+

Department of Information Technology(IT)

Institute of Management Studies ​–​ Noida

For the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of

Master of Computer Application

Mobile Computing
MCA-IV
(RCA-E15)

   
Submitted By: - Submitted To: - 
Amit Singh Rawat Ms. Priti Rajvanshi 
 
 Assignment: 
 
1. Write down difference between GSM and CDMA. 
 
2. Explain the following: 
a. GPRS 
b. GSM 
c. GPS 
d. SIM 
e. FDMA 
f. SDMA 
g. CDMA 
h. TDMA 
i. HLR 
j. VLR 
k. Hand off 
l. Cellular System Architecture 
 
3. What is Mobile Computing and Umbrella Computing? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sol 1. 
Difference between GSM and CDMA. 
GSM and CDMA both are the ​Multiple Access Standards​, i.e., they allow 
multiple calls to go through a single tower. Thus, the major difference 
between the two has to be the way data is converted into the radio waves.  
 
s.no.  GSM  CDMA 
1.    The GSM is based on wedge  The CDMA is based on spread 
  spectrum technology(called  spectrum technology. 
  carrier).   
      
2.    The frequency is divided into  Here it is allowed each user to 
  equal time slots, and is assigned  access entire frequency spectrum 
  to each user. And while a  all the time. 
  particular time slot is occupied no   
  other user can access it.   
      
3.    Security provided is low  Security provided is high. 
  comparatively.   
    
4.    Built in encryption is absent.  Supports built in encryption. 
     
5.    GSM signals can be detected as  CDMA signals cannot be detected 
  they are concentrated in the  easily. 
  narrow bandwidth.   
      
6.    GSM is popular and has world’s  CDMA is used in US, Canada and 
  mobile network share of more  Japan. 
  than 80%.   
      
7.   Phones with GSM network on  Radiations emitted are 
  average emits about 28 time  comparatively less. 
  more radiations as compared to   
   phone having CDMA network.   
     
8.   Offers a max. download speed of  Offers a max. download speed of 
384Kbps.  2Mbps. 
 
The practical considerations that matter more for us as a consumer are: 
 
  GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication) vs 
CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) 
SIM Card:  The obvious difference between GSM and CDMA devices 
  are with respect to the SIM card. 
  In CDMA devices, the phone number is linked to a particular 
  handset. Thus, in case you want to change your handset, 
  you would have to get a new phone number. 
  In GSM devices, the phone number is linked to a particular 
  SIM card. Thus when changing handset, all you have to do is 
  pop the SIM card out and put it into a new handset and you 
  are good to go. 
   
Network  Network coverage is independent of whether it is GSM or 
Coverage :  CDMA network, but rather on the infrastructure the carrier 
  has established in the region. Globally GSM networks are far 
  more popular (except US, Canada, Japan) as compare to the 
  CDMA network. 
   
Future :  The debate of GSM vs CDMA matters less everyday with the 
  advent of 4G and the adoption of LTE as the standard by the 
  majority of network carriers worldwide. 
  Nowadays latest CDMA smartphones also comes with a SIM 
  card slot, to take advantage of the network’s 4G LTE 
  capabilities. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sol 2. 
 
(a)​GPRS 
GPSR stands for General Packet Radio system, it was developed by 
ETSI(European Telecommunication Standard Institute)in 1994. It is a packet 
oriented mobile data service(broadcast and receives data in the form of 
packets). It reuses the existing GSM architecture. 
GPRS architecture: 
 

 
 
Two new network elements introduced and integrated by GPRS in the GSM 
architecture are: 
● SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) - The SGSN performs the same 
functions as the MSC for voice traffic. The SGSN and the MSC are often 
co-located. It also performs routing as well as mobility management 
functions and user authentication. The SGSN relays the data between 
the SGSN and relevant GGSN (and vice versa). 
 
● GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node) - It is the interworking unit 
between PDN(Packet Data Network) and GPRS network.  
When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if 
the user is active. If it is, then GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN 
 serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data are 
discarded. Similarly, mobile-originated packets are routed to the right 
network by the GGSN. 
To do all this, the GGSN keeps a record of active mobile users and the 
SGSN the mobile users are attached to. It also allocates IP addresses to 
mobile users and last but not least, the GGSN is also responsible for the 
billing. 
 
 
(b)​GSM(Global System for mobile communications) 
GSM is the most successful wireless telecommunication standard for the 
cellular services in the world today. When it was first developed its primary 
goal was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam 
throughout Europe and provides voice services compatible to ISDN and other 
PSTN systems. The original standard was optimized for voice 
communications and provided only ​circuit-switched​ data connections at a bit 
rate of 9.6 kbps and a short messages service (SMS). Later enhancements 
made higher bit rates and packet switched data possible. GSM is based on 
TDMA technology.  
It is the biggest standard used for the 2nd generation of mobile 
communications. The success of GSM made roaming in big parts of the world 
possible. 
GSM architecture: 

 
(c)​GPS 
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite based radio navigation 
system that provides its users with high precision position and time 
information over the entire globe.  
The GPS system that operates globally is owned and operated by the U.S. 
Department of Defense(NAVSTAR). It uses 24 satellites arranged in 6 orbits 
of four satellites each at an altitude of 20,200 km. The GPS satellites orbit the 
earth every 11 Hours 58 Mins.  
The GPS satellites sends/broadcasts navigational information/msg to the 
earth, together with a timestamp. A GPS receiver(such as smartphones) uses 
the information from 4 satellites to calculate its location and the time. 
There are two GPS services: 
● Standard Positioning Service (SPS) available free worldwide for all the 
users, and 
● Precise Positioning Service (PPS) that is only available for the U.S. 
Department of Defence. 
 
(d)​SIM(Subscriber Identity Module) 
SIM is an IC(integrated circuit) that is used to store the IMSI no. (International 
Mobile Subscriber Identity number), which is used to identify and 
authenticate the mobile subscriber. Many SIM cards also supports memory 
for storage of contact and sms information. 
 
(e)​FDMA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FDMA stands for Frequency division Multiple Access. Here the frequency 
spectrum is divided in to a no. of channels. And each channel can be assigned 
to a different user. The small amount of unused frequency between two 
frequency channels is known as the guard band. 
 
(f)​SDMA 

 
SDMA stands for Spatial division multiple access. It is a satellite 
communications mode, it optimises the use of radio spectrum, thus 
minimizing the system cost by taking the advantage of the directional 
properties of dish antennas. 
In SDMA satellite dish antennas transmit signals to numerous zones on the 
earth's surface. The antennas are highly directional thus, allowing duplicate 
frequencies to be used for multiple surface zones. 
 
(g)​CDMA 
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is an example of Multiple 
Access Standards i.e., it allows multiple calls to go through a single tower. 
In CDMA every call's data is encoded with a unique key. It uses spread 
spectrum technology. It emits lesser amount of radiations as compare to its 
counterpart(GSM) but is device dependent and has poor global infrastructure 
comparatively. 
 
 

 
 
 
(h)​TDMA 

 
TDMA stands for Time Division Multiple Access. It is a communication 
technique where the capacity of a transmission channel is fully utilised by a 
single user but for a specific unit of time similar to round robin CPU 
scheduling algorithm where a time quantum is used. 
 
(I)​HLR 
HLR stands for Home Location Register. It is a database from a mobile 
network in which information from all mobile subscribers is stored.  
The HLR contains information about the subscribers identity, phone number, 
the associated services and general information about the location of the 
subscriber. The exact location of the subscriber is generally kept in a VLR. 
 
(j)​VLR 
VLR stands for Visitor Location Register (VLR). It is a database associated to 
a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC). The VLR contains the exact location of all 
mobile subscribers currently present in the service area of the MSC. This 
information is necessary to route a call to the right BSC. The database entry 
of the subscriber in VLR is deleted as soon as subscriber leaves the service 
area. 
 
(k)​Hand off 
It refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from 
one channel connected to the core network to another. Hand off is required, 
as a single cell or region does not cover the entire service area and with the 
help of it mobile station moving out of HLR can still have access to the 
network services in the VLR. 
There are two types of handoffs: 
1. Hard Handoff - It is “break before make”. 
2. Soft Handoff - It is “make before break”. 
 
(l)​Cellular System Architecture 

 
Mobile station (MS) - Device used to communicate over the cellular network. 
Base station transceiver (BST) - Transmitter/ receiver used to transmit/ 
receive signals over the radio interface section of the network. 
Base station controller (BSC) - Controls communication between a group of 
BST's and a single MSC. 
Mobile switching centre (MSC) - The heart of the network, sets up and 
maintains calls made over the network. 
Public switched telephone network (PSTN) - The land based section of the 
network. 
 
The BST's and their controlling BSC are often collectively referred to as the 
base station subsystem (BSS). 
A geographic region is divided up into cells. In order to use the radio 
spectrum efficiently, the same frequencies are re-used in non-adjacent cells. 
Each cell has a BST which transmits data via radio link to MS's within the cell. 
A group of BST's are connected to a BSC. A group of BSC's are in turn 
connected to a mobile switching center (MSC) via either m ​ icrowave links or 
telephone lines​. The MSC connects to the public switched telephone network 
(PSTN), which switches calls to other mobile stations or land based 
telephones. 
 
Sol 3. 
Mobile Computing  
Mobile Computing is a technology which allows transmission of data, video 
and voice via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having 
to being connected to a fixed physical wire. The main concerned concepts 
are: 
1-Mobile communication 
2-Mobile h/w 
3-Mobile s/w 
 
1-Mobile communication 
It refers to the infrastructure put in place to ensure seamless and reliable 
communication. Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying 
infrastructure is basically ​radio wave-oriented​,i.e., the signals are carried over 
the air to intended devices that are capable of receiving and sending similar 
kinds of signals. 
 
2-Mobile h/w 
Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that receive 
or access the service of mobility.Ex. portable laptops, smartphones, 
tablets,etc. These devices are configured to operate in full-duplex mode, i.e. 
,they are capable of sending and receiving signals at the same time. They 
don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating for the other 
device to initiate communications. 
 
3-Mobile s/w 
Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the mobile hardware. It 
deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. This is 
the engine of the mobile device. In other terms, it is the operating system of 
the appliance. It's the essential component that operates the mobile device. 
 
Mobile OS 
Since portability is the main factor, this type of computing ensures that users 
are not tied or pinned to a single physical location, but are able to operate 
from anywhere. It incorporates all aspects of wireless communications. 
 
 
Umbrella Computing 
Umbrella Computing provides security in Cloud computing in DNS & IP layer. 
Umbrella computing uses the internet’s infrastructure to block malicious 
destinations before a connection is ever established. By delivering security 
from the cloud based system.