SPECTRAL NOISE LOG TO CONFIRM SOURCE OF SUSTAINED

CASING PRESSURE
Gitani Tsalitsah Dahnil, Alif Aulia Risatrio, Arif Setiaji Wibowo, Karina Sari, Herfran
Rhama Priwanza, Arief Dirgantoro, Yoga Nuryanto, Tomi Sugiarto
Pertamina Hulu Mahakam

Abstract
Sustained casing pressure (SCP) or annulus pressure is one of the most critical issues in well
integrity. Among over 2000 existing wells in Pertamina Hulu Mahakam (PHM), around 330
wells (16.5%) have SCP problems. The problems vary from the simplest one with pressure in
only one annulus, to the more complicated one with multi-annulus problem and
interconnected pressure between annulus. Possible causes of SCP are identified, such as leak
from tubing and/or casing due to aging wells, non-sealing packer, or poor cement condition
with micro-channeling. Several remedial methods and technology are available to overcome
the issue, but due to the high variation of SCP problems in PHM, each well problem and its
mitigation must be defined case-by-case.
Common practice in industry, well intervention operations shall be done to withstand any
SCP issue where it could increase OPEX of the company. Hence, we need future solutions to
minimize or avoid such SCP existence.
In order to support future solutions, the first mitigation method is to confirm the source of
pressure. Noise Log is a technology developed to detect flow in the annulus by running a
sound-sensitive hydrophone to record down hole noise. Minimum two log runs are needed to
have a representative result. The first run is in shut-in condition with all annulus valve closed,
and the second run is performed while bleeding off the problematic annulus. The differential
pressure caused by bleed off process creates flow from source of pressure up to the surface,
and the flow will produce noise that will be recorded by the hydrophone. The noise reading is
then combined with temperature profile and supported by reservoir data to confirm the depth
and source of pressure (gas, oil or water).
During trial, seven wells with varied annulus problems are chosen as candidates for Noise
Log and showing a conclusive result of the depth and source of the pressure. The result and
interpretation then shall be considered when planning future campaign to mitigate the SCP
problems.
Keywords: Sustained casing pressure, annulus pressure, noise log, annulus integrity

Pressure (SCP). Not only occurred in old

1. Introduction
wells with degraded well integrity, but also
Mahakam Block that is run by Pertamina
in new wells where degradation of well
Hulu Mahakam has more than 2300
components should not be an issue.
completed wells since its first operation in
1972. One of the most critical issues found in The high variation of well architecture in
many of PHM wells are Sustained Casing Mahakam block, combined with different

SIMPOSIUM IATMI 2018-134 1

technology used during drilling and
cementing operation in each wells make it
hard to conclude the exact cause of SCP. The
study of sustained casing pressure in PHM
wells have been conducted with objective to
see the distribution and pattern of the SCP
cases in order to draw preliminary
hypothesis of the possible causes and sources
of this annulus pressure. The final objective
is to find the solution that can stop the
occurrence of Sustained Casing Pressure in
the future.
1.1 Overview of PHM Fields and Wells
Mahakam block run by Pertamina Hulu
Mahakam has 7 fields divided on two
environments: swamp area and offshore area.
There are three fields located in swamp:
Handil, Tunu, and Tambora, and four fields
located offshore: Bekapai, Peciko, Sisi-Nubi,
and South Mahakam. From these 7 fields,
more than 2300 well exist.
Big leap in technology and drilling methods
have been developed ever since the first
drilling operation in Bekapai in 1972. One of
the most advanced technological
developments is the well architecture. On its
first few decades the wells are mostly consist
of minimum 4 annulus, with complete casing
string from conductor pipe, surface casing,
intermediate casing, production casing, and
even additional liner string in some wells.
This type of well is called standard/ heavy
architecture. With more advanced
technology developed, optimizations are
applied in engineering of wells, resulted in
slimmer architecture with minimum number
of casing; slimhole architecture was
introduced in PHM on 1995. Since 2006
onwards, the reservoir target was shifted
from deeper reservoir (or what was called
“main zone”) to the reservoir on shallower
depth. To cope with this shift, more simple
architecture was introduced: light
architecture and extended light architecture.
In this type of architecture, only 2 casing
strings exist: conductor pipe and surface
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casing (which also acts as production
casing). Figure 1 shows the development of
PHM wells architecture through years,
specifically in swamp area.
The naming of annulus starts from the
innermost annulus to the outer. Annulus A is
the annulus between tubing and production
casing, annulus B is between production
casing and the next outer casing, and the
outermost annulus would be between surface
casing and CP.
Another shifting in well design is in the type
of conductor pipe used. Older wells were
completed with open type conductor pipe.
With this model, the outermost annulus
pressure (surface casing x CP) cannot be
monitored. When micro-channeling exists in
the cement that allows fluid movement,
bubbling will be present on the surface. On
relatively newer wells, close type CP are
more widely used where pressure on the
outermost annulus can be monitored.
In geological side, PHM fields are prone to
shallow gas formation. This gas exists in a
form of gas pockets with aquifer support that
lies up to depth 2000 mTVD.
2. Basic Theory
2.1 Annulus Pressure
According to API RP 90, annulus pressure is
classified as thermally induced pressure,
operator-imposed pressure, and sustained
casing pressure.
The thermal induced pressure is caused by
the expansion of annular fluid due to
increase in temperature in the well bore.
Thermal induced pressure often found on
wells that has just initiated the production,
where there is differential temperature
between static and production condition.
When the pressure is bled off after well bore
temperature has been stabilized, the pressure
will not rebuild.
Another classification of annulus pressure is
operator-imposed pressure, where the
pressure is intentionally applied to the
annulus. For instance in gas lift wells where
2
gas lift is injected into annulus A. This gas
lift pressure would be classified as the
operator-imposed pressure.
The last type of annulus pressure, which will
be the main concern on this study is
Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP), which is
defined as a pressure in any well annulus that
is measureable at the wellhead and rebuilds
when bled down, and not caused by
temperature fluctuations or imposed by the
operator. Sustained casing pressure is the
result of fluid migration to the surface due to
incompetent well barrier component, for
example through leak in casing/tubing or
micro-channeling in cement.
2.2 Noise Log
Noise log is a technology developed to
record any noise down hole by running a
sound-sensitive hydrophone. The basic
principle of this tool is by recording the
noise produced by fluid flow either inside the
well bore, movement behind casing, or from
reservoir.
To be able to interpret the result, minimum
two runs are required. The first log is run
when the well is in static condition, with
both tubing and annulus valves are in shut-in
condition. On the second run, the annulus
with sustained casing pressure will be bled
off to create differential pressure between
source of pressure and surface. This
differential pressure will then create flow
that will produce the noise.
The interpretation of noise log will be based
on the frequency, and supported by the
amplitude of the noise. In theory, flow from
inside well bore and from reservoir will
produce different type of noise. Reservoir
noise creates higher frequency sound
compared to borehole noise.
Noise log tool is also equipped with
temperature survey tool. The changes in
temperature profile will support the
interpretation of noise reading.
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The typical result of SNL logging will
include several data as shown on figure 2.
From left to right, the logging result
includes: measured depth (in mBRT), well
sketch, gamma ray and CCL for depth
calibration, temperature profile, recorded
noise which is plotted by frequency and
amplitude, Power Log (POW), and well
inclination. Other additional information
such as reservoir and lithological data, gas
chromatography, and pressure profile might
be included if necessary.
3. Methodology
This study was initiated by developing
database of Sustained Casing Pressure of
PHM wells. Annulus pressure data was
gathered from all wells using PHM Well
Integrity Management System internal tool.
Among over 2300 existing wells in PHM, it
was found that 338 wells have sustained
casing pressure problem. The problems vary
from the simple ones with relatively low
pressure in one annulus to the more
complicated ones with multi-annulus
problems and high annulus pressure
approaching its MAWOP.
The result of this study was then become the
base for choosing candidate wells for
spectral noise log run. Among 7 fields
developed by PHM, Tunu Field was chosen
due to the large number of SCP cases found
on its wells. The study also shows that in
Tunu, the major SCP problems occurred on
the outermost annulus of the wells (annulus
of surface casing and conductor pipe).
Hence, the noise log was focused on wells
with problems in outermost annulus. By the
end of the campaign, spectral noise log was
successfully run on 7 wells in Tunu Field.
The logging result was then evaluated and
interpreted by the support of temperature
profile. In addition, supporting data such as
well trajectory, previous temperature survey,
and reservoir data is also used to draw a
strong conclusion.
3
4. Case Study
4.1 Sustained Casing Pressure Study in
PHM Wells
This SCP study aims to better understand the
pattern of SCP problems in PHM wells and
find its root cause. This study covers over
2300 wells with varied well architecture and
annulus configuration which extent in 7
fields in Mahakam Block.
From the developed database, 338 wells are
identified with SCP problems, where some
are found having multi-annuli problems.
This resulted in total 383 anomaly annulus
pressure cases.
The common thought when it comes to SCP
is that it is caused by the degraded quality of
wells component, which are mostly found in
old wells. However, this study shows that
SCP cases are not only found in old wells,
but also in the newer ones. Figure 3 shows
the plot between number of wells drilled
(blue bar) compared to number of wells
identified with SCP problems (orange bar)
through the years. Yellow line shows the
percentage of wells with SCP to the total
wells drilled for each particular year. This
statistics confirm that SCP is not solely
caused by the degradation of wells, since it is
also present in newly completed wells. The
fluctuation in number of SCP cases through
different age of wells can be influenced by
the evolution of well architecture, drilling
method, tubing and casing material, and
cement slurry design.
To get more focus on the subject, SCP cases
were break down based on the field. Figure 4
shows the contribution of each field to the
total 383 cases found. The highest
contributor of this problem is Tunu Field,
which shared 55% of the cases, then
followed by Handil (17%) and Sisi-Nubi
(13%). The study is then focused on Tunu
Field that has the highest number of SCP
cases.
4.1.1 SCP Cases in Tunu Field
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Total 1158 wells are located in Tunu.
Among this number, 190 are found with SCP
problems in the annulus. The problems not
only arise inside close type annulus (in the
form of SCP), but a relatively high number
of bubbling issues also occurred on the open
type CP.
Figure 5 shows the distribution of SCP cases
in the annulus. Blue bar represents the
number of SCP cases, while the red bar
shows the number of bubbling cases on the
outermost annulus. Highest total number of
cases was found in annulus B, and followed
by annulus C. Further analysis is required to
find the root cause of SCP in this particular
field.
Another graph was plotted to analyze SCP
problem in annulus A. Figure 6 shows the
number of SCP problems based on the year
of wells drilled (orange bar) compared to
SCP problem in annulus A only (grey bar).
The yellow line shows the percentage
between cases in annulus A to total cases.
This plot shows that in relatively older wells,
during period from 1973 – 2002 most SCP
problems happened in annulus A.
Meanwhile, in newer wells, SCP problems
are not dominated by annulus A cases. It is
suspected that in older wells, SCP mostly
happened in annulus A due to the
degradation of barrier (e.g. leak in tubing and
packer).
Finding the causes of SCP in the other
annulus are more complicated, since many
contributing factors can influence the
occurrence of SCP. The effect of well
architecture evolution is analyzed and can be
shown on Figure 7. The orange line
represents percentage of SCP in annulus B
and green line represents the percentage of
SCP in annulus C, both plotted against the
years of wells drilled. Since 2003, more
wells are completed with slimmer
architecture (slimhole wells), and with the
introducing of light architecture in 2006,
more wells are completed with only 2 annuli.
It can be seen on the plot that there is rising
4
trend of annulus B SCP problems from 2003
onwards, complement with the declining
trend of annulus C problems. Through this
period, the wells architecture shifted from 3
annuli (slimhole architecture) to 2 annuli
(light architecture). On the other words, the
outermost annulus of wells drilled from 2003
onwards also shifted from annulus C to
annulus B. From this data, it can be
concluded that the major problem lies on the
outermost annulus of the well.
To support this finding, a qualitative plot of
SCP cases is plotted on Tunu map (Figure 8).
The left figure shows the distribution of SCP
cases in each annulus, represented by the
color blue (annulus A), orange (annulus B),
green (annulus C), and yellow (annulus D).
No significant pattern can be seen from this
first figure. On the right side, the outermost
annulus – regardless of whether it is annulus
B, C, or D – is plotted with black dot. From
this figure, it can be seen the black dots are
dominating, meaning that the majority of
wells with SCP cases in Tunu are having
problem with the outermost annulus.
The early hypothesis of source of pressure in
this outermost annulus is from the shallow
gas formation. To confirm this hypothesis,
Spectral Noise Log was run on 7 wells
candidate in Tunu.
4.2 Spectral Noise Log Trial Run in PHM
Wells
Seven candidate wells were chosen for
Spectral Noise Log trial run to confirm the
source of SCP. Each candidate has different
problems and complexity level to represents
high variation of annulus integrity problems
in PHM wells. The outermost annulus on
some wells is also completed with External
Casing Packer (ECP), which was set during
drilling operation to prevent fluid movement
in the annulus up to the surface. Aside from
confirming the source of SCP, this log is also
expected to check the integrity of ECP. If the
source of pressure comes from below ECP
depth, meaning the ECP is leaking and
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cannot effectively hold the flow. The details
of each candidate are shown on Table 1.
5. Result and Discussion
5.1 TN-X01
TN-X01 was drilled in 2009, with slim hole
architecture and 3 annuli. This well was
completed with close type CP. TN-X01 was
chosen as the first candidate due to the
simple annulus problem. SCP only exists in
the outermost annulus (10 ¾” casing x 24”
CP) which was cemented up to surface, with
pressure 12 bar (174 psi). The objective of
SNL run on this well is to find the source of
this 12 bar pressure and the integrity of ECP
that was installed on depth 473 mMD. This
well shares platform with TN-X02 and TN-
X03, which have open type CP and bubbling
condition at the surface. Furthermore, gas
bubbling is not only found on the open type
CP of co-slot wells, but also around the
platform legs.
SNL tool was run until depth 1660 mMD, or
200 meters below surface casing shoe. Two
run was expected on this well: the first run
was in shut-in condition, and the second was
while bleeding off annulus C. Figure 9
shows the result from both runs.
There was no significant noise recorded
during shut-in condition, only some low
frequency noises that comes from tool
movement inside the well bore, meaning no
cross-flow or lateral fluid movement behind
casing. During bleed off condition, SNL
registered noise behind 10 ¾” casing from
depth 360 m until surface. Across the same
depth, relatively significant temperature
shifting was also observed. The temperature
shows heating anomaly which indicates the
presence of water flow. Supported with
reservoir data, the most likely source of
pressure in annulus C comes from reservoir
X-901 on depth 360 m. Meanwhile, the
second objective which was to check the
integrity of ECP on this well cannot be
fulfilled, since the suspected source of
pressure comes from above ECP depth.
5
High amplitude wideband noise was also
detected opposite of 24” conductor pipe
shoe, which was suspected to be caused by
the high changes in well trajectory. Second
spike in SNL reading was also observed
across depth 75 m. The preliminary
interpretation was that the noise is associated
with the surface bubble found around
platform leg. In order to have better
understanding on this anomaly, additional
run was added on TN-X02 and TN-X03
wells, which are the co-slot wells of TN-
X01.
5.2 TN-X02 and TN-X03
TN-X02 and TN-X03 were not on the initial
candidate list. These two wells were added in
order to support the result and interpretation
of TN-X01 run. These wells have 3 annuli
and no history of SCP on annulus A and
annulus B. However, gas bubbles are
observed on the open type CP.
Two runs were performed on these wells.
The first run was on shut-in condition, and
the second run was while bleeding off the
outermost annulus of its co-slot well, TN-
X01. The objective of the second run was to
look for possible communication between
these wells.
The result of SNL run on these two wells,
correlated with TN-X01 result can be seen
on figure 10. Wideband frequency noise was
recorded across interval 66.5 – 10.5 m, which
is most likely the source of gas bubbling at
the CP. The noise was identified in both
shut-in and bleed off condition, meaning that
the zone is equally active in both runs. This
indicates a lateral flow zone across this
depth.
On the other side, TN-X03 also produced the
similar noise pattern. The recorded noise that
was interpreted as the source of gas bubbling
was observed across interval 67.5 – 129 m.
The similar high frequency noises that were
recorded in well TN-X02 and TN-X03
corresponds to reading anomaly in TN-X01
across depth 75 m that cannot be properly
SIMPOSIUM IATMI 2018-134
explained before. It is suspected that this
recorded noise come from the lateral flow
between these three wells. Fracture in
formation is also likely to exist, which
explains the continuous bubble around
platform.
5.3 TN-X04
TN-X04 is a light architecture well with only
2 annuli. This well was drilled in 2010 and
has unique history of perforated surface
casing. The surface casing was set at depth
1962 mMD. To unlock shallower reserves,
annulus-A cementing was performed, and
surface casing was perforated at depth 1031
– 1034 m. The SNL was run on this well
with aims to look for any cross-flow behind
casing related to this perforation on shallow
depth, as well as to confirm the source of 6.8
bar pressure in the outermost annulus.
The result of SNL run on this well is shown
on Figure 11. Possible gas flow intervals
were identified. The lowest recorded noise
comes from depth 450 m which correspond
to reservoir X-999 on that depth. Another
possible gas flow interval is on depth 185 m
where cooling anomaly was observed from
temperature survey. The tool also registered
high amplitude wideband noise across depth
55 – 126 m, which most likely is the main
source of pressure in annulus B, where the
gas comes from permeable layers across this
interval.
As the source of pressure was suspected
below the ECP depth, from this run it can be
concluded that ECP on well TN-X04 is
leaking and fails to hold the pressure.
However, to be able to conclude the
effectiveness of ECP in general requires
further investigations on other wells, since
this data only is not sufficient to make a
proper conclusion.
5.4 TN-X05
TN-X05 was drilled on 1993 with standard
architecture. This well has 4 annuli, with
open type CP. TN-X05 was chosen as one of
the candidates due to the complex case of
6
SCP. Annulus C of this well has been on a
regular annulus pressure bleed-off operation
for the past year. Figure 12 shows the
fluctuation of annulus C pressure in TN-X05
well. Abnormal annulus pressure problem
also exists in annulus B, though not regularly
bled-off. SNL run on this well was expected
to confirm the source of pressure on both
annuli.
The result of noise log on TN-X05 can be
seen on Figure 13 and Figure 14. Figure 13
shows the noise reading in Annulus B.
Lateral flow intervals were observed from
depth 684 m to surface. The noises were
recorded in both shut-in and bleed off
condition, meaning the zone is equally active
in both conditions. However, no noise
recorded below this interval until 1646 m
(depth of 13 3/8” casing shoe), meaning
good cement integrity behind 13 3/8” casing.
It was suspected that the fluid enters annulus
B through leak or a significant corrosion on
casing 13 3/8”.
Figure 14 shows the interpretation of SCP in
annulus C. Source of pressure was suspected
from significant anomaly reading across
interval 133 – 232 m, 254 – 272 m, and 308
– 322 m. In addition, several lateral flow
intervals were also observed on depth 458 m,
510 m, and 555 m, which produce similar
noise in both shut-in and bleed off condition.
These intervals are suspected to be the
secondary source of C annulus pressure.
5.5 TN-X06
TN-X06 well was a relatively new well
drilled in 2015 with slimhole architecture
and 3 annuli. SCP problems are found on
annulus B and C. Three runs were expected
on this well to confirm source of pressure in
both annuli.
Figure 15 shows the result of SNL for
annulus B. The leak point indicated by
lowest recorded noise comes from depth 475
m, which also correspond with cooling
anomaly in temperature. From this depth
upwards, fluid is moving behind 9 5/8”
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casing indicated by continuous noise
recorded.
The result for leak detection in annulus C is
shown on Figure 16. The noise started from
depth 407 m, and continue to surface,
indicating fluid flow behind 13 3/8” casing.
Another temperature anomaly also observed
across permeable layers on interval 208 –
228 m, which also could be a potential
source of pressure in C-annulus.
5.6 TN-X07
TN-X07 well was drilled in 2010. Abnormal
annulus pressure observed on annulus B and
annulus C. Three runs were expected on this
well to confirm source of pressure in both
annuli.
The result of SNL on this well can be seen
on Figure 17. Noise were recorded across
depth 36 – 104 m during bleed off annulus B
and C, which is most likely the source of
pressure. Lateral flow is also detected across
interval 128 – 200 m, where SNL registered
high frequency reading during all runs
including in shut-in condition, this lateral
flow could also be a potential source of
annulus C pressure.
Another possible source of pressure for
annulus B comes from depth 852 – 867 m,
where cooling anomaly was observed on
temperature profile.
6. Conclusion
Sustained casing pressure problems are one
of the major integrity problems found in
PHM wells that still have no effective
remedy up until now. This study using
Spectral Noise Log to confirm the source of
pressure was planned to help better
understanding of the root cause of SCP.
All SNL runs in seven trial wells in Tunu
have been successfully performed with
conclusive result that shows the depth of
potential leak point. The highest case of SCP
problem in Tunu - SCP in outermost annulus
- is confirmed to be caused by the shallow
reservoir formation. This result could be
7
used to better design the future wells in order
to minimize SCP issue especially in the
outermost annulus.
7. Recommendation
The next step of Sustained Casing Pressure
study is to find the effective remedial method
to eliminate existing SCP problems.
Following are several possible remedial
methods that might be applicable:
 Well Lock Resin by Halliburton
The transition of resin from liquid to a
solid involves formation of covalent
bond via cross-linking reaction that
initially builds viscosity, and the resin
continues to transmit hydrostatic pressure
to the formation. Both the cross-linked
molecules and continuous transfer of
hydrostatic pressure throughout the set
time create a resistance to liquid or gas
channeling in cement annulus.
 ThermaSet by WellCem
ThermaSet® is a thermosetting resin
whose set time can be adjusted with
repeatable and accurate precision to
allow ample time for material placement
based on the requirements of each and
every well.
 Sealant by Seal Maker
The sealants have the unique ability to
remain liquid indefinitely until exposed
to leak point where differential pressure
on this leak point will transform the
liquid to solid state, while any remaining
sealant left in the annulus will remain
liquid.
 Perforate, Wash, and Cement (PWC)
techonology
The concept of PWC is to punch casing
with poor cement and established
circulation through annulus prior to
perform cement plug to restore the
integrity of the annulus.
8. Acknowledgement
The writer would like to say thank you to
PHM Well Integrity Team that have helped
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this study from database development, SNL
job preparation, until result interpretation.
9. References
Corporate References:
MHK-COMP-RUL-EP-FP 422: Barrier on
Completed Wells rev.0, August 2017
External References:
API RP 90: Annular Casing Pressure
Management for Offshore Wells. Reaffirmed,
January 2012, page 4.
NORSOK Standard D-010 Rev.4, June 2013:
Well Integrity in Drilling & Well Operations,
page 13-16.
ISO /TS 16530-2: 2013 (E) Well Integrity – Part
2 Well integrity for the operational phase
Paper:
Adam T. Bourgoyne, Jr. et al. 1999.
Sustained Casing Pressure in Offshore
Producing Wells. Paper OTC-11029-MS
presented at Offshore Technological
Conference, Houston, 3-6 May 1999.
Maslennikova, Yu S. et al. 2012. Spectral
Noise Logging Data Processing Technology.
Paper SPE-162081-MS presented at the SPE
Russian Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Moscow, 16-18 October 2012.
Ishmukhametova, G. et al. 2017. The Sound
of Silence: Innovative Approach to Confirm
Barriers using Spectral Noise Logging. Paper
SPE-186129-MS presented at SPE Europe
Conference & Exhibition, Aberdeen, 5-8
September 2017.
Soter, Kevin. Et al. 2003. Improved
Techniques to Alleviate Sustained Casing
Pressure in a Mature Gulf of Mexico Field.
Paper SPE-84556-MS presented at SPE
Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Denver, 5-8 October 2003.
Obodozie, Ikenna E. et al. 2016. Eliminating
Sustained Casing Pressure in Well
8
Abandonment. Paper OTC-26432-MS
presented at Offshore Technology
Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 22-25
March 2016.
Landry, G. et al. 2015. Bridging the Gap: An
Integrated Approach to Solving Sustained
Casing Pressure in the Cana-Woodford
Shale. Paper SPE 174525 presented at Well
Integrity Symposium, Texas, 2-3 June 2015.

SIMPOSIUM IATMI 2018-134 9

List of Figures

Figure 1. PHM Wells Architecture Development through Years

Figure 2. SNL Result Default Template

SIMPOSIUM IATMI 2018-134 10

 SCP Distribution Based on Well's Drilling Period
140 60%
120 50%
100 40%
80
30%
60
40 20%
20 10%
0 0%
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Number of Wells Drilled Number of Wells with SCP Percentage of SCP Wells

Figure 3. SCP Distribution Based on Well’s Drilling Year

SCP Cases in PHM Fields

Total Case = 383
60% 55%
50%
40%
30%
20% 17%
13%
7% 7%
10% 1% 1%
0%
TN HDL SNB BKP PCK TM SMK

Figure 4. SCP Cases in PHM Fields

SCP Distribution in Annulus

Total SCP Wells = 190
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A B C D Multi
annulus

SCP Case Bubbling Case

Figure 5. SCP Cases in PHM Fields

SIMPOSIUM IATMI 2018-134 11

 Percentage of SCP cases in Annulus A through Years
40 100%
35 90%
80%
30
70%
25 60%
20 50%
15 40%
30%
10
20%
5 10%
0 0%
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
Number of Wells with SCP in Annulus A
Number of Wells with SCP in Annulus A, B, C, D
Percentage of Annulus A Problems

Figure 6. SCP Cases in Annulus A

Figure 7. Effect of Well Architecture Evolution on SCP

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 Figure 8. Areal Plot of SCP Cases in Tunu Field

Figure 9. SNL Result on Well TN-X01

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 Figure 10. SNL Result and Correlation between TN-X01, TN-X02, and TN-X03

Figure 11. SNL Result on Well TN-X04

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 Figure 12. Annulus C Pressure History of Well TN-X05

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 Figure 13. SNL Result on Well TN-X05 Annulus B

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 Figure 14. SNL Result on Well TN-X05 Annulus C

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 Figure 15. SNL Result on Well TN-X06 Annulus B

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 Figure 16. SNL Result on Well TN-X06 Annulus C

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 Figure 17. SNL Result on Well TN-X07

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List of Tables

Table 1. Well Candidates for Spectral Noise Log Run

No Well Field Well Issues Pressure

• SCP in outermost annulus only Ann. A = 0 B
1 TN-X01 Tunu North • Well completed with ECP Ann. B = 0 B
• Bubbling around platform Ann. C = 12 B
Ann. A = 0 B
• Bubbling in open type CP
2 TN-X02 Tunu North Ann. B = 0 B
• Bubbling around platform
Ann. C = open type
Ann. A = 0 B
• Bubbling in open type CP
3 TN-X03 Tunu North Ann. B = 0 B
• Bubbling around platform
Ann. C = open type
• SCP in outermost annulus only Ann. A = 0 B
4 TN-X04 Tunu North
• Well completed with ECP Ann. B = 6.8 B
Ann. A = 0 B
• SCP in Annulus B and C (multi-
5 TN-X05 Tunu South Ann. B = 8.8 B
annulus problem)
Ann. C = 14.5 B
Ann. A = 0 B
• SCP in Annulus B and C (multi-
6 TN-X06 Tunu North Ann. B = 32.8 B
annulus problem)
Ann. C = 10.3 B
Ann. A = 0 B
• SCP in Annulus B and C (multi-
7 TN-X07 Tunu South Ann. B = 28 B
annulus problem)
Ann. C = 6 B

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