International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology

in Engineering (IJAITE), Vol. 4, Issue 1, Jan-2019 ISSN: 2455-6491

“TO MODIFY THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY USING RUBBER CRUMB & CERAMIC
WASTE”
PROF. MANISH SUDHAKARRAO DESHMUKH
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, P. R. Pote College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
manishdeshmukh20177@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the use of natural aggregates is increased
highly and at the same time, the production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Due to the
increasing demand of construction material and degradation of environment, there is need to explore alternative construction material
from industrial as well as household waste and recyclable materials such as ceramic tiles and tyre rubbers which are often dumped as
waste material after it becomes useless. But it can be recycled and can be reused as a construction material in present world which is
demanding for alternative construction materials which are economical, environment friendly as well as provides same quality in
nature as that of a normal aggregate made of stones. The main objective is to encourage the use of these waste products as
construction materials.
Because of these reasons the necessity of reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile from demolition of
construction material and tyre rubber from transportation industry waste came into the picture, to reduce the solid waste and to reduce
the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete. The crushed waste ceramic tile chips and tire rubber are used as a replacement
to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The waste of ceramic crushed tiles and rubber were partially replaced in place of coarse
aggregates and fine aggregate respectively by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. M30 grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix
design for different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages of
crushed tiles and tyre rubber crumb . Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test is used, for different
concrete mixes with different percentages of waste after curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. After the test performed it was observed
that, The properties of concrete increased linearly with the increase in ceramic aggregate up to 20% replacement and The strength of
modified concrete is reduced with an increase in the rubber content, however lower unit weight meets the criteria of light weight
concrete.

Keywords: Rubber crumb, Concrete, Tile Aggregate, compressive strength, Workability,

1. INTRODUCTION

Rapid industrial development causes serious problems all
over the world such as depletion of natural aggregates and
creates enormous amount of waste material from construction
and demolition activities. One of the ways to reduce this
problem is to utilize the waste. Throughout the world, concrete
is being widely used for the construction of most of the
structures. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone
to the infrastructure development of a country. A huge quantity
of concrete is required for it that consumes most of natural
resources. Unfortunately, India is not self-sufficient in the
production of cement. Fine and coarse aggregate though
available, it is available in minimum amount. Also depletion of
natural resources for aggregate causes more impact to the
environment. This makes the construction activities very
costlier. Currently the entire construction industry is in search of
suitable and effective waste product that would considerably
minimize the use of ingredients of conventional concrete and
thereby reducing the construction cost. Few of such products
have already been identified such as ceramic waste, tyre rubber
crumb, rice husk, fly ash, silica fumes, egg shell, etc. Among
these tyre rubber crumb is found to have good prospects in
minimizing the usage of sand. Also ceramic waste can be
replaced for coarse aggregate. So, the concept of our project is to
partially replace the fine aggregate by tyre rubber crumb and
coarse aggregate by ceramic waste.
The rubber tyres are globally used for transportation,
the life span of tyres are 3-5 years, then are being replaced with
new ones. The used tyres thus are stockpiled, sent to landfills or
burnt which is hazards to environment.
It has been reported that more than 3 million used tyres are
stockpiled in USA and the rate is continuously increasing
throughout the world. These stockpiled tyres thus forming the
breeding ground for mosquitoes, rats and vermin. The used tyres
are being deposited in road construction in many countries but
the efforts are being made to use it in cement concrete. Many
researches has been conducted on replacement of tyre rubber
with fine aggregate and they suggest the increase in sound
insulation, toughness and bond property stress-strain shows that
concrete with a higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high
toughness, since the generated energy is mainly plastic. There is
a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion
of rubber aggregate would be feasible, it can be used in many
other construction elements like partition walls, road barriers,
pavement, sidewalks etc.
A large quantity of wastages produced annually in all
countries, in particular construction and demolition waste
contributes the highest percentage of wastes worldwide about
75%. Furthermore, ceramic materials contribute the highest
percentage of wastes within the construction and demolition
wastes about 54%. Ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly
resistant to Biological, Chemical and Physical degradation
forces. Ceramic tile aggregate are hard having considered value
of specific gravity, rough surface on one side and smooth on
other side, they are lighter in weight than normal stone
aggregates.
Using ceramic tiles as aggregate in concrete not only
will be cost effective but also will be good from environmental
point of view. The following section gives a brief Ceramic waste

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
in Engineering (IJAITE), Vol. 4, Issue 1, Jan-2019
aggregate contains 100% residual product that can be used as
aggregate in Green concrete. Utilization of ceramic waste in
concrete production will preserve the clean environment and
reduces the usage of natural resources. Use of industrial waste as
aggregate in concrete is the only real potential for utilization of
bulk quantities of waste and also prevention of depletion of
natural resources.
1.2 Construction Waste in India
In the present construction world, the solid waste is
increasing day by day from the demolitions of constructions as
well as from the discarded vehicle tyre. There is a huge usage of
ceramic tiles in the present constructions is going on and it is
increasing in day by day in construction field same, the rubber
tyres are globally used for transportation for the life span of 3
to5 years. The ceramic tiles are produced using natural materials
that contain high content of clay minerals and the crumb rubber
is made hard by vulcanizing it with sulpher and zinc oxide at
200c and both are mixed with concrete. However, despite the
benefits of ceramics and crumb rubber, its wastes among others
cause a lot of nuisance and pollution to the environment.
This waste is not recycled in any form at present,
however the ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly resistant
same rubber posses high toughness so, we select these waste
tiles and tyre crumb rubber as a replacement material to the
basic natural aggregate to reuse them and to decrease the solid
waste produced from demolitions of construction as well as
replacement of tyres with new one for the vehicle.
Waste tiles and rubber crumb were collected from the
surroundings. There are some research which are also going on
solid waste from construction to reuse them again in the
construction to reduce the solid waste and to preserve the natural
basic aggregates. These work promotes to use the recycled
aggregates in the concrete mix and they got good result when
adding some extent percentages of recycled aggregates in place
of natural coarse aggregate.
1.3 Need
Hazardous waste material are being generated and
accumulated in vast quantities causing an increase in
threat to environment.
The accumulation of rubber and plastic can be
considered non decaying materials that disturb the
surrounding environment. However a positive method
for disposing of the non decaying material, such as
reuse in concrete mixes, would have a beneficial effect.
The usage of tile aggregate as replacement to coarse
aggregate in concrete has the benefits in the aspects
of cost and reduction of pollution from construction
industry.
Thus the use of scrap tyres and ceramic waste in
concrete manufacturing is a necessity than a desire.
1.4 Scope of the work
As India is fast developing country in all over the
world. With the growth of modern societies of industrial
revolution, the movability within automobile sector got
momentum. The rubber tyres are globally used for
transportation, the life span of tyres are 3-5 years then are being
replaced with new ones. The used tyres thus are stockpiled, sent
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to landfills or burnt which is hazardous to environment as well
as,
A large quantity of wastages produced annually in all
countries, in particular construction and demolition waste
contribute the highest percentage of wastes worldwide about
75% ceramic materials contribute the highest percentage of
wastes within the construction and demolition wastes which
creates environmental pollution. So the need of this project work
is to decrease the environmental pollution by using the tyre
rubber crumb and ceramic tiles as an aggregate in concrete
1.5 Use of Old Tyres
Rubber from discarded tyres use in floor mats, belts,
washer, seal. 3 to 5% rubber crumbs and upto 10% reclaimed
rubber is particularly used in automobile tyres. Tyre pieces are
used as fuel in cement and brick kilin. However, various local
authorities are now banning the tyre burning due to atmosphere
pollution. Whole tyres also used as highway crash barriers,
furniture, boat bumper on marine docks etc. Land filling or
burning tyres for energy have limited prospects as environment
authorities are acknowledging the need for its greener
alternatives.
Figure 1: Rubber Crumb
1.6 Use of Ceramic Tiles
The ceramic tiles obtained from demolition of structure
are classified as non-recyclable waste except for the normal use
as filling material. Based on research regarding recyclable
construction and demolition wastes, ceramic waste have the
potential to be used in concrete production. Some common
manufactured ceramics include wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary
ware, household ceramics and technical ceramics. They are
mostly produced using natural materials that contain high
content of clay minerals. However, despite the ornamental
benefits of ceramics, its wastes among others cause a lot of
nuisance to the environment. This waste is not recycled in any
form at present, however the ceramic waste is durable, hard and
highly resistant to biological, chemical and physical degradation
forces so, we selected these waste tiles as a replacement material
to the basic natural aggregate to reuse them and to decrease the
solid waste produced from demolitions of construction.
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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
in Engineering (IJAITE), Vol. 4, Issue 1, Jan-2019
Figure 2: Ceramic Tiles Aggregate
1.7 Environmental and Economic Benefits of Tile Aggregate
Concrete
The usage of tile aggregate and crumb rubber as
replacement to coarse and fine aggregate in concrete has the
benefits in the aspects of cost and reduction of pollution from
construction industry. The cost of concrete manufacturing will
reduce considerably over conventional concrete by including tile
aggregate and crumb rubber since it is readily available at very
low cost and there-by reducing the construction pollution or
effective usage of construction waste.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Nabeel Hamid Shah et al., (2016) has presented, The optimal
use of tyre rubber in cement concrete. The tyre rubber crumb is
replaced with fine aggregate partially, with 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% replacement mixed with M30 grade of concrete. The rubber
crumb is vulcanised first before mixing with concrete. The
normal tyre rubber is also mixed with concrete to compare the
results of vulcanised rubber concrete with normal rubber
concrete and control concrete. The tests were done to study the
change in compressive strength. The tests showed that there is
decrease in compressive strength on increasing the rubber
content both in normal rubber concrete and vulcanised concrete
but the reduction of compressive strength in vulcanised was
much lower than normal rubber concrete. The rubberized
concrete also showed increase in toughness and improved bond
between concrete particles thus reducing intense cracking.
Parveen et al., (2013) has presented, the disposal of used tyre
rubber crumb which is a major environment problem throughout
the world which cause environmental hazards. Crumb rubber is a
waste material that is ideal for use in concrete application. The
aim of the study is to achieve the use of rubber waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberizes concrete in
M30 mix. Different partial replacement of crumb rubber (0, 5,
10, 15 & 20%) by volume of fine aggregate which are cast and
test for compressive strength. Concrete with higher percentage
of crumb rubber possess high toughness. Also the Stress strain
shows that concrete with a higher percentage of crumb rubber
possess high toughness, since the generated energy is mainly
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plastic. It is recommended to use the rubberized concrete for
non-structural application.
M. Mavroulidou et al., (2010) has presented that, the discarded
vehicle tyres constitute one important part of solid waste which
had historically been disposed of into landfills. Recent EU
policies on the landfilling of Waste (Council Directive
1999/31/EC) have however put a ban on the landfilling of whole
or shredded tyres, creating an imminent need to investigate any
possible viable uses of this waste product. An emerging use is
the production of concrete, in which tyre rubber particles
partially replace natural aggregates. The study of this paper is to
find the optimal use of tyre rubber in cement concrete. The tyre
rubber crumb is replaced with fine aggregate partially with 5%,
10%, and 15% & 20% replacement mixed with M30 grade of
concrete. This has the additional advantage of saving in natural
aggregates used in the production of concrete which are
becoming increasingly scarce. Slump cone test is used for
performing workability tests on fresh concrete. And compressive
strength test is also conducted for 3, 7 and 28 days curing
periods by casting cubes to analyze the strength variation by
different percentage of this waste materials. This research
investigated a wide range of physical and mechanical properties
of concrete containing recycled tyre aggregates, to assess its
suitability as a construction material. The influence of factors
such as rubber aggregate content and size, as well as curing time
was also considered. The results showed that despite a great loss
in strength, this type of concrete was acceptable for various
applications requiring medium to low compressive strength. The
quantities of concrete produced worldwide for such applications
could ensure the viability of this product. Therefore, this type of
concrete shows promise for becoming an additional sustainable
solution for tyre rubber waste management.
Dr. B.K. Singh et al., (2016) has presented, The optimal use of
tyre rubber in cement concrete. The tyre rubber crumb is
replaced with fine aggregate partially, with 5%, 10%, 15% and
20% replacement mixed with M30 grade of concrete. The rubber
crumb is vulcanised first before mixing with concrete. The
normal tyre rubber is also mixed with concrete to compare the
results of vulcanized rubber concrete with normal rubber
concrete and control concrete. Concrete mixes were prepared
with control concrete, untreated rubber concrete and vulcanized
rubber concrete. For control concrete only one batch of M30 was
prepared. The tests were done to study the change in
compressive strength. The tests showed that there is decrease in
compressive strength on increasing the rubber content both in
normal rubber concrete and vulcanized concrete but the
reduction of compressive strength in vulcanized was much lower
than normal rubber concrete. The rubberized concrete also
showed increase in toughness and improved bond between
concrete particles thus reducing intense cracking.
Aruna D et al., (2015) has presented that, Crushed tiles are
replaced in place of coarse aggregate. For analyzing the
suitability of these crushed waste tiles in the concrete mix,
workability test was conducted for different mixes having
different percentages of these materials. Slump cone test is used
for performing workability tests on fresh concrete. And
compressive strength test is also conducted for 3, 7 and 28 days
curing periods by casting cubes to analyze the strength variation
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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
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by different percentage of this waste materials. This present
study is to understand the behaviour and performance of ceramic
solid waste in concrete. The waste crushed tiles are used to
partially replace coarse aggregate by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%.
For tile waste based concrete, coarse aggregates were replaced
by 20 mm down size, tile wastes by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and
20%. A reduction of 10-15% of strength is observed compared
to conventional concrete.
Batriti Monhun R. Marwein et al., (2016) studied that, Due to
the day to day innovations and development in construction
field, the use of natural aggregates is increased tremendously
and at the same time, the production of solid wastes from the
demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Because of these
reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes like
ceramic came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to
reduce the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete.
The ceramic tile waste is not only occurring from the demolition
of structures but also from the manufacturing unit. Crushes
waste ceramic tile are the waste which was adopted in the form
of broken tiles. Ceramic waste concrete (CWC) made with these
tiles at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with M30 grade concrete is
adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.44 is maintained for
all the concrete mixes. The characteristics properties of concrete
such as workability for fresh concrete, also Compressive
Strength are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. The paper suggests that
the replacement of waste tile aggregate should be in the range of
5-30% and also it is suitable to ordinary mixes like M15 and
M20.
N.Naveen Prasad et al., (2016) studied that, Due to the day by
day innovations and development in construction field, the use
of natural aggregates is very high and at the same time
production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions
is also very high. Because of these reasons the reuse of
demolished constructional wastes came into the picture to reduce
the solid waste and to reduce the scarcity of natural aggregates.
Crushed waste tiles were used as a replacement to the coarse
aggregates. The combustion of waste crushed tiles were replaced
in place of coarse aggregates by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%.
M30 grade of concrete was designed to prepare the conventional
mix. Without changing the mix design different types of mixes
were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and at
different percentages of crushed tiles. Experimental
investigation like Compressive strength test for different
concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed after
7, 14 and 28 days curing period was carried out. It has been
observed that the compressive strength is maximum at 20% of
coarse aggregate replacement.
P. Rajalakshmi et al., (2016) studied that, The Use of ceramic
waste will ensure an effective measure in maintaining
environment and improving properties of concrete. The
replacement of aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will
have major environmental benefits. In ceramic industry about
30% production goes as waste. The ceramic waste aggregate is
hard and durable material than the conventional coarse
aggregate. It has good thermal resistance. The durability
properties of ceramic waste aggregate are also good. This
research studied the coarse aggregate replacement by ceramic
tiles accordingly in the range of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, by weight
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of M-30 grade concrete. Ceramic waste concrete (CWC) made
with these tiles at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with M30 grade
concrete is adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.44 is
maintained for all the concrete mixes. The characteristics
properties of concrete such as workability for fresh concrete,
also Compressive Strength are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. This
paper recommends that waste ceramic tiles can be used as an
alternate construction material to coarse and fine aggregate in
concrete irrespective of the conventional concrete, it has good
strength properties ie., 10% CFA and 60% CCA being the
maximum strength.
R Nirmala et al., (2016) studied that, Concrete is today the
largest consumable material in the world that utilizes the natural
resources such as sand, crushed stone and water. Due to the
depletion of these natural resources for concreting, research is
being carried out nowadays to reduce the consumption of these
resources. In this project, ceramic waste is taken by partially
replacing the coarse aggregate in concrete. As the ceramic waste
possess the property such as ceramics usually have combination
of stronger bonds called ionic and covalent bonds. This type of
bond result in high elastic modulus and hardness, high melting
points, low thermal expansion and good chemical resistance.
Ceramic waste aggregate contains 100% residual product as
aggregate. Ceramic waste material is hard and rigid. Hence the
ceramic waste is replaced for coarse aggregate respectively in
percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% during the manufacture
of concrete. The concrete is cast in cubes and it is tested for
compressive strength to find the optimum percentage of their
replacement. It was found that the compressive strength reveals
high strength of replacement of ceramic waste. At 28 days of
curing it was found that the compressive strength is higher than
the conventional concrete.
3. OBJECTIVE
The basic objective of this project is to evaluate the fresh
and hardened properties of concrete produced by replacing part
of the natural coarse aggregate with a locally available recycled
waste tyre crumb and ceramic waste subjected to local
conditions, from the test results of the sample, as compared to
the respective conventional concrete properties.
4. PROPOSED WORK
4.1 Material used
In this investigation, the following materials were used:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade cement conforming to
IS:169-1989.
2. Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate conforming to IS: 2386-
1963.
3. Water
4.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement is the most common type of
cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of
concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-specialty grout. It
developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in mid
19th century and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine
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powder produced by heating materials to form clinker. After The properties of fine aggregate are shown in table no 2.
grinding the clinker we will add small amounts of remaining
ingredients. Many types of cements are available in market. Sr. Description Test Result
When it comes to different grades of cement, the 53 Grade OPC No
Cement provides consistently higher strength compared to 1 Sand zone Zone- III
others.
As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the grade 2 Specific gravity 2.59
number of a cement highlights the minimum compressive
strength that the cement is expected to attain within 28 days. For 3 Free Moisture 1%
53 Grade OPC Cement, the minimum compressive strength
achieved by the cement at the end of the 28th day shouldn’t be 4 Bulk density of fine aggregate 1385.16 kg/m3
less than 53MPa or 530 kg/cm2. The color of OPC is grey color (poured density) 1606.23 kg/m3
and by eliminating ferrous oxide during manufacturing process Bulk density of fine aggregate
of cement we will get white cement also. (tapped density)
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade of brand name
Ultra Tech Company, available in the local market was used for Table No. 4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregate
the investigation. Care has been taken to see that the
procurement was made from single batching in air tight 4.1.3 Coarse Aggregates
containers to prevent it from being effected by atmospheric
conditions. The cement thus procured was tested for physical Crushed aggregates of less than 12.5mm size produced from
requirements in accordance with IS: 169-1989 and for chemical local crushing plants were used. The aggregate exclusively
requirement in accordance IS: 4032-1988. The physical passing through 12.5mm sieve size and retained on 10mm sieve
properties of the cement are listed in Table – 1 is selected. The aggregates were tested for their physical
requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific
Sr. Properties Test IS: 169-1989 gravity and bulk density in accordance with IS: 2386-1963.
No results
1 Initial setting 50 Min Minimum of 30min
time
2 Final setting 320 Min Maximum of
time 600min
3 3days strength 29.2 Mpa Minimum of 27Mpa

4 7days strength 44.6 Mpa Minimum of 40Mpa

5 28days strength 56.6 Mpa Minimum of 53Mpa

Table No.4.1 Properties of cement

4.1.2 Fine Aggregates

Sand is a natural granular material which is mainly Figure 4: Coarse Aggregate
composed of finely divided rocky material and mineral particles.
The most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, The individual aggregates were mixed to induce the required
or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, because of its chemical combined grading. The particular specific gravity and water
inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common absorption of the mixture are given in table no 3.
weathering resistant mineral. Hence, it is used as fine aggregate
in concrete. River sand locally available in the market was used S.No Description Test Results
in the investigation. The aggregate was tested for its physical 1 Nominal size used 20mm
requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific 2 Specific gravity 2.9
gravity in accordance with IS: 2386-1963.The sand was surface 3 Impact value 10.5%
dried before use. 4 Water absorption 0.15%
5 Sieve analysis 20mm
6 Aggregate crushing value 20.19%
7 Bulk density of coarse aggregate 1687.31kg/m3
(Poured density) 1935.3 kg/m3
Bulk density of coarse aggregate
(Tapped density)

Table no 4.3 - Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Figure 3: Fine Aggregate

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
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4.1.4 Water
Water plays a vital role in achieving the strength of
concrete. For complete hydration it requires about 3/10th of its
weight of water. It is practically proved that minimum water-
cement ratio 0.35 is required for conventional concrete. Water
participates in chemical reaction with cement and cement paste
is formed and binds with coarse aggregate and fine aggregates.
If more water is used, segregation and bleeding takes place, so
that the concrete becomes weak, but most of the water will
absorb by the fibers. Hence it may avoid bleeding. If water
content exceeds
permissible limits it may cause bleeding. If less water is used,
the required workability is not achieved. Potable water fit for
drinking is required to be used in the concrete and it should have
pH value ranges between 6 to 9.
4.1.5 Crumb rubber
The rubber crumb was obtained from recycling industry
where old used tyres are shredder in to small pieces, the size of
rubber crumb obtained was below 4.75 mm, the specific gravity
of tyre rubber is 1.72. The crumb rubber was used in the
concrete mix to partially substitute for fine aggregates (sand) in
various percentages of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% and 20%.
The properties of rubber crumb are shown in table no 4
Sr. No Property Result
1 Specific Gravity 1.72
2 Fineness Modulus 4.48%
3 Water Absorption 2%
Table no 4.4 - Properties of Crumb Rubber
4.1.6 Ceramic Tile Aggregate
Broken tiles were collected from the solid waste of
ceramic manufacturing unit and from demolished building. The
waste tiles were crushed into small pieces by manually and by
using crusher. The required size of crushed tile aggregate was
Separated to use them as partial replacement to the natural
coarse aggregate. The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75 mm
size was neglected. The crushed tile aggregate passing through
16.5mm sieve and retained on 12mm sieve are used. Crushed
tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregate by the
percentages of 5%, 10% , 15% and 20% individually.
Figure 5: Ceramic Tile Aggregate Sample
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The properties of ceramic tiles aggregate are shown in table
no 5.
Sr.no Description Test Results
1 Origin Rock Feldspar
2 Impact value of crushed tiles 12.5%
3 Specific gravity of crushed tiles 2.6
4 Water absorption of crushed 0.19%
tiles
Table no 4.5 - Properties of Ceramic Tile Aggregate
4.1.7 Specimens Preparation and Testing
1.Specimens Preparation for Crumb Rubber
The specimens of cubes were casted and tested after 7
days, 14 days and 28 days of curing. The crumb rubber was
mixed with proportion of 5%, 10% and 15% and 20% by weight
of fine aggregate. The mixing was done manually with all
materials which was mixed according to the proportion. The
mixing was done till a homogenous mixture was obtained. The
compaction of cubes was done manually by temping rod. The
sizes of cubes were 150 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm used. the
specimen were demoulded after 24 hours of casting and placed
for curing in curing tank. The testing for compressive strength
was done on compression test machine of capacity of 1000 KN.
Figure 6: Cubes of Tyre Concrete Rubber
2 . Specimens Preparation for Ceramic Tile
The specimens of cubes were casted and tested after 7 days and
28 days of curing. The ceramic waste was mixed with proportion
of 5%, 10% and 15% and 20% by weight of coarse aggregate.
The mixing was done manually with all materials which were
mixed according to the proportion. The mixing was done till a
homogenous mixture was obtained. The compaction of cubes
was done manually by temping rod. The sizes of cubes were 150
mm X 150 mm X 150 mm used. The specimen were demoulded
after 24 hours of casting and placed for curing in curing tank.
The testing for compressive strength was done on compression
test machine of capacity of 1000 KN.
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Sr. Mix Cement Coarse Sand

no Code (%) Aggreg
ate (%)
Fine Rubber
Aggregate( Crumb(
%) %)
1 M0 100 100 100 0
2 M1 100 100 95 5
3 M2 100 100 90 10
Figure 7: Cube of Ceramic Tile Concrete
4 M3 100 100 85 15
M4 100 100 80 20
5

Table no 5.1 - Details of fine aggregate replacement for

mix codes
5.1.2 Ceramic Tile
Different types of mixes were prepared by changing
the percentage of replacement of coarse with crushed tiles. Total
5 types of mixes are prepared along with conventional mixes.
The coarse aggregates are replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of
crushed tiles. The details of mix designations are as follows:

Figure 8: Demoulded Cubes S.no Mix Cement Sand Coarse Aggregate (%)
Code (%)
Natural Crushed
Coarse Tiles
Aggregate
1 M0 100 100 100 0
2 M1 100 100 95 5
3 M2 100 100 90 10
4 M3 100 100 85 15
5 M4 100 100 80 20

Figure 9: Curing Tank Table no 5.2 - Details Of Coarse Aggregate Replacement

5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
5.1 Experimental Details
This chapter deals with the various mix proportions
adopted in carrying out the experiments and experimental results
obtained with respect to their workability, compressive strength.
For Mix Codes
5.1.3 Workability
The ideal concrete is the one which is workable in all
conditions i.e., can be prepared, easily placed, compacted and
molded. In this section, the workability is assessed by one
method as follows.

5.1.1 Rubber Crumb Slump Cone Test

Different types of mixes were prepared by changing the
percentage of replacement of fine aggregate with rubber crumb.
Total 5 types of mixes are prepared along with conventional
mixes. The fine aggregates are replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%
of rubber crumb The details of mix designations are as follows:
Rubber Crumb
The test was conducted for fresh concrete prepared
before the molding process. A total of 5 concrete mixes are
prepared at different times. Workability Results obtained from
slump cone test for M30 grade of concrete is shown in table 5.3

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
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Sr. Mix Sand Replacements % Workabil

No Designatio ity 120
n Fine Rubber (mm)
Aggregate( Crumb(% M30 100

Workability in mm
%) )
1 M0 100 0 60 80
2 M1 95 5 54
3 M2 90 10 46 60
4 M3 85 15 30
5 M4 80 20 26 40

Table no 5.3 - Test results from slump cone test for 20

workability in mm

70 0
0 5 10 15 20
Workability in mm

60 Workabilty 70 78 84 90 96
50
% of Ceramic Tile
40
Graph no 5.2- Workability of Ceramic Tile
30
The workability from the slump cone test is in increasing
20 manner as the mix Proportion replacement increasing. The
10 workability range of concrete increasing as mentioned while
being in medium range overall.
0
0 5 10 15 20
Comparison of Workability between Rubber Crumb &
workability 60 54 46 30 26 Ceramic Tile Concrete

% of Rubber Crumb

Graph no 5.1 - Workability of Rubber Crumb

The workability from the slump cone test is in 120
Workability in mm

decreasing manner as the mix proportion replacement 100

increasing. The workability range of concrete increasing as
80
mentioned while being in medium range overall.
60
Ceramic Tile 40
The test was conducted for fresh concrete prepared
before the molding process. A total of 5 concrete mixes are 20
prepared at different times. Workability Results obtained from 0
slump cone test for M30 grade of concrete is shown in table 5.4. 0 5 10 15 20
% Rubber 60 54 46 30 26
Sr. Mix Coarse Aggregate Workabilit
No Designation Replacements % y % Ceramic 70 78 84 90 96
Ceramic (mm)
Coarse Tile (%) M25 % of Both Materials Content
Aggregate
(%) Graph no5.3- Comparison of Workability Between
1 M0 100 0 70 Rubber Crumb & Ceramic Tile Concrete
2 M1 95 5 78
From the above comparison it is found that the workability from
3 M2 90 10 84 the slump cone test is in increasing manner as the mix
4 M3 85 15 90 proportion replacement increasing for ceramic tile concrete than
5 M4 80 20 96 the workability range of rubber concrete.

Table no 5.4 - Test results from slump cone test for

workability in mm

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
in Engineering (IJAITE), Vol. 4, Issue 1, Jan-2019 ISSN: 2455-6491
5.1.4 Compressive strength Ceramic Tile
Cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm were casted and
Rubber Crumb tested for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days testing each of specimens
Cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm were casted and after conducting the workability tests. The results are tabulated
tested for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days testing each of specimens below.
after conducting the workability tests. The results are tabulated
below. Sr.No Ceramic Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Tile (%)
Sr.No Rubber Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
7th Days 14th Days 28th
Crumb
Days
(%) 7th 14th 28th Days
Days Days 1 0 15.60 17.94 22.62
1 0 20.76 24.69 32.56
2 5 17.60 19.84 24.31
2 5 22.52 27.11 36.30
3 10 16.87 19.59 25.05
3 10 19.96 24.17 32.60
4 15 17.15 19.89 25.36
4 15 17.65 21.64 29.63
5 20 18.03 20.85 26.50
5 20 16.32 18.27 22.17

Table no 5.6 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade

Table no 5.5 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade of concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days.
of concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days.
30
Compessive Strength N/mm2

40 25
Compessive Strength N/MM2

35
20
30
25 15
20 10
15
5
10
5 0
0 5 10 15 20
0
0 5 10 15 20 7 Day 15.6 17.6 16.87 17.15 18.03
7 Day 20.76 22.52 19.96 17.65 16.32 14 Day 17.94 19.84 19.59 19.89 20.85
14 Day 24.69 27.11 24.17 21.64 18.27 28 Day 22.62 24.31 25.05 25.36 26.7
28 Day 32.56 36.3 32.6 29.63 22.17
% of Ceramic Tile
% of Rubber Crumb Graph no 5.5 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade of
concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days.
Graph no 5.4 - Compressive strength results of M30 grade of The results obtained from compression testing gives
concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days. comprehensive outcome of the project as the replacement of tile
aggregates produces a concrete with suitable properties as
The results obtained from compression testing gives conventional.
comprehensive outcome of the project as the replacement of
Rubber Crumb produces a concrete with suitable properties as
conventional

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
in Engineering (IJAITE), Vol. 4, Issue 1, Jan-2019 ISSN: 2455-6491
Comparison Between Compressive Strength Results of
Rubber Crumb & Ceramic Tile Waste

Compressive Strength Results at 7 Days: Compressive Strength

Results At 28 Days
Compressive Strength results at 40

Compressie Strength N/mm2

7 days 35
25 30
Compressive Strength N/mm2

25
20
20
15
15
10 10
5
5
0
0 0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
% Rubber 32.56 36.3 32.6 29.63 22.17
% Rubber 20.76 22.52 19.96 17.65 16.32
% Ceramic 22.62 24.31 25.05 25.36 26.5
% Ceramic 15.6 17.6 16.87 17.15 18.03

% of Both Materials
Graph no 5.6 - Compressive Strength Results at 7 Days
Compressive Strength Results at 14 Days:
% of Both Material
Graph no 5.8 - Compressive Strength Results at 28 Days
Cost Comparison of Plane concrete, Rubber crumb concrete
and Ceramic waste concrete for 1 Cu.m.

Cost Comparision in Rs
1850

1800

1750
Rupees

1700

1650

1600

1550

1500
Plane Rubber Ceramic
Concrete Concrete Concrete
Cost Comparision
1800 1800 1600
in Rs

% of Both Materials Material- Plane concrete, Rubber crumb, Ceramic waste.

Graph no 5.7 - Compressive Strength Results at 14 Days Graph no 5.9 - Cost Comparison of Plane concrete, Rubber
crumb concrete and Ceramic waste concrete for 1 Cu.m.
Compressive Strength Results at 28 Days:

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International Journal of Advanced Innovative Technology
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6. CONCLUSIONS [8] M. Mavroulidou and J.Figueriredo: Discarded tyre rubber as

concrete aggregate ,A possible outlet for used tyre, London,
The basic objective of the study is to prepare a concrete much SE1 0AA, UK, Global NEST Journal, Vol 12, No 4,2010
more stable and durable than the conventional by replacing Accepted: 21/09/10, P-366
aggregates both coarse and fine.
[9] IS : 2386 ( Part III ) - 1963( Reaffirmed 1990 ) Indian
Conclusions for rubber crumb & ceramic tiles Standard, Methods Of Test For Aggregates For Concrete,
Part Ill Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption And
The strength of modified concrete is reduced with an increase in Bulking. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
the rubber content, however lower unit weight meets the criteria
of light weight concrete. [10] IS: 4031 (Part 4) – 1988 Methods of Physical Tests for
Energy generated in modified concrete is mainly due to Hydraulic Cement, Determination of Consistency of
plasticity. Concrete with high percentage of crumb rubber posses Standard Cement Paste. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
high toughness the slump of modified concrete increased about Delhi.
1.08%, with the use of 1to5% of crumb rubber.
The workability of concrete increases with the increase in
[11] IS 4031 (part 5) – 1988 Part 5 Methods of Physical Tests
tile aggregate replacement. The properties of concrete increased
for Hydraulic Cement Determination of Initial and Final
linearly with the increase in ceramic aggregate up to 20%
Setting Times. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
replacement later it is decreased linearly.M4 mix of concrete
.
produced a better concrete in terms of compressive strength.
8. AUTHOR PROFILE
7. REFERENCES Mr. Manish S. Deshmukh, Assistant
Professor M.E. (Environmental
[1] Aruna D, Rajendra Prabhu, Subhash C Yaragal, Katta
Engineering) P.R. Pote College of
Venkataramana IJRET:eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-
Engineering & Management,
7308
Amravati, Maharastra.444606
[2] N.Naveen Prasad, P.Hanitha, N.C.Anil IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN:
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(Nov. - Dec.2016), PP 168-176.

[3] P.Rajalakshmi, Dr.D.Suji, M. Perarasan, E.Niranjani

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Research ISSN 2348- 7607 (Online) Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp:
(114-125), Month: April 2016 - September 2016.

[4] Prof. Shruthi. H. G, Prof. Gowtham Prasad. M. E Samreen

Taj, Syed Ruman Pasha International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | July-2016 p-ISSN: 2395-0072.

[5] Paul O. Awoyera , Julius M. Ndambuki , Joseph O.

Akinmusuru , David O. Omole-4048 2016 Housing and
Building National Research Center. Production and hosting
by Elsevier B.V. 15 November 2016)

[6] Parveen, Sachin Dass, Ankit Sharma Murthal : Rubberized

Concrete: Needs of Good Environment, Sonipat, India ,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN
2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3,
Issue 3, March 2013) P-195.

[7] Kotresh K.M, Mesfin Getahun Belachew Sodo : Study On

Waste Tyre Rubber As Concrete Aggregates, Ethiopia
Published in International Journal of Scientific Engineering
and Technology (ISSN : 2277-1581) Volume No.3 Issue
No.4, 1April 2014, P-435 .

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