REVIEW JOURNAL (DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)

SRI NUR ASTI ADDAS

217300039

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

GRADUATED PROGRAM 2019
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PAREPARE
NO Terms Journal 1 Journal 2 Journal 3
1 Title A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BILL CLINTON’S A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SUSILO
LIBERAL DISCOURSE CLINTON’S SPEECH “AMERICAN FOR MARRIAGE BAMBANG YUDHOYONO'S SPEECH
EQUALITY”
2 Rationale Bill Clinton’s rhetoric speech at the very beginning of his The statement of one of the well-known former public As president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono can also
presidency career played an important role to kick start officials in USA not only brings the fresh air to LGBT be called as the numberone in this country. In
his legacy. Critical Discourse Analysis is best used to community in USA, but also contradictory to what has addition, only he the one that is chosen purely by
investigate how such texts emerge and how those texts been created rules by her husband, President Bill Clinton the people in two periods of presidential election as
can be ideologically shaped because of struggles over in 1996 gives a clear explanation about the marriage laws it is known the maximum tenure of president in
power. The political discourse is assumed as a means to “marriage is a union between a man and woman”. Indonesia since reformation era. That is why the
secure power. One element of CDA that makes it distinct Because this contradictory statement from Hillary, many researcher is interested to SBY than the other
from other forms of discourse analysis lies in its “critical” mass media argued that Hillary Clinton is attempting to
figures. Moreover, the reason why speech is chosen
attribute. The word “critical” suggest an effort to grab LGBT voice in the next election. From the result of a because it is a form of language in used. Through the
unearth hidden causes and connections (Fairclough, survey conducted by the ABC (Australian Broadcasting use of language, it creates the idea about power and
1992). Corporation) and Washington Post in 2010, U.S public its ideology. In order to examine the use of language
supporting to LGBT equality at 43% increase in 2013 toand ask why it has been used that way and what the
53%. From Hillary Clinton contradictory attitude above,
implications are of this kind of use on speech, the
this analysis attempts to interpret the intent and theresearcher conducted an analytical framework for
purpose of Hillary in a speech supporting marriage studying connections among language, power, and
equality in USA by using Van Dijk Critical Discourse ideology which is called critical discourse analysis.
theory. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an
interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse
that views language as a form of social practice and
focuses on the ways social and political domination
are reproduced by text and talk.
3 Problem 1. What are the issues introduced by Bill Clinton in his 1. How are the structures of text “American for 1. What language is used by SBY in his speech
research inaugural address? Marriage Equality” the speech of Hillary Clinton at about the Jakarta Bombings?
2. What are some ideological components revealed by Human Right Campaign (HRC) website? 2. What power is used by SBY in his speech about
Bill Clinton in his inaugural address? 2. How is the ideology represented in Hillary Clinton the Jakarta Bombings?
3. How does Bill Clinton conceal his ideological Speech “American for Marriage Equality”? 3. What ideology is used by SBY in his speech
components? about the Jakarta Bombings?
4. How does Bill Clinton justify his liberal ideals in his
inaugural address?
4 Theoretical - Fairclough argue in his own definition, he perceives
framework CDA as discourse analysis which aims to
systematically explore the visible relationships of
causality between discursive events and / or texts,
and wider social and cultural practice, relations and
processes (Fairclough, 1993).
- Critical Discourse Analysts seek to reveal how texts
are constructed so that particular (and potentially
indoctrinating) perspectives can be expressed
delicately and covertly; because they are covert,
they are elusive of direct challenge, facilitating what
Kress calls the “retreat into mystification and
impersonality”. (Batstone, 1995)
5 Rancangan These research used Qualitative Method By observing at
penelitian one source, a political speech, the main concern will be
with the meaning of discursive statements that this text
makes, and the manner in which it makes them.
6 Variable - Independent Variable : Discourse Analysis Bill -
penelitian Clinton’s Liberal Discourse
- Dependent Variable : Discourse Analysis
- Dependent : A Critical Discourse Analysis
7 Data The collection of Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address comes -
collection from the official website. The language used by Bill
Clinton on his first speech as a president to address his
inauguration is American English. This language becomes
the presupposed knowledge in analyzing the data. There
is no legal or copyright issue as this data is a public -
consumption.
There are many linguistics theories that can be used to
analyzing a discourse. One of theories it is Van Dijk‟s
Critical Discourse Analysis theory that able to analyze the
underlying social practice of a discourse. In critical
discourse analysis not only analyzes the linguistic
elements, but also concern to the context behind the
discourse. Because of that, critical discourse analysis
according to Van Dijk explained that the analysis of a
discourse not only based on text analysis, but also
examines how the text is produced.
This research is conducted by using qualitative method.
This method focused on the significance of observations
made in a study rather than the raw number. Besides,
this research also applies Van Dijk Critical Discourse
Analysis method to gain scientific findings without any
statistical equipment.
Independent Variable : A CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH
“AMERICAN FOR MARRIAGE EQUALITY”
Bibliography technique is used to find discourse
elements in Hillary Clinton‟s speech text. This
technique is using written source to gain the data,
then the data which contain discourse are collected
into data card.
The unit analysis of this research is Hillary Clinton‟s
speech text “American for Marriage Equality” in
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is ‘a theory and
method analyzing the way that individuals and
institutions use language’ (Richardson, 2007: 1;
emphasis in original). Critical discourse analysts
focus on ‘relations between discourse, power,
dominance and social inequality’ (van Dijk, 1993:
249) and how discourse (re)produces and maintains
these relations of dominance and inequality’. CDA
therefore addresses broader social issues and
attends to external factors, including ideology,
power, inequality, etc. and draws on social and
philosophical theory to analyze and interpret
written and spoken texts
the researcher uses descriptive qualitative
approach in conducting this research. The
researcher chooses qualitative research because it
can describe systematically the fact and
characteristics of the data. Besides that, qualitative
research methods were developed in the social
sciences to enable researchers to study social and
cultural phenomena like case study and
ethnography.
- Independent Variable : CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS OF SUSILO BAMBANG
YUDHOYONO'S SPEECH
- Dependent Variable : Critical Discourse
Analysis
The data which is used in this thesis comes from
SBY’s speech as The President of Indonesia. In the
way of collecting the data, researcher uses some
step which is mentioned and explained as follows;
1. Searching for the video.
2. Searching the script.
3. Downloading the video and the script.

8 Analisis(teori Once the discourse fragments is discovered, it is listed in
apa,bagaima order of paragraph. It was made so to maintance the
na teori ini coherence between the beginning and the last discourse
bekerja,atau fragment. Fairclogh and Van Dijk’s CDA model is utilized
modifikasi to analyse the fragment. Van Dijk’s three dimmensions
of CDA is used as the main theory, while Fairclogh is used
as micro theory. Van Dijk’s CDA steps of analysis;
specifically, context, semantic macrostructure, local
meaning, model context, model event, social cognition,
and social situation is utilized to organize the data
analysis. Liberal ideals; specifically, energy, global
warming, healthcare, social security, taxes, global
governance, terrorism, and welfare is assumed as
presupposed knowledge for the speaker and the listener
of the Inaugural address.
Human Rights Campaign that downloaded on March On account of what became the material to be
30, 2013. analyzed in this research is SBY's speech
transcription, the researcher feels need to support
data as corroborating evidence that it is actually
SBY's speech
Bibliography technique is used to find discourse In analyzing the data, the researcher uses some
elements in Hillary Clinton‟s speech text. This technique steps according to Huckin’s theory which are
is using written source to gain the data, then the data described in short, dense, and in sequence from
which contain discourse are collected into data card. The beginning to the end so it will be understood easily
process of data analysis will be carried out in several by the readers. The steps are:
steps: a. choose an speech text from HRC (Human Rights 1. Reading the SBY’s speech in The Jakarta Globe
Campaign) Website; b. read the speech text; c. mark the about the bombings that occurred in the capital city,
sentences which containing discourse element; d. Jakarta. 2. Classifying the data indicating three CDA
classify it by Van Dijk Critical Discourse Analysis theory; methods of Huckin: 1) Analyzing the text with the
e. write the data finding into data card. After that, those features associated with the text as a whole in the
specific numbers of data is analyzed. To continue that following features; a) Genre; the data is analyzed
analysis the writer run steps as follows: a. exposure the using genre analysis approach. For example:
discourse elements (macrostructure, superstructure and mentioning and describing the social function,
microstructure) referring Van Dijk Critical discourse schematic structure, and linguistics features. b)
analysis theory. b. applying Van Dijk CDA theory into Framing For example: in descriptive speech, framing
data. c. make report and conclusion of the research. can be identified through three elements;
introduction, main body, and conclusion. Mention
and explain each of them then. To clarify, it is added
by visual aid. For example: a photograph of
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono talks to
Governor of Jakarta Fauzi Bowo at a hospital after
visiting injured bombing victims. c) Foregrounding/
backgrounding For example: Foreground shows the
explicit thing the speaker says, while background
shows the implicit one. d) Presupposition For
example: The utterance “Jakarta looked very
different in those days” has the following
presuppositions; Jakarta is different at this time and
The differences between Jakarta today with Jakarta

9 Hasil - The main issues introduced by Bill Clinton were
concluded by summarizing 12 discourse strands
derived from 17 paragraph of official transcript of
the Inaugural address. Every issue of the paragraph
is summarized into one phrases to reveal the
macrostructure. The analysis summed up the
inauguration address “To renew America in terms of
sacrificing nation effort, face global challenge, and
revitalize administration by means of the power of
people and the idea of liberal democracy” The
discourse strands at the beginning was built up
After analyzing Hillary Clinton speech by analyzing the
text structure; macrostructure, superstructure,
microstructure, social cognition and social context, the
writer concludes that there are some important points in
Hillary speech text. The points will be explained as
follows: 1. Hillary tried to create the impression, that she
is the part of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay. Bisexual and Trans-
gender) which get discriminations. It can be analyzed
from syntactic element. Hillary mostly used pronoun
“our” to limit the distance between herself and the
audience. 2. Hillary also tries to attract the audiences
past time are in the number of buildings, number of
motor vehicles, and population density in Jakarta. e)
Discursive difference For example: The utterance
“So today, I return to Indonesia as a friend, but also
as a President who seeks a deep and enduring
partnership between our two countries.” The
speaker is president of the United States of America
and the audiences are the people of Indonesia, so
there is a discursive difference between the speaker
and the audiences. 2) Analyzing the text with the
features associated with the text in sentencelevel
and word-level as following features; a)
Topicalization For example: the sentence topic of
more than half of the article is about the
government and the rest is about the people. Then
the article is about the government. 3) Analyzing the
findings through the contextualized interpretation
After the data has been analyzed according to the
method that is used in theory, then researcher
interprets it using his own idea based on the
problem in this research. 3. Making a conclusion of
the analysis
As it has been known, in his speech, SBY is using
language to convey information. Otherwise, the
delivery of information is conducted in less
coherent, this makes the information becomes less
obvious, so the messages which are captured by the
addresses are not optimal. As the addition, the
language used by SBY can be seen through the
process types and the linguistic features of genre. In
the process types, material process is the most
dominant used. As it has been known, it is an
activity to do something, for example the words
 toward the listener, linking each strands from known
information to new information.
- There are 9 identified ideological components in Bill
Clinton’s Inaugural address. Those components were
derived from 6 local meaning that interpreted with
social situation and 3 local meaning that interpreted
with social cognition. The analysis demonstrates
how ideological components is revealed; specifically,
inclusiveness, unity, renewal, strategic diplomacy,
global governance, welfare state, environmentalism,
collaboration, and healthcare. Those concealed
component of Bill Clinton was revealed using van
Dijk’s CDA concepts; namely, semantic
macrostructure, local meaning, social cognition,
social situation, context model and event model.
- To ensure the newly proposed topics are easily
adapted to the listener’s mind, Bill Clinton uses
macro-opinion. Macro-opinion in the form of
intertextuality is utilized to penetrate the mental
model’s defensive mechanism from accepting new
value. He used Declaration of the Independence of
America, Thomas Jefferson’s Quote, and Galatians
Scripture to justify his liberal ideals.
10 Refleksi/reko - Intended for fellow scholars whose future thesis is
mendasi using Discourse Analysis.It is important to use
/implikasi universal terms that has been accepted by discourse
scholars around the world. Use discourse strand
instead of topic and discourse fragment instead of
excerpt. Regarding the social context, there are two
ways to point out where the context is taken. Use
synchronic analysis to scrutinize one point of time
when the discursive event is happening. On the
other hand, use diachronic analysis to scrutinize two
point of time when the discursive events is
support by mentioning the acts that she is ever done to
protect LGBT. It can be observed by analyzing semantic
element analysis. She mentioned in detail the acts that
she ever did for protecting LGBT. 3. She is very careful in
presenting his speech. She uses mild words. In stylistic
analysis mild word usage aims to get good response and
also to make public receives the message well. 4.
Liberalism ideology is drawn from the utterances in
Hillary’s speech text. In the analysis of ideology, many
sentences in the speech text are supporting freedom, in
this case, the freedom of human rights.
This research is aimed at finding text structures, social
cognition and social context of Hillary speech text
“American for Marriage Equality.” It is Linguistic research
which needs to be improved and explored. The
improvement will enrich and deepen the theory of
ideology and discourse structure.
For further study in this subject, the other method and
type of discourse is can still be applied in this Hillary
Clinton’s speech. For example: the next researchers may
use the Fairclough discourse analysis method, focusing
on representation, relation, and identity. They can also
‘seek, capture, and prosecute’ in sentence [19]…
More importantly, the law enforcers must truly
seek, capture and prosecute the perpetrators,
organizers, and masterminds behind this violence…
Based on the example, those are not only words but
also a real action which will be realized. Whereas
the linguistic features is seen through the use of
past tense. It means that the speech is conducted
after the bombing event occurred. It can be
concluded that through his speech SBY also can
calm the people, because by conducting an official
speech, people realize that the government has
already known about the incident that occurred. It
calms the people down because people know that
the situation and the condition have been under
control by the government.
1. It is worth for us to pay more attention and it is
needed for us to know because CDA analysis is
closely related with the problems that occur in the
environment around us. 2. As it is known that this
thesis talks about the criticism which shows
weaknesses. But it is not the only criticism, but it is
also discussed about how it should be better. So the
reader of this thesis is suggested to be a good
reader, in this case is becoming neutral because
researcher does not have a purpose to criticize or
satirize certain parties
 happening and the past before the discursive events apply visual discourse model to analyze the hidden
is happening to compare two sides of coins. For message visually in Hillary speech video. Hopefully, this
example, this research used diachronic analysis by research can benefit us all.
comparing Clinton’s deixis and Bush’s deixis in
addressing their audience.
- the researcher needs to be brave in expanding their
horizon outside their major study; specifically, a
linguist should use not only linguistic theory, but also
another new discipline. For example, in this
research, liberal discourse to assert his description,
interpretation, and explanation is utilized.

Comment on :
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BILL CLINTON’S LIBERAL DISCOURSE, A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH “AMERICAN FOR MARRIAGE EQUALITY”,
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO'S SPEECH,

Pada jurnal pertama A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BILL CLINTON’S LIBERAL DISCOURSE lebih menekankan pada analisis wacana yang bertujuan mengetahui ideologi Bill Clinton
dalam pidato pertamanya sebagai seorang Presiden. Bill Clinton yang sangat dikenal oleh kalangan masyarakat dengan begitu kharismatik dan paham politiknya yang sangat mengagumkan. Pada
analisis discourse ini peneliti menggunakan kualitatif method dengan descriptive analysis serta menggunakan Van Dijk’s CDA dalam menganalisi data. Ada beberapa langkah dalam Van Dijk’s CDA,
tetapi pada journal ini lebih menitik beratkan pada kualitas ucapan seorang Bill Clinton, padahal banyak hal yang bisa dikaji untuk mengetahui bagaimana paham politik seorang Bill Clintons,
Seperti apa saja yang mempengaruhi sehingga ada ucapan yang keluar dari seorang Bill Clinton latar belakang keluarga serta pendidikannya. Kata-kata yang digunakan bukan hanya penanda atau
identitas tetapi dihubungkan dengan ideologi tertentu, makna apa yang ingin dikomunikasikan pada khalayak, serta pihak-pihak yang diuntungkan dan mana pihak yang dirugikan dengan
pemakaian kata tersebut.

Pada Jurnal Kedua , A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH “AMERICAN FOR MARRIAGE EQUALITY, bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pendapat Hillary
Clinton dalam “American for Marriage Equality”, sebagaimana kita ketahui seorang Hillary Clinton sangat memiliki pengaruh yang besar di US, seorang wanita yang memiliki power dan kharisma
dalam pemertintahan. Pada journal ini sumber datanya lebih merujuk pada bibliography dan setiap pidato hillary. Dalam hal ini Van Dijk’s CDA digunakan dalam menganalisis data, dengan
menganalisis setiap ucapan dan mengelompokkannya kedalam pengkategorian Van Dijk’s CDA. Pada journal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Hillary mendukung adanya LGBT di US. Meskipun banyak
yang menolak tetapi dia menyampaikannya dengan sangat hati-hati. Dalam journal ini hanya lebih fokus pada ucapan, seharusnya peneliti juga memperhatikan tindakan apa yang dilakukan oleh
Hillary Clinton dalam mendukung LGBT. Analisis wacana dimaksudkan sebagai suatu analisis untuk membongkar maksud-maksud dan makn-makna tertentu. Wacana adalah suatu upaya
pengungkapan maksud tersembunyi dari sang subjek yang mengemukakan suatu pernyataan.
 Pada jurnal Ketiga CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO'S SPEECH, bertujuan untuk mengetahui pendapat SBY tentang pemboman yang terjadi di jakarta.
Pidato pak SBY setelah terjadi pemboman dijakarta. Pada journal ini lebih menitik beratkan pada setiap kata seorang presiden setelah terjadi pemboman. Analisis discourse pada journal ini
menggunakan Huckin’s theory dalam menganalisi wacana SBY. Yang ditekankan disini ialah bagaimana pola pengaturan, penggabungan, penyusunan tersebut menimbulkan efek tertentu, apakah
membuat satu pihak diuntungkan atau punya citra positif dibandingkan pihak lain atau peristiwa tertentu dipahami dalam katagori tertentu yang lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan
kategori pemahaman lain.

Conclusions:
Berdasarkan analisis ke tiga jurnal diatas, masing-masing memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan, ketiganya menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Pada journa 1 dan
menggunakan Van Dijk CDA theory dan journal 3 menggunakan Huckin’s theory, berdasarkan maksud dan tujuan penelitian si peneiliti. Pada ketiga journal tersebut Bahasa dianalisis bukan
dengan menggambarkan semata dari aspek kebahasaan, tetapi juga menghubungkan dengan konteks. Konteks disini berarti bahasa itu dipakai untuk tujuan dan praktik tertentu, termasuk di
dalamnya praktik kekuasaan. Diharapkan kedepannya analisis wacana lebih bervariatif dengan menkombinasikan antara Van Dijk CDA theory dan Huckin’s theory dalam menganalisi suatu wacana.