ADCC is the core of the solution. It contains
all the necessary features for planning, com-
manding and controlling air defence operations
in a network centric manner.
Air situation pictures are only one of the ways
in which the system enhances the operator's
situational awareness. The system also pro-
duces unified own and enemy situation pic-
tures including all the relevant assets and their
statuses (e.g. fighters, ground based air
defence (GBAD) units, air bases, runways, sen-
sors, communication lines, fighter controllers,
frequencies, etc.). The data for these situation
pictures is collected from the weapon and sen-
sor systems, intelligence information, and oper-
ator input. The unified own and enemy situation
is shared with all the operators. For example.
any commander can see the situation in an air
base on the other side of the country.
ADCC is fully integrated with the relevant
Finnish sensor and weapon systems (fighters,
surface-to-air missiles, radars and passive sen-
sor systems) with the ability to receive weapon
and sensor status data, detections, situation
pictures, and to add this information to the sit-
uation picture that is shared nationwide. ADCC
is also able to send commands and situation
pictures and to remote-control some systems,
such as radars. These features are also avail-
able at any ADCC site.
Command and control system support for
Finnish Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) is
achieved by integrating functions of multiple
systems used at the different levels in the com-
mand chain, as shown in Fig. 1.
For higher echelon units the ADCC system
provides a comprehensive set of tools for joint
situational awareness, mission planning, the
command and control of GBAD. Most notably
ADCC provides the means for co-ordinating
the use of the Air Force and GBAD against a
AIR DEFENCE 2007
Modernisation of the
CROTALE NG system
will begin this year.
(Photo: SA-kuva, FDF)

In defence planning GBAD has an indepen-

dent material development plan. According to
this development plan the Army is responsible
for developing also GBAD units for the Air
Force and Navy. This gives GBAD planners the
possibility of developing GBAD by looking at
the situation at force-levei and not only at
Service-level, Naturally, the development plan
is made in close co-operation between the Ser-
vices.
In GBAD development the FDF are at pre-
sent focusing on Army air defence. The main
projects include the modification of GBAD
Command Centres and procurement of new
AD missile 2005 and 2005M systems. As of the
year 2009 the FDF will focus on improving cap-
ital area air defence. Main projects are the
recognized threat. Particularly, ADCC provides The number of GBAD units will be decreased modification of GBAD Command Centres and
GBAD with Recognised Air Pictures (RAP) in the future but GBAD units that remain will be the procurement of a medium-range air de-
composed of the data received from the na- more capable. Naturally this will be a great fence missile system.
tional surveillance system. While ADCC inte- challenge for the training system and mainte- The modernisation of the CROTALE NG will
grates radar systems into the command and nance throughout the lifecycle. begin this year. The main aim is to extend their
control network, ADCC is also capable of con-
trolling and supporting the use of radars via its
radar workstation solution.
Deployed GBAD troops connect to the com-
mand network via Tactical Data Terminals
(TDT) and the functions of TDT enable the coor-
dinated use of these troops. TDTs are capable
of connecting to different weapon systems.
Integration with intelligent weapon systems
provides semi-automated command and con-
trol of the weapon systenns, enhances overall
situational awareness, and enables the coordi-
nated use of firepower. Most notably this pro-
vides the ADCC system with a capacity for
large-scale distributed threat analyses.

GBAD Organisation and Main Equipment

GBAD is a part of the Army. GBAD units are
trained in three garrisons. The Helsinki AD Re-
giment is located in Parolannummi. The main
mission of the Helsinki AD Regiment is to train
and maintain the capital area's GBAD units-
The Regiment also trains GBAD units for the Air
Force and Navy, The Salpausselka AD Batta-
lion concentrates on Anny GBAD. The Battalion
is located in Vekaranjarvi in the eastern part of
Finland and focuses on the GBAD of the readi-
ness brigades. One of the northernmost in Eu-
rope is the Lapland AD Regiment in Rovaniemi.
The Regiment specialises in training GBAD
units to operate in a cold climate.

The Way Ahead

One of the FDF guidelines in material devel-
opment emphasises concentrating on quality
instead of quantity. One part of the process of
restructuring the Finnish Defence Forces is to
relinquish old material. By the end of this
decade the FDF have to decommission their
SU-57 SPAAGs, 57mm AA towed guns and C2
short- range SA-16 AA missiles. The number of System
curr6nt23 mm units will also be decreased dra- view
matically.
Higher echelon Chain of command Lower Fdielon
Figure 1: Command and control system
support for Finnish GBAD.

12 Mililarv Technology • MILTECM • 4/Z007


The AD Missile System 2005
with BOLIDE missiles.
{Photo: SA-kuva. FDF}
lifetime at least until the end of the next decade.
The modification will improve the CROTALE
NG units' usability and capability to operate in
future battlefields.
The short-range AD missile system 2005 and
2005M (MANPAD) are the main AD missile
systems of Finland's readiness brigades. Mis-
sile system 2005 is manufactured by the Ger-
man company Rheinmetall, The SHORAD
2005M units are made by the Swedish compa-
ny Saab Bofors Dynamics. The man-portable
SHORAD 2005M system is easy to move from
one place to another and can be operated by
two soldiers. Both systems are equipped with
very highly sophisticated BOLIDE missiles.
The FDF have begun a study on how to im-
prove AD gun systems. In this study the possi-
bilities for modemizing the current 35mm guns
and SPAAGs are examined, as well as whether
the modernisation process can create the ca-
pability to intercept stand-off weapons. This
type of capability is needed in point defence
such as in protecting an air base. Naturally,
another solution would be to procure a new AD
gun system. Most likely, this project will begin
at the beginning of the next decade.
The main future AD project is the medium-
range AD missile system project. The purpose
of this project is to improve the capital's air
defence as well as the air defence of vital mili-
tary sites. In the future, thanks to this project.
GBAD will be capable of intercepting all types
of traditional air targets and cruise missiles.
fs/laterial procurement will begin at the begin-
ning of the next decade.
(This text was contributed by LtCol R.
Lankila, LtCol J. Vuorela, and Mai A. Hotti)
Milflary Tachnotofly • MILTECH 4/2D07
AIR DEFENCE 2007
security commitments as a NATO and EU part-
ner.
The transformation process wilt be continu-
ously monitored and further developed with an
attempt to increase and reorient our capabil-
ities without overstretching our resources. The
highest priority hereby is given to intemational
conflict prevention, crisis management and the
defence against terrorism.
In accordance to the recently released White
Paper, the proliferation of WMD and their
means of delivery potentially represents the
greatest threat to global security, which conse-
quently focuses on relevant capabilities to
counter this emerging threat.
The German Armed Forces Concept categ-
orises our armed forces inter alia into Response
and Stabilisation Forces, The Luftwaffe contrib-
utes with its Ground Based Air Defence {GBAD)
forces to both categories significantly by pro-
viding capable, modular and mission-tailored
Surface-to-Air Missile Task Forces (SAM TF).
The main mission of our GBAD forces is to
provide protection tor deployed troops against
the whole threat spectrum - the classical air
breathing as well as Cruise Missile {CM) and
Ballistic Missile (BM) threat. The current con-
ceptual guidelines call for a minimum of 3 fire
units, a Headquarters Element and a Wing
Support Element for such a SAM TF module. Of
course, this standard module can be supple-
mented by additional fire units according to the
actual threat, mission, dedicated Area of
Responsibility {AOR) and other relevant factors.
Traditionally Germany operates the strong-
German Ground est Ground Base Air Defence force in Europe.
Although the transformation process of the
Based Bundeswehr has imposed reductions on the
Air Defence GBAD forces of the Luftwaffe, the Luftwaffe will
Brig.Gen. Jochen Both continue to operate 24 PATRIOT fire units. The
Deputy Chief of Staff, current Air Force structure encompasses three
Air Staff Division III, SAM Wings, which are located in the area of
Arr Force Command Husum {SAM Wing 1), Bad Suize {SAM Wing 2)
and Manching, close to Munich (SAM Wing 5).
Missions and Roles of the Ground Germany is committed to ensure a strong
Based Air Defence Forces contribution to the NATO Response Force
The mission, tasks and capabilities of the (NRF). As a consequence, the Luftwaffe plans
Bundeswehr are consistently oriented on the to commit a standard SAM TF module to each
anticipated security situation and Germany's second NRF rotation. Moreover the Luftwaffe
The SAMOC contro station. (Photo: German Air Force)
AIR DEFENCE 2007
MEADS is beind
developed as a
tri-national programme
involving Germany,
Italy and the USW.
(Photo: via German
Air Force)
contributes to the NATO Ac-
tive Layered Theatre Ballistic
Missile Defence Programme
(ALTBMD) and Integration
Test Bed (ITB), respectively
with its weapon system PAT-
RIOT {later MEADS) and its
BMC3I Element Surface-to-Air
Missile Operations Centre
{SAMOC),
Due to general system limi-
tations currently fielded GBAD systems are not
sufficiently capable to cover the whole threat
spectrum effectively. Especially the technically
high demanding threat like TBM and High
Altitude Cruise Missile {HACM) needs specially
designed interceptors and sensors. In this con-
text a mixed employment of PATRIOT fire units
{primarily to counter the TBM/H ACM-threat)
and other GBAD system with 360° coverage
(primarily against ABT-threat) could be of an
operational benefit for both forces. For such a
Combined Joint SAM TF, the German SAMOC
as an enhanced BMC3I element could provide
the capability to integrate different GBAD forc-
es into a homogeneous and robust operational
element.
Main Communication Assets
State-of-the-art Battle Management, Com-
mand, Control, Communications and Intelli-
gence {BMC3I) capabilities provide the founda-
tion that enables time- critical operations in a
network centric environment and includes all
components necessary for air defence in gen-
eral and missile defence in particular. As a spe-
cifically tailored BMC3I element for GBAD forc-
es, the SAMOC provides the required capabil-
ities for near-real time tactical control solutions
and ensure the effective employment of subor-
dinate air defence units also in a ballistic missile
threat environment. It provides the capability to
integrate multinational and joint GBAD forces
and assets into one operational Task Force.
The SAMOC is the mean to integrate and
fuse air and missile defence Command & Con-
trot elements, sensors and weapon systems in
a networked environment into one "system of
systems". During all mission phases as well as
mission planning, a high degree of technical,
system and operational interoperability is
established by using NATO Tacttca! Data Links,
NATO procedures and automatic Message
Processing according to the ADatP-3 standard.
SAMOC enables the whole cycle from mis-
sion preparation including training, force gener-
ation and mission planning as well as mission
execution by automated tools to support the
operators in executing their tasks. Additionally
it provides mutti-datalink capabilities ensuring
interoperability between ali national and multi-
national, cun^ent and future GBAD systems.
The SAMOC Multi Data Link Processor pro-
vides integration of all relevant NATO standard
data links, thereby allowing effective participa-
14
tion in combined/joint military operations. The
SAMOC is integrated into the GBAD communi-
cations network with standardized communi-
cations equipment. The Communications
Intertace Group {CIG) is a gateway between the
GBAD communications network and extemat
partners. The SAMOC shelters itself are not
equipped with any radio, consequently follow-
ing the concept of a silent operations centre. All
radios used from SAMOC are located within
the CIG and Communications Relay Group
{CRG), and the SAMOC operators use these
radios remotely.
The SAMOC originally was designed to inte-
grate the different German Air Force GBAD
weapon systems - PATRIOT. HAWK and RO-
LAND - into a robust and effective SAM cluster
and execute effective control. Therefore at the
beginning of the development phase the main
focus on SAMOC's functionalities was laid on
Engagement Operations (EO). With respect to
the increasing complexity of an overall air de-
A PATRIOT PAC-3 missile at launch.
(Photo: Via German Air Force)
fence architecture the main emphasis has
switched from "Current" to "Force Operations"
over the years. In this context SAMOC's main
task is force planning. The Force Operations
functionalities (FO) provide state-of-the-art
decision support tools for all staff functions
{personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics
and communications). This enhances the plan-
ning, coordination and preparation of air and
missile defence operations.
The fielding of the SAMOC started in Oc-
tober 2005 and has been completed in June
2006. The German Air Force Air Defence
Centre {GAFADC) in Fort Bliss, TX, is equipped
with a classroom version of the system as well
to ensure training and standardisation.
The development of the Communications
Intertace Group has been finished: fhe delivery
is expected in the middle of 2007- This is the
moment we could assess the SAMOC as fully
operational.
Major Ongoing Procurement Programme
For more than twenty years the German
PATRIOT system has been in service within the
Luftwaffe. Since then the possible air threat
spectrum has dramatically changed especially
with respect to CM and TBM. With emphasis
on Increased air and missile defence capabil-
ities a major modification programme called
PATRIOT Growth Programme Two for selected
units was initiated by the Luftwaffe based on a
similar US programme for the weapon system
PATRIOT,
Basically the PATRIOT Grovtrth Program Two
is subdivided into three main parts: First, im-
proved sensors; second, "Hit-to-KiH"-technolo-
gy: and third, a communications and Automa-
ted Data Processing (ADP) upgrade with spe-
cial emphasis on establishment of a netted and
distributed force operations architecture from
squadron to SAMOC level.
Starting in the year 2000 PATRIOT Radar
Sets {RS) were upgraded to the PATRIOT Con-
figuration 3 standard. In a combined effort of
the US and German industry twelve RS were

upgraded in less then four years. In 2005 also a
modification contract was signed with EADS
and Lockheed Martin to upgrade twelve
Launching Stations (LS) to the PATRIOT
Advanced Capability (PAC)-3 standard, able to
fire PAC-3 missiles. The LS need minor mecha-
nical modifications bui a new electronic suite to
support the PAC-3 missile. The first modifica-
tion kits will be delivered in 2007 to EADS to
start the modification programme for the LS in
Germany. The first PAC-3 LS will be available at
the end of 2008. To fulfil the operational and
conceptual requirements the Luftwaffe is deter-
mined to procure the "Hit-to-Kiir'-capabie
PAC-3 interceptor. According to current plan-
ning the introduction of these enhanced effec-
tors Into the Luflwaffe is envisaged in 2008.
To integrate PATRIOT in a modern digitalised
battlefield a major communication upgrade
programme started in 2006- More then 200
command shelters will be modified to support
modem computer systems. To comply with
actual security standards for information tech-
nology each shelter will be equipped with
encryption devices based on the SINA stan-
dard. The shelter will be connected via fibre
optic cable to establish a Local Area Network in
every PATRIOT site. Secure communication
will be realised by a Voice-over-IP network.
Since compatibility and interoperability with le-
gacy systems is a driving factor the communi-
cation enhancement programme will supple-
ment the current equipment and not replace it.
Fielding of the last modified unit is planned for
spring 2010.
As mentioned before the German SAMOC
will provide the required functionalities to link
our GBAD assets to higher Command and
Control elements. Within the PATRIOT Growth
Program Two this proven technology will be
used as a base for an enhanced German
PATRIOT C3I capability. Every command ele-
ment within a German SAM TF will be able to
share a common data base with the SAMOC-
All elements will be linked by a Wide Area
Network (Data Transport Network SAM). All in
Military Technology • MILTECH • 4/2007
all this important part of PATRIOT Growth
Program Two represents the technical basis for
Network Centric Warfare capabilities of the
German GBAD forces. The first SAM Wing will
be equipped with the new PATRIOT C3I capa-
bility in 2008, the last one in 2010.
Main Future Procurement and
Modernisation Programmes
To meet the emerging challenges of the next
decades a modern Ground Based Air Defence
System is required. As a consequence the US,
Italy and Germany decided to start a trinational
development programme for the Medium
Extended Air Defence System (MEADS).
MEADS is a modern surface-to-air missile
system meeting future requirements and cap-
able of being upgraded and developed further.
MEADS is designed to defeat a threat that is
significantly evolved in terms of numbers,
speed, and cross-section in companson to cur-
rently fielded systems. Its modern sensor
systems and ordnance, its battle management,
command, control and communication compo-
nents designed for plug-and-fight employment
and modular use and its strategic mobility com-
bined with high tactical flexibility on the battle-
field will enable MEADS to support mission
accomplishment by the Bundeswehr signifi-
cantly. It is in particular the open system archi-
tecture of MEADS that offers a high potential
for enhancements and ensures flexibility to
adjust to new technological developments and
emerging threats even after its introduction.
Thus MEADS represents the foundation for
sustainable, effective and efficient ground-
based air defence weapon system that will
meet the operational requirements of the deca-
des to come. Following this modem concept.
MEADS will be with national air transport
assets strategically mobile and tactical deploy-
able, all-weather capable. 360" detecting and
engaging capable and modular and scaleable.
Providing a significant contribution to the
NATO Integrated Air Defence also in the future.
MEADS will enable Germany to protect from
assets such as the VELOS system shown here.
AIR DEFENCE 2007
entry through redeployment national and allied
deployed forces as well as high value assets
and facilities effectively.
After successful completion of the Risk Re-
duction Phase, the Memorandum of Under-
standing (MoU) for the development phase was
signed by the US and Italy in September 2004
and by Germany in April 2005. The design and
development contract with MEADS Intematio-
nal was signed in May 2005 and will last appro-
ximately nine years. The introduction of
MEADS in the Luftwaffe is foreseen in the mid-
dle of the next decade and will provide capabil-
ities against all kind of air threats, especially -
but not limited to - TBM of the lOOOkm-range
class also carrying Weapons of Mass Destruc-
tion. The first operational module encompass-
ing three MEADS Fire Units is expected to be
operational in 2016/2017.
MEADS is considered as a German contribu-
tion to the NATO ALTBMD Programme.
Greek Ground Based
Air Defence
Cpt Doxakis Stavros
Hellenic Air Force General Staff /
A' Directorate of AD / Section 3 GBAD Ops
Missions and Roles of Ground Based
Air Defence Forces
Current missions and roles of the Hellenic Air
Force GBAD systems is to contribute to the
safety of our national defence system in order
to successfully challenge any kind of air threat
and also to contribute in different NATO or EC
defence capability programmes in progress
(ALTBMD).
Main Commmunication Assets
The major communication assets is the fact
that by the use of latest technology communi-
cation means, our BMC4I system is able to per-
form air defence operations tailored to any mis-
sion and threat.
The Hellenic Air Force operates GBAD
{Photo: HAF)
15
AIR DEFENCE 2007
Procurement Programmes
The most important ongoing programme is
the NATO ALTBMD. The importance is based
to the fact that our nation as an equal member
of the Alliance is responsible for future AD Ops
to the benefit of the Alliance Deployed units,
countries, populations and territory, in order to
counter any threats such as BMs and WMD.
It is also in the intension of our GS in the near
future to upgrade even more our Forces AD
capabilities by acquiring latest top of the edge
weapon systems in a way that will allow us to
remain one of the leading members within
NATO on different AD Ops.
II Romariian Ground
Based Air Defence
Col. Haralambie Oprea
1st SAM Bde Commander
Roles and Missions of GBAD Assets
In the Romanian Armed Forces, the main
GBAD (Ground Based Air Defence) structures
are components of both Air and Land Forces.
Ground Based Air Defence within the RoAF
(Romanian Air Forces), represents one of its
major components, having the roie of providing
air defence to the national population and terri-
tory. Its missions are to defend against air
threats the main military assets and the most
important political, economical and administra-
tive centres. This kind of GBAD missions, inclu-
ding air defence of important areas, sites or
troops, are specific missions during crisis and
wartime. On the other hand, in peacetime,
when ordered and for a limited time, GBAD can
also accomplish air defence against terrorist
Romanian Army GEPARD SPAAGs
in training.
(Photo: Romanian MoD)
16
threats of some assets, such as those which
host national or international major political,
military, cultural or sports events.
Currently, our GBAO units have classical air
defence and limited missile defence capabil-
ities. In the near future, we will contribute to
NATO deployable GBAD units for in-theatre air
defence missions.
Main Communication Assets
In order to have an effective air defence
system, all its components must be compatible
and fully integrated in a command and control
system at the national level- GBAD being a
component of the air defence, all its units and
systems, are connected to the National Air
Command and Control System (NACCS).
Between GBAD weapon systems and
NACCS components are used voice and data
communication links. There are three types of
communication equipments:
- Wire communications;
- Mobile VHF/UHF radios;
- Mobil repeater stations.
The Romanian Air Force
is pursuing the upgrade
of its HAWK PIPIII systems
to HAWK XXI standard.
(Photo: Romanian Air Foroe)
Actual voice and data commu-
nications links are crypto specif-
ic links. In the near future all
communication links for GBAD
will be NATO standard links,
such as ATDL-1 ( Army Tactical
Data Link), Link 11B, Link 16.
The communication equipments
for all new weapons systems will
be fully compatible with NACCS
components, allowing data
exchange between all GBAD
units and CRC/AOC for central
ised, decentralised and autonomous MOD
(Mode Of Operation). Moreover, communica-
tion equipments and data links fully compatible
with NAILS (National Automated Integrated
Logistic System) will be available for all GBAD
units.
On top of these specialised communication
assets, GBAD units use the National Military
Communication Network, a versatile, encrypt-
ed, with voice and data connection.
Main Ongoing Procurement Programme
The Department of Procurement is the com-
petent authority from the Romanian Ministry of
Defence responsible for managing all major ac-
quisition programmes for the Romanian Armed
Forces, including those in the benefit for Ro-
manian Air Forces.
From the GBAD point of view, the most
important ongoing programme is the HAWK
XXI medium-range SAM. This has been plan-
ned to be achieved in two stages. The first one
has been accomplished in 2005, by acquiring
the HAWK PIP III equipment package. The sec-
ond one consists in up-grading the HAWK PIP
III to the HAWK XXI configuration. This stage
was started in 2005 and currently is in the con-
tract final negotiation phase, in order to acquire
all required equipments and associated servic-
es,
HAWK XXI is the medium-range component
of the High- and Medium-Range Surface-to-Air
Missile System (H/MSAMS) major procurement
programme-
Future Procurement Programmes
The first future procurement programme in
terms of time and prionty is SHORADA/SHOR-
AD Weapon Integrated System, first of all
because this system is linked with our assumed
obligations (and thus required capabilities)
towards NATO. Regarding this programme the
acquisition procedure is about to be initiated-
The second future procurement programme,
also very important, is High Altitude/Long
Range Surface-to-Air Missile (HSAM) system
acquisition programme. In fact, HSAMS is the
main component of the High and Medium
Range Surface to Air Missile system
(H/MSAMS) major procurement programme, as
mentioned above. This programme Is defined
as a strategic acquisition effort, and for this rea-
son it is analysed at Ministry of Defence leveL
Military Technology • MILTECH • 4/2007
 AIR DEFENCE 2007

a Swiss Ground
Based Air Defence
BhgGen Matthias Weibel,
Commander Air Defence Unit
Major Communication Assets.

Procurement Programmes
The most important ongoing
procurement programme is the
alert system for GBAD. The Swiss
Air Defense had until today no
such alert system to shorten the
reaction time. The status of this
programme is in introduction.
The Swiss Air Force is also
initiating several studies for the
future development of the Swiss
GBAD. One of these study
involves the integration of all exist-
ing GBAD systems in a network.
Another study contains the inte-
gration in a command and infor-
mation system for the Air Force
and the Armed Forces.
Tovi/ards the end of 2008, we
will generate an overview of the
GBAD "Next generation". This
study shall define the future (medi-
um and long term) of the Swiss
GBAD. Only afterwards we will ini-
tiate future procurement or re-
placement programmes. , --r-

Current Missions and Roles.

Milftir-
5trat*gische Sovereignty
Fuhrungtstuf> of own airspace of own airspace

Exlstenzsicherungs- Raumsicherungs- Verteidigungs Friedensfordemngs-

operationen operatJonen operationen operationen

Infoonationsoperationen

Ko"*rolle des Luftraumes

EinhaHung. Kontrollt
Wahrung der LufthoMi und KonsotkHerung

Unterstuttung (ter P o l M
bcim Personenschub
Schutz grosserer
Grenzabschnitte
Dynamische Regelung fur eim
Konfliktsituaiion

Untarstutning d n
Raum-
rwnwKMkonM d
Qrtnzpollzeidienit verteidigung
Rtntungtkontrolti
(ohne Tnippen)

Abriistungshilft
LAP (ohn> Trupptn)
Contribution Verzogerung
to RAP
A r e a D e f e n s e eidigung Unt«rslutzung
htnnanttarvr
HitMtittungMi
(Asststonzdienst
im Ausland)

Milttary Tachnology • MILTECH • 4/2007 17