SSC JE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPER

1. BUILDING MATERIAL
● Fine modulus of fine aggregate= 2-3.5,C.A=5.5-8
● Unstratified rock- marble-chemically-calcareous rock
● fine sand= 2.2-2.6, medium sand=2.6-2.9, coarse sand=2.9-3.2
● lime mortar made by= hydraulic lime(fat lime)
● granite-plutonic rock
● the quick lime as it comes from kiln – lump lime
● construction of the structure under water the type of the lime-
hydraulic lime
● more ability to resist fire-compact sandstone
● plasticity to the mould in the brick- alumina
● soaking the brick in the water before its use- for preventing
adsorption of the moisture from mortar by bricks
● no of the brick in 5m³-2500
● t(cm) of the one and half brick wall made up of the standared
modular brick-30cm,if two modullar brick is used-40
● t of the brick in the inch- 9
● ,tensile strength of mild steel= 420N/mm²
● Seasoning= remove sap from timber
● plywood specify in- thickness and made by common timber.
● Max wastage in timber=radial sawing
● bitumen used in measure to - absolute viscosity
● punched card key hole in timber=96
● Oleic acid is used in - hydrophobic cement
● capillary pores in hydrated cement paste are not interconnected
but contais gel water.
● For check length no of brick=20
● calcining=lime stone convert into quick lime
● clay and silt content in brick=50%
 lime made by- caco3.
● Generally wooden mould are made by- shisham wood(hardest
wood)
● base for timber painting= white lead
● most durable varnish= oil varnish.
● Fck for o.p.c for 3day=150kg/cm²
● initial setting time responsible=C3A
● Pigments is used for - colour
● the tandency of a stone is to split along-cleavage
● half brick from b and d=queen closer
● Lime capable of slacking and cantains cao=quick lime
● in residential /commercial building D.P.C is provided at=plinth
level.
● Plate form at the end of a series of step=landing
● slope of rain water =2˚-3˚
● for efficient utilisation of space l=1.2,b=1.5times
● Crushing of good stone=1000kg/cm²
● good quality cement contains - high C3S
● bulking is more in - fine sand.
● cement bag water=14kg
● in white washing - fat lime used.
● Pozzolana are rich in - silica
● harness of rock measured by=Schmidt hammer test,
● Acid test and smith test- durability,
● unit weight of brick=19-20KN/m³. Wmild.Steel=7850kg
● HighFckofcement=moderaterate[1200ᵒc→500ᵒc→ambinentTᵒc
● Water absorption of good brick is - 15% of its dry weight
● dry rot-lack of ventilation
● rapid hardening cement contains high C3S.
● Putty made of - white chalk and linsed oil
● doglegged stair-half turn stair
● most suitable stone for building piers-granite,
● polishing of mosaic floor used - muriatic acid
● base material for distember - chalk
● for quick setting of cement add - aluminium sulphate.
● Under water construction - fat lime is used
● The lime which has the property of the setting in the water-
hydraulic lime
● least bearing capacity-loose gravel
● IS90μ sieve where at least 90% should pass.
● Important constituents of cement- C3A,andC2S
● Least carbon- wrought iron
● Fineness - rate of hydration,zno2- white colour.
● Bulking of sand is cosider in - weight batching of mix,
● Solvents- paints,methylated spirit,naptha, turpentine
● Under high P and heat granite→ gneiss,density of cement-1440
● C2S- less resistance of sulphate attack
● abrasion reasistance - aggregate to wear resistanc
● ,very comfortable stair- dog legged
● Snowcern – colour cement
● dressing- provide smooth and regular face to stone,the nautral
bedding plane of stone and direction of P=normal
● White cement contain least- iron oxide
● Material to penetration- hardness
● turpentine oil is used as - thinner
● fineness modulus∝ average size of particle
● Quantity min. For Rn concrete exposed to sea- 350kg
● sedimentary rock- deposited layer of sand and silt subjected to P
● pegmatite - intrusive igneous rock
● terracotta- ornamental work
● paints for most resistant to fire-asbestos paints
● sedimentary rock- mechanical,chemical,organic
● soundeness test- determine presence of free lime
● soiling-a layer of dry bricks put below foundation concrete in
case of soft soil
● quarrying is not used in- marble powder
● hollow brick is used - in providing insulation against heat
● bullet proof glass made of - high strength plastic
● chuffs-shape of brick deformed due to rain water falling on hot
brick
● dressing- operation of removal of impurities of clay adhering to
iron ore
● specific surface for Portland cement -2250
● quartzite - siliceous rock
● excess alumina in brick – warp and crack on drying brick
● rapid hardening cement- larger proportion of lime grouned finer
than normal cement
● % of normal consistency= 20-30%
● For 50kg cement bag water require-18.5liters
● For plastic,veeners,placed to grain of adjacent venners - 90ᵒ
● Triangular corner eqval to half L and D- king closer
● without triangular and brick cut into two halves longitudinally-
queen closer
● Residue on IS sieve no-9 more than-10%
● Solidification of moilten magma at earth surface then =basalt
and traps
● Argillaceous rock=clay and alumina
● Salt solution of salts from soil absorbed by tree becomes a
viscous solution by CO2= SAP
● Shingle=disintegrated laterite
● Brick wall measured in Sq. If thickness of wall=10m
● Mixture of cement ingredients is burnt- 1400ᵒc
● Rotary kiln temp=1400-1500ᵒc
● Crushing is depand on – workability
● Kneading- mix of clay,water,other ingradient to make brick
● In stone masonary stone are placed the direction of P to bedding
plane=90ᵒ
● High % of cao in=fat lime
● Cement does not allow transmission of sound is soundness of
cement.
● L of vicat plunger= 40-50mm
● Air permeability test of cement is find for = fineness
● A bull nose brick is not used for- arch
● Quick setting cement- aluminium sulphate in very fine powdered
form
● Most valuable timber is to be obtained=teak
● The timber have max resistance from white ants=shisham
● Dry rot= timber get into powder
● Min ingredients in cement= Mgo
● O.p.c residual <10% when sieved through sieve no-9
● Aggregate is cyclopean size=75mm
● Bulk density does not depand on size and shape of container
● Aggregate containing moisture in pores and surface dry=
saturated suface dry aggregate
● Temp. For maturity by plowman is= -11.7ᵒc
● Cement mortar is used in water logged area- cement mortar
● For M-25 grade concrete split tensile strength in %Fck= 7-11%
● O.p.c for complete chemical reaction water require- 20-25%
● Reson of behind the low expension and shirinkage of plywood is-
plies are placed at 90ᵒ with each other
● % of the pozzolana material containing clay 80% used for the
manufacturing of the pozzalana cement-30%
● In plastering the 1st coat is called and thickness-10-15 under coat
● Plastering is also called-pargeting
● Ware house pack of the cement- pressure compaction of the bag
of the lower layer
● Not a property of the ferro cement-strength per unit mass is low
● Alternate to the cement to concrete-asphalt
● A slump valve for the beams-50-100mm
● To construt very thin hard and strong surface-ferro cement
● To obtain a very thin strength concrete use very fine grained-
grainite
● Retarders are used for the-grouting deep oil wells
● Plasticizer=hydroxylated carboxylic acid
● Method type batching=2
● Concrete is geneally placed to a=form work
● IS-1661=Cement plaster
● Rind gall=ariase in timber duo to swelling caused by growth of
layer of sap wood
● Cleavability= measure to ease with the wood may split
● Maximum voids=rounded aggregate
● Detachment of paints film from surface = flaking
● Homogenous solution of resins in alcohol= varnish
● Most useless aggregate does not exceed= glassy
● Modular brick= sitable for high glass brick masonary
● For soaking Brick in water before its use= for preventing
adsorption of moisture from mortar by brick.
● Ultimate tensile strength caused by - C2S
● Refractory brick – is used to resist high temp.
● High alumina cement= most suitable marine work
● Moisture acehive in air drying of timber=15%
● For Fck ratio=1:3
● Slacking= lime →hydrated lime
● Quick lime=calcinations of pure lime
● Volcanic source= light weight aggregate
● Center of attachment of vicat punger projects the circular cutting
edge = .5mm
● Blast furnace slag cement is used for- rapair of roads/pavements
● Quality of timber is improve by Abeles’s process= fire resistance
● Slump valve for mass concrete = 20-50
● Smallest size of fine aggregate=.06
● Charring=timber is burnt at depth above - 15mm
● Internal friction b/w concrete decresed by more water and C.A
● In slump test each layer of concrete is compacted=25times
● Max. H of concrete placing=150cm
● For t<20cm road surface plain concrete compacted=screed
vibrator
● For concrete dam max size of agg.=40mm
● Workability is require min. Water for least surface area for
cement and agg.
● No shirinkage occurs if concrete is placed at humidity=1
● w/c ratio for complete reaction in hydration of cement=.35-.45
● blast furnace slag= 45%cao and 35%silica
● to make timber good sport industry =mulberry
● types of chemical admixture= 4
● d of moist sand in cylinder is 15cm,bulking of sand=.25
● boucherie process-treatment of green timber
● shakes=longitudinal separation of woods b/w annular ring
● most mtd used for larger scale of desired moisture content
● cement become is useless if moisture contains >.05
● for concreting surface of runway roads and pavement impact
valve-.3
● soundness test = to determine of change of volume of cement
after setting
● mtd used for timber make to fire resistance=soaking in Also4
● pug mill= preparation of clay
● for construction of the thin rcc structure the type of the cement
to be provided - rapid hardening cement
● hardening of the cement occurs at-rapid rate the during the first
few days and afterwards it continuses to increases at a decreses
rate
● varnish=vehicle in the enamel paints
● use prepare of the high alumina cement=bauxite,lime stone.
● Before plastering the surface has to be=rough
● Mtd for coats of plastering=none
● Mtd of ferro cementing are there =4
● Fck for thermcol=11.7-14.4
● Quarrying-production of nautral stone
● Water absorption for burnt clay brick >15
● Fckof 7day/Fck 28day=.65
● Max. Size of agg. For 1m³ work test<20mm
● Contruction joints=two placements of concrete meets
● A horizontal line= gap grading representing
● IS sieve no-9 residue<.05%
● White cement unsuitable for - ordinary work
● Quartz and mica are only minerial
● Compacted sandstone= posseses more ability to resist fire
● Max strength of timber in direction= 0ᵒto grains
● Avg. Life high durable timber >10year
● Normal consistency of o.p.c=.3
● Bonding admixture=nautral,synthetic,organic rubber,
● P.p.c contains- less heat of hydration
● Lime in cement is used-to make plaster non shrinkable
● Main advantage of plywood is high tensile strength in all
direaction
● Stone in rubble masonary=hard
● Hydraulicity of hydraulic lime is due to=clay
● Retarder is used – grouting deep oil wells
● Agg. Is not desirable=angular agg.
● Ware house pack= pressure compaction of bag on lower layers
● Batching=accurate measurement of concrete ingredients
● 35 litre V of agg. So=L=27cm,B=27cm,H=48cm
● Not a property of ferro cement=strength/mass is low
● Carrier in paints=linseed oil
● Metakaolim=add to make white cement
● Process after batching→mixing
● Bull mark=t of plastering is uniform
● Calcareous material in cement= marine shills
● Bethel process= treatment of timber
● Bitumen in refined asphalt= 52%
● Rise of jack=1/8-1/12 of span
● Saw dust can be rendered chemically inert by boiling it in water=
ferrous sulphate
● Portland pozzolana cement= construction under sea waters
● Strength of concrete of angular and rounded agg at same
W/c=.65
 2. CONCRETE TECHNOLGY
 For given degree of hydration effect of increase in w/c ratio in
crese in permeability
 Time for vee bee test for low workability= 10-20sec
 Common admixture-calicum chloride
 Workability is influence by - w/c ratio
 Constant w/c ratio decrese in agg. = Cement ratio causes
increase in workability
 Retarder-caso4
 Compaction help in = increse in density
 Concrete is attains its major parts of its strength=1week
 Concrete having slump valve 6.5cm= plastic
 Concrete obtained difficulty in obtaining smooth surface duo
to= hardness
 Compacting of concrete by mechanical vibrator slump valve=
5cm
 Concrete unsuitable for for compaction by vibrator slump
valve=5cm
 Reverberation=an acoustical defect
 Slump valve for concrete in wall and column=50-100mm
 Screeching= opertion of removing hump and hollow from a
uniform concrete surface
 For getting a more workable concrete increase in cement
containt
 Presence of oils in water for concreting- reduces strength
 For R.C.C max. Size of coarse agg= 20mm
 IS-383 coarsest sand falls under garding zone=1
 Slump valve for low workability of concrete= 75-100mm
 muduLus of ruture give- tensile strength of concrete
 grading of agg. - in a concrete mix is necessary to achieve
adequate workability
 purpose of concrete compaction to - increase density
 addition of cacl2- reduction in curing period
 object of curing-reduce the shrinkage of cement concrete
 air entrainment in concrete - increases workability
 very high strength concrete it is necessary to use very fine
grained= granite
 increase in strength of concrete with time curve will be=non
linear
 concrete grain strength due to - hydration of the cement
 Workability∝ water cement ratio,grading of agg.
 Accelerators=which causes early setting and hardening of
concrete
 To prevent sulphate attack Ph of concrete should be =6-9
 Increase in w/c ratio - increase in shrinkage
 Water cement ratio measured by - weight by weight
 Retarder = calicium lignosulphate(plasticizer-ies master)
 Strength of concrte is very low- in fatigue
 In hand mixing excess in cement should be -10%
 Strength mainly depand on - fineness of cement
 μcement concrete=.15
 in lime concrete lime is used as - coarse agg.
 Shrinkage in concrete increase in - bond strength
 Leaching action in concrete is example= decomposition
 In lime concrete lime is used as=binding agg.
 Under which condition highest water cement ratio used
=heavy sections such as piers foundation etc protected against
rain and frost
 Green concrete may be made by adding-iron oxide
 Mix design for fly ash and cement concrete recommend w/c –
to reduce by 3-5%
 Workability can be - improve by more cement
 Strength of concrete can be increase by - decrese w/c ratio
 Desity of concrete increase with increse in the size of agg.
 Compaction factor=.95, then concrete is high
 Max. Shrinkage takes place in concrete after drying=28day
 Es of concrete can be improved by age
 Min no. of test specimen= 3
 Curing period is min for- rapid hardening cement
 If desired slump is not obtained so difference can be adjusted
by w/c=.5%
 γsteel=1.15,γconcrete=1.5
 bcz control on quality of concrete is not as good as that as
steel
 shrinkage strain=.0003
 range of the slump of the concrete used as mass concrete-
20-50mm
 durability can be affected by = both cider and vinegar
 concrete mix-60mm then its workability=medium
 strength of concrete increase with - age of loading
 slump test is measure by- consistency
 shrinkage∝cement contents
 a concrete in which coarse agg. First to pack to have least
voids=pre packet concrete
 steam curing is not used with =high alumina cement
 steam curing is used in-precast structure
 floats are used for spreads and press mortar
 in a small works concrete can be transported by-pans
 fine aggregate completely retained on the- .15mm of the sieve
 bulk density of the aggregate is generally expressed -kg/litre
 average life of the high durable timber-> 10year
 resins are used in- varnish
 standard weight MS plates in mm-5.87t
 explosive required for the blasting in the-kilograms
 Fck of the termocol range- 11.7-14.4N/mm²
 Addition of sugar in concrete- increase in setting time of by
about 4 hr.
 Strength of concrete∝ 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
 Flash set of ordinary Portland cement paste- is premature
hardening
 Fck 0f 100mm cube>fck of 150mm cube
 Durability of concrete∝ 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑔. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
 Low temp. During concrete laying - decrease strength
 Entrained air in concrete - increase wokablity
 Construction of thin R.C.C structure the type of cement to be
avoided is=o.p.c
 % of pozzolana clay contain=80% then made pozzolana
cement=30%
 Hardening of cement=rapid rate during first few day and after
it continuses to increase at decrease rate
 Ensuring quality of concrete use- graded agg.
 Shrinks=after casting an ordinary cement concrete drying
 Γ of agg. Is not- depand on size and shape of container
 To hydrated 500kg cement fully water needed=120kg
 Impurity of mixing water which affects the setting time and
strength of concrete=Na2co3,NaHco3
 Condition not applicable to water cement ratio law= concrte
test at any temp.
 Concrete is unsuitable for compaction by vibration-plastic
 Inert material of cement concrete=agg.
 I.S-456=Detail of water to be used for concrete
 Properties of concrte can be divided into =2
 Transport of concrete by pumps is done by distance=400mm
 High temp. - Decrese strength of concrete
 Screeding=operation of removeing humps and hollow of
uniform concrete
 No of grade of concrete mix as per i.s-456=7
 Best mtd for curing of concerte surface- stagnating water
 Compaction factor for heavily reinforced section with
vibration -.85-.92
 A concrete using an air entrained cement is more plastic and
workable
 Final operation of finishing floors is known as -troweling
 At expension joints length of concrete structure <45m
 Construction of cement concrete floor max agg. Size=10mm
 Sand require high w/c ratio= zone-4
 w/c in hand mixing= .5-.6
 ready mix plant and central plant differ in – water addition
 compaction of concrete remove - air voids
 for o.p.c quantity of water - is 5% by weight of agg+30% of
weight of cement
 M-10=1:3:6
 The finished concrte is mesure in- m²
 For tunnel linings transportation of concrete by - pumps
 Ferro cement- is used for very hard strong surface
 Concrte keep temp. - 37ᵒ+-2ᵒc
 Rounded agg-Provide high strength to concrete
 Dynamic mudulas of elasticity of sample of cocrete is
compared with- ultrasonic pulse velocity test
 Фб-εcuve for concrete is parabolic upto.002% ε then straight
 Bleeding is good if concrete is - plastic
 Float is used for press mortar and spread it
 P.s.c=pre strained concrete
 High workability is require for- thick and heavy Rn section
 Thickness of concrete floor of ware house
 3.SOIL:-
 The total effective stress at depth of 5m below the top level of
water in a pond=.5kg/cm²
 In triaxial compression test on a soil specimen the
intermediate principal stress=minor principal stress
 The static cone penetration test and s.p.T test performed
N=20, valve of s.c.p.t test=8Mpa,so depth will be=medium
dense sand
 A well constructed in ground without passing any impervious
stratum=shallow well(d<b)
 In triaxial test the intermediate principal stressi =confining
pressure
 An overall valve of k of a deposit for a large area determine by
pumping cut test
 Vseepage >Vdischarge
 Plasticity chart draw b/w P.I and liquid limit
 -ive of group index is =0
 Shrinkage limit=soil volume is become constant
 For cohesive soil increase in compactive effort O.M.C remains
constant
 Routine consolidation test thickness of specimen=20mm
 A footing is resting on a saturated clayey strata for check
stability shear parameter are used to form=unconsolidated
undrained test
 Physical proparty influence k are=both viscosity and unit
weight
 Rate of consolidation is indepantant of temp.
 Cohesionless soil=sand
 If plastic limit>liquid limit then P.I=0
 Unconfined compressive strength test-undrained test
 A temporay structure constructed to prevent the water
entering an area =coffer dam
 D of capillary tube doubled then capillary rise will be halfed
 Uniformity coefficient of soil=1,>1
 Standared penetration resistance in very stiff clays lies b/w 15
and 30
 Undisturbed sample is obtained from thin walled sample
 ,б=M/T²,0<S<100
 Paticle size<.2mm,then -sand
 Hydrometer-specific gravity of liquids
 Relative density of compacted dense sand=.95
 P intensity at any point in a liquids=wh
 Wsoil>100%
 Sand particle are made of quartz
 Lime stabilization is very effective in plastic clayey soil
 Depth of foundation can be measure by rankine formula
 Optimum moisture content measured by standred proctor
test
 Density index of soil-relaive compactness
 Bearing capacity of foundation determine by shear failure and
settlement
 Vane shear test for=clayey soil
 Coefficient of compressibility of soil is the ratio of
strain/stress
 Area of soil=sand<silt<clay<colloids
 R=γd(field)/γd(max-lab)×100
 Colluvial soil=transported by gravitational force
 A raft footing area exceeds plan area of building=50%
 Particle size range determine by Cu
 Clayey or sandy soil=smooth wheel roller
 Cc=1-3 for well graded sand
 drum roller- is used for compact of coarse grained soil
 roller is most suitable for proof rolling subgrade and for
finishing operation of the fills with clayey or sandy-pneumatic
rubber tired roller
 The angle of repose of soil is the max. Anglewhich is outer
face of the soil mass- makes with the horizontal
 P.I,max for =clay
 U in soil sample of consolidometer test is max at the center
 For compacted sand n=30-40%,
 P.I for silt=10-15%
 Medium grain sand size=2-.425mm
 3. IRRIGATION AND HYDROLOGY:-
 Unit hydrograph=eff. Rainfall and direct rainoff
 In case of water table the peizometer surface=coinside with
water level in the well
 For reservoir full condition the Up face of earth dam is
equipotential line
 Weight of silt carried by river per unit V is=silt charge
 Lining of cannel =decrese the water logging area
 Best alignment for canal is when it is a aligned along ridge line
 Width of bunching apron1.5D
 For lining canal freeboard is measured at f.S.L to the top of
lining
 Clay=aquiclude,
 Most desirable alignment of an irrigation canal is along the-
ridge line
 A canal is design to irrigate throughtout the year-parennial
canal
 On rolling land mtd of applying water is –border flooding
 Canal normally used for diversion of flood water –inundation
canal
 Field irrigation requirement =N.I.R+field application losses
 Rainfall hyetograph shows the varation of rainfall intensity
with time
 State of soil when plants fail to extract sufficient water=P.W.P
 A sprinkler irrigation-the land gradient is steep and soil is
easily erodible
 Surcharge storage in a dam Vw stored b/w- normal and max.
Reservoir level
 Aerial characteristic of a rain strom are represented by- DAD
curve
 Intensity of irrigation=% of C.C.A
 Head work main canal branch canal distributary minor
 Mtd directally apply to the root zone depth=drip method
 Duty increase with humidity and head
 Spreading of an external material on the soil tao increase
infiltration and reduce evaporation=Mulching
 Kenneday’s theory is silt is in suspension duo to eddy formed
from bottom of channel
 Storage outlet discharge
 Not cause water logging excess tapping of the ground water
 Sprinkler irrigation is best for- very light soil
 Best mtd for reclamation of alkaline soil addition of -gypsum
and leaching
 Increase in supply with yields of crops at certain limit and
then decresed
 Reclamation of acidic soil=use lime stone
 Watering done prior to sawing of crops=paleo irrigation
 P.W.P=Fc-Pw
 Not causeof water logging=excess taping of ground water
 Rainfall intensity acc.B.TH.U If T concentration=540sec=40
 4. R.C.C:-
 Longitudnal Rn need not be contact with lateral ties
 Anarch subjected to pure compression duo to U.D.L-parabolic
arch
 For slab spanning in two direction for calculation S/d ratio
=shorter span should be considered
 L unsupported<60
 In ssb beam with UDL deflection of the s/d ratio-<19
 Span of the bridge increase with impact factor- decresed
 For S.S.D Beam S/D ratio=2
 In Rn concrete immersed in sea addition thickness=40mm
 Diagonal tension Rn is provided in bent up bar
 Max spacing of main bar<3d
 Shrinkage in concrete causes tension crack
 S.F=k=KaγH²/2,B.M=KaγH³/6
 In 2 way slab depth of slab is based on- short span
 The critical sec. For 2way shear in an isolated spread is at
distance d/2 from column face
 For providing Indian W.C,the Rcc slabs in toilets portion
should be sunk by -50cm
 Min cover in the slab<20mm
 D of a column stirrups of a flat slab-half the width of the panel
 L of the straight portion of a bar beyond the end of the
hook<4d
 Min. Spacing b/w horizontal parallel Rn of diff. Size should<1d
of thicker bar
 Enlarged head of asupporting column of a flat slab is
technically known-capital
 Max dia of a bar in the ribbed slab-22mm
 A circular slab subjected to external loading deflects-
paraboloid
 T of the slab and beams -.01m
 The amount of Rn for mains bars in a slab is based upon-
maximum bending moment
 If the L of an intermediate span of a continuous slab is 5m the
length of the end span is kept-4.5m
 Column may be made of plain concrete if their L unsupported
does no t L.L.D<4times
 D=√𝑀/100𝑄
 Eff. Of simply supported slab is distance b/w center of bearing
 For continuous floor slab Lintermediate<.9
 B eff.of column strip of a flat slab=half the width of panel
 T of Rn concrete footing on piles at edge <15cm
 Expension joint provide is L of convrete structure<45m
 Lap length compression<24ф
 Ordinary concrete is not used for M-400
 Tmin. Of load bearing Rcc wall<10cm
 Min. Cover of a slab should neiter be less than the d of
bar<20mm
 Cantilever retaining wall safe H=6m
 Tmin. Of cover at the end of Rn bar does not <2d to min. Bar
should be<15mm
 The amount of Rn for main bars in a slab is based on max.B.M
 Spacing of stirrup in S.S.B rectangular beam carry
U.D.L=increase the mid span
 Spacing of the stirrups in the rectangular beams-incresed at
the centre of the beam
 type of bridge foundation for heavy anf isolated footing of
piers sub soil is poor=caisson foundation
 in cantilever beam Rn provide at above the neutral axis
 min. Grade of concrete in sea=M-30
 a pre cast pile=square with corner chamfered
 a surface structure-small thickness
 in mtd of the magnitude of the live load what is the time
period-50years
 the valve of coefficient of creep decrese with- age of loading
 Rn shear provide in any foam
 Min. Head room over stair<205cm
 L eff.<3L.L.D then sec. Is rectangular and circular
 Eular formula is valid for only long column
 Bond strength increase with grade of concrete
 For mild and moderate exposure if 20mm down agg. Min.
Cement content in m³<300kg
 Min. Cover in a slab and d<13mm
 Flat slab is supported on column monolithically built with slab
 Ʈav=1.5Ʈav for rectangular beam
 Standared hook is equivalent to the anchorage valve <16ф
 Max slendar ratio for axially loaded member tension<400
 Shear stress in beam at max. On neutral surface
 Min. Grade for moderate environment exposure
condition=M25
 D horizontal b/w parallel main Rn in RC slab <3 times eff. d of
slab
 Critical sec. For calculating B.M for spread concrete footing of
eff. d is given at=column face
 Ast min for Fe-500=.17
 B.M and S.F coefficients for continuous beam differ from long
span by 15%
 Organic content of water for making concrete<200mg/L
 W./c ratio for mild environment exposure<0.55
 m/m+r
 diagonal tension in Rn concrete beam increase below neutrl
axis and decrese above netral axis
 in limit state of collapse of direct compression,max. Axial
comp.strain=.002
 M-15 used concrete in the-foundations
 for continuous slab 3*3.5 m size min. D of slab of vertical
deflection<7.5cm
 t f of the flange of t-beam of ribbed slab is assumed as depth
of rib
 coefficient of wind resistance of circular surface=1/2
 determine the allowable stress in axial comp. I.S adopt
rankine formula
 S/d ratio for Rn concrete beam in order to ensure that the
=deflection of the beam is below a limiting valve
 Base width of retaining wall of height<.8h
 When Rcc footing is not to be extend in the plot of the
neighbouring house the type of footing preferred=strap
footing
 Min quality of cement content needed in 1m³ of Rn concrete
which is exposed to sea whether condition=250kg
 Size of panel in a flat slab is 6*6m then as per I.S code the
width strip and middle atrip=3m and 3m
 In counterfort retaining wall the vertical slab continuous= heel
slab design
 Deep beam are design for -B.M
 Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete i the product pf
Esof steel and shrinkage of concrete
 The reduction coefficient of Rn column with L of 4.8m and size
250*300mm=.85
 From deflection point of view use high strength steel in RC
beam results in increase in the depth
 Limit state of serviceability of prestress concrete sec. Should
satisfy by deflection and cracking
 A cantilever beamof span 4m and 150*500mm=fail in
deflection and laterlal stability
 Unit weight of Rcc=2500kg/m³
 Μ increase of concrete with rich mix
 In the convectional prestressing, the diagonal tension in
aconcrete=decrese
 Allowable tensile stress in h.Y.S.D,used Rn of cement
concrete=230N/mm²
 Preliminary test is repeated if diff. b/w fck of 3
sample<15kg/cm²
 For M-150,1:2:4 moment of resistance factor=8.5
 Tosion resisting capacity of agiven Rn sec.=increase in stirrups
and long. Steel
 The bond strength b/w steel and concrete due to both
adhesion and friction
 L.s.m spacing of main Rn control primally cracking
 Limiting deflection is the function of -short span
 Diagonal tension in beam increase below neutral axis and
increase above
 The min head room over a stair-200cm
 The brick chimney is stable if the resultant thurst lies within
the middle-third
 L of bridge increase impact factor -decrese
 A beam curved is design for-BM,SF,torsion
 bM can be increased in the O.R section-25%
 W1/w2=l2/l1^4,5/6(r²/1+r^4)*M
 Drop panel=thickened part of -flat slab support column
 For 2 way slab no provision of edge condition then use-
rankine grashoff foremula
 Enlarged head of a supporting column of a flat slab known as
=capital
 D of column head support flat slab=.25times span L
 Increase in cohesiveness of concrete makes it less liable to –
segregation
 For initimate estimate for beam design the width is assumed-
1/20th of the span
 b/d in the beam-.5
 the t of the flange of a t-beam of a ribbed slab is assumed is-
thickness of the concrete topping
 The width of rib of T-beam =1/3-2/3 0f rib depth
 Eff. b of column strip of flat slab=half the width of column
 Max. - →+radial moment ratio=2
 Breadth ribbed slab containing 2 bar must b/w=8-10cm
 A foundation rests on both sub grade and soil
 W of foundation is assumed 10% of wall weight
 Max t of the concrete floors of a ware house-25cm
 Dimension of abeam need be changed if the shear stress
>20kg/cm²
 Diagonal tension in the beam-is max at the neutral axis
 A beam curved is design for B.M,S.F,torsion
 By over Rn m.o.R is increase 25%
 Bar bend hook<2d
 for M15mix concrete according to is specification local bond
stress-5kg/cm²
 l-dt/4s
 the anchorage valve of a hook is assumed 16 times of a bar if
the angle of the bend-45ᵒ
 Spacing in rect. Beam increase at the center of the beam
 In S.S.B bar curtalled<1/7of span
 Max bar in ribbed sec.=22mm
 T of Rn conrete footing on piles at its edge<30cm
 T of slab and beam<.005m
 Dimension not change if shear stress >20kg/cm²
 Max. Ratio for S/D for cantilever slab=7
 Pre cast pile use as square with corner chamfered
 Live load time period=50years
 R.c.c was 1st made by- francois coignet
 T-beam behave as rectangle for remain withn flange
 5. STEEL STRUCTURE:-
 d/tw<85 for for vertical stiffner
 max. Spacing of tacking rivets=1000mm
 economic spacing of a roof truss depands upon the=cost of
purlins and cost of roof covering
 ties load are carrying member of a frame which are subjected
to-axial tension loads
 in fillet weld the weakest section – throat of fillet
 for fields rivets the max. Permissible stresses in riverts and
bolts as given in code are reduced by =10%
 if H.Y.S.D bar is used in place of mild steel then bond strength
increase
 strength of field rivets as compared to shop rivets is =90%
 type of welding is used to connected two plates at a lap joint
is called=fillet weld
 max. c-c distance b/w rivets in tension members of thickness
10mm is =160mm
 when the L of a tension member is too long-a bar is used
 net section area of a tension member is eqval to its gross
section area=minus the area of rivets holes
 for calculation area of cover plates of a built up beam , an
allowable for rivets holes to be add=13%
 the permissible bending stress in steel slab
plates=1890kg/cm²
 the permissible bending stress in steel is =1900kg/cm²
 econominal spacing of trusses variaes=L/4-L/5
 normally the angle of roof truss with asbestos sheet should
not be less than<30ᵒ
 shape factor is depand upon=both on the yield stress and
ultimate stress of the material
 heaviset I-section for same depth=ISHB
 The fore acting on the web splice of a plate girder are=axial
force
 Bolts are suitable for carry =axial tension
 The vertical wall of the intz tank is design for –hoop tension
 Wrongly written assumption taken in analysis of riveted
joints= uniform stress distribution in plates is not considered
 Es of steel >Econcrete so steel will be more elastic
 The max. permissible stress in shear for power driven shop
rivet is=100N/mm²
 The outstand of web stiffners in term of the thickness of flat t
should be =12t
 Bearing stiffner in plate girder are provided at- support
 Eff. slender ratio laced column to max. slender ratio shall be
considered=1.10times
 The simplest geometrical form of truss=triangle
 A slender section buckle locally before reaching yield moment
 The member of roof truss which supports the purlin is-
principal rafter
 Min. Edge and end distance from center of any hole to nearst
flame cut edge shall be <1.7 times hole dia
 Max. size of fillet weld for a plate of square=1.5mm more than
the thickness of the plate
 Which factor does not affect lateral buckling strength of a
steel sec. Undergoing bending about its major axis
 Max. permissible stress for the hand driven rivets in axial
tension=80N/mm²
 The load factor applied to wind and seismic load in the design
of the steel structure
 The size fillet weld is indicated by –side of the triangle of the
fillet
 Spacing of stirrups in rectangular beam is –incresed at the
center of the beam
 The purpose of stiffeners in plate girder=prevent buckling of
web plate
 Cable and wire are used as- tension member
 Bearing stiffeners is design as- column
 The throat in a fillet weld as =perpendicular d from the root of
the hypontense
 Permissible stress=ultimate stress
 The max. permissible stress for power driven field rivet in
bearing on rivet is-270N/mm²
 The sag tie in a truss is mainly used to reduce-weight of the
truss
 T of the butt weld when compared with the t of the plate
=less
 Tacking rivets in comp. Plates exposed th wheather have a
pich <200mm=32 times the t of outside plate
 The fillet weld whose axis is parallel to the direction of the
athe applied load is known=side fillet weld
 Depth of sec. Of an upper column is much<thanlower
column=filler and bearing plates are provided waith column
splice
 Web crippling in beam generally occurs at the points where -
concentrated load act
 Min. T of the plates used in the pressed steel tanks is =3mm
 The steel beam of light sec. Placed in plain cement ceoncerte
are called=filler joints
 Splice covers and its connection in a tension member should
be design= to develope netr tensile strength of main member
 Apert form gravity loads which if the following loads are
considered in the design of gentry girder located within an
industrial building=longitudinal and lateral load
 Assumption that all rivet share equally a non eccentric load is
valid at aload=eqval to the failure load
 I a rolled steel flat designated 55ISF12 mm is used as lacing
then min. Radius of gyration=3.46mm
 Buckling load in steel column is= related to length
 End angle section can be used as purlin when slope of the roof
truss<30ᵒ
 For unstiffened flange of abeam inflexural compression the
max. allowable outstand =16t
 The peoblum of the lateral buckling can araise only in those
steel beams which have=M.O.I about the bending the bending
axis < then the other
 For a standared 45ᵒ fillet, ratio of the size of the fillet to throat
thickness is =√2: 1
 Design of a riveted joint assumes that= the rivets hole is to be
filled by the rivet
 Rolled steel T –section are used= with flat strip to connect
plates in steel rectangular tanks
 P=kv²
 Rivets which are heated and then driven in the field are
known=power driven field rivets
 The gross dia. Of a rivet is the dia of –rivet hole
 Working shear struss on the gross area of a rivet as
recommended by Indian standared=1025kg/cm²
 Strength of fillet welds is=than that of the main member
 Oitched roof industrial steel building primarily resists lateral
loads parallel to the ridge=purlins
 Cold driven rivets range from=12-22mm d of rivet
 D measured along one rivetr line from the center of rivet to
the center of adjoining rivet on an adjacent parallel rivet line
is called=staggered
 As per ISI rolled steel beam section are classified=5 series
 The channel get twisted symmetrically with regard to its
axis=parallel to web
 In W.S.M for structural mild steel in tension is order of
150N/mm²
 In statically inderminate structure the formation of 1 plastic
hinge will be reduced the no. of redundancy=1
 Increase in the pitch of the roof affect the amount of the load
that can be placed on it=it decresed
 What will be rain load if d is 2inches Dh-1inch=15.6
 Truss cannot transfer the load invertical direction but beam
can
 Net sec. Area of atension member to its C.S.A-Minus the area
of the rivets holes
 When tension member consists of 2 channel sec. The
allowance for the rivets hole is made for 2 holes=each web or
one hole from each flange which is less
 When a tension member is made of 4 angle with a plate as
web , the allowance for the holes is made as=1 hole for each
angle and 2 for the web
 The beam outside a wall up of floor level above it is known
as=spandrel beam
 The flange splice in plate girder is subjected to=axial force
only
 In factory building the horizontal beams spanning b/w the
wall column supporting a wall covering are called=Girts
 λ=0 for column then-is supported on the all sides throughtout
its L
 outstanding L of a compression member consist of of a
channel is measured =nominal width of the section
 Agross of web=dtw
 The connection of one beam to another beam of an angle at
the bottom and an angle at the top is knowen as –seated
connection
 In case s.s.b i-sec. Beam span L and w- load, the length of
elasto-plastic zone of the plastic hinge L/3
 The space b/w adjacent bent in a roof truss is called-bay
 The most economical section for column is –tubular section
 Continuous fillers are supported by- main steel beam
 If w is u.d.l on circular slab of radius R fixed at its ends the
max. + radial moment at its center=3WR²/16
 In built up section carrying tensile force the flange of 2
channel are turned outwared=to have greater lateral rigidity
 To calculated area of cover plates of a boult up beam an
allowance for rivet holes to be added=.13
 When plates are exposed to weather ,tacking rivets are
provided at pitch in line not <16t
 If a truss has 2 more members surpassing each other then it
is= complex
 The net area of round bars to resist the tension is the area of
the cross section=root of the thread
 In grillage footing max. SF at occur=center of base plate
 When a large valve of radius of gyration is not
required=channel flange are kept inward
 Dead load are comprise are- permanent attached loads
 For determination of allowable stress in axial compressiom
Indian standared institution adopted-secant formula
 Perforated cover plates are particularly suitable for built up
sections consisting of -4 angle box section