BIOLOGY

REGULAR IIT FOUNDATION

CLASS 9
Name :

ID No :

TOPPER
IIT & NEET FOUNDATION

2-22-161/19/22 kukatpally hyd.

topperiitacademy@gmail.com

1
 TOPPER
IIT & NEET FOUNDATION

2-22-161/19/22 kukatpally hyd.

topperiitacademy@gmail.com

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First Edition 2019
Latest Edition
Note: No part our Topper series should be copied or
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 Preface

Topper collected from top performers and designed to engage the

children in explorat and hands on activities for acquiring basic
congnitive and psychomotor skills and based on the guide lines of
the latest
RFC (Regular foundation course) keeping in hand on the concept of II

Ample opportunities to prompt child’s engagement in the teaching

learning process.

Conceptually and thought prepared step-bt step in a simplify method

to every child.

Warm up: cheerful and interesting activities to introduce the topics.

Recall: A chapter - end - flow - chart quick recap in it

IIT lab activities: Enable students have to a meaningfull hands - on

learning expertise

Fun time: Funfilled activities concept for joyful learning

Work sheet: Simple exercise to aid in revision and acess learning

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 BIOLOGY
INDEX

UNIT NAME PAGE NO:

1. FOOD RESOURCES - ANIMALS ..................... 5

2. CELL ..................................................................... 13

3. TISSUES ................................................................ 25

4. BACTERIA .......................................................... 45

5. WHY DO WE FALL ILL ..................................... 55

6. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD ........... 72

7. NATURAL RESOURCES.................................... 91

8. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ........................ 102

4

1 FOOD RESOURCES - ANIMALS
SYNOPSIS - 1
u Mixed Farming : Farming may be
defined as the technique or process of
harnessing solar energy in the form of
economic produce of plants as well as
animals. In Other words, farming is the
practice of agriculture for commercial
includes many purposes. Farming branches
such as
i) Dairy Farming : It is the practice of
rearing ng cattle for producing milk and
simultaneously raising fodder crops to feed
them
ii) Poultry Farming : It is the practice of
rearing birds, such as hen, ducks and geese
for producing eggs and meat.
iii) Piggery : Rearing pigs for meat (pork)
iv) Fish Farming (Fisheries) : Rearing fish
for meat
u Apiculture : Keeping and rearing of
honey bees for the production of honey and
bee's wax.
u Sericulture : Rearing silk moths for
extraction of raw silk When income from
one enterprise on a small farm is
insufficient, some farmers undertake these
farming practices along with agriculture.
Such a system of combining many
enterprises is called Mixed farming .
1. Food - fodder farming system : It
involves growing of food crops such as
5
wheat, rice, maize, bajra etc., along with
fodder crops such as berseem, sorghum and
oat.
2. Agro forestry system : It involves
growing crops along with trees.
3. Horti - pastoral system : It involves
growing fodder grasses with fruit trees.
4.Agro-oleri system : it involves raising
food crops along with vegetables.
u Livestock :
Ÿ All the domestic animals which are kept
or dealt in for use or profit collectively;
constitute livestock. It includes cattle
buffaloes, sheep, goat pigs, horses, camels.
Ÿ Based upon the utility of livestock, they
have been categorized into the following
three groups;
i ) Food yielding animals
ii) Draught animals
iii) General utility animals
u Food yielding animals : These livestock
arc domesticated for the purpose of food,
such as milk (mulch), meat, fish, eggs, etc.
Cows, buffaloes, goat and sheep are
domesticated for milk; fowls for eggs ; goat,
sheep and pigs for meat; honey bees for
honey, etc. Milk is a very good source of
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins (like
A & D), minerals (like calcium, phosphorus)
and water. Milk provides almost all the
nutrients except vitamin C and iron. Eggs
and meat provide mainly proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, vitamin sand minerals. The
nutritional value of various animal products
is as follows :
u Draught animals : They are the
working animals that help human beings in
several ways. For example, cattle and camel
are employed in agricultural operations.
Cattle, horses, mules, camels, elephants,
asses, reindeer etc., are used for the
transport. The Eskimos still use huskies to
draw sledges.
Ÿ The branch of farming which deals with
the rearing, feeding, breeding and caring of
domestic animals is called animal
husbandry.
u Advantages of animal husbandry :
Ÿ i) It helps us in the proper management of
domestic animals in terms of shelter,
feeding, care and protection against
diseases.
Ÿ Animal wastes are used for replenishing
and enriching the fertility of soil.
Ÿ Increased yield in animal husbandry
brings more income to the farmers.
u Breeds of Cow : Cows are good source
of milk whereas, bullocks help in farming
and transport purposes. Based upon the milk
production and other utility, various breeds
of cows are categorized in three types. i.e.,
A) Milch breeds or dairy breeds.
B) Draught breeds
C) Dual purpose or general utility breeds.
u Milch or Dairy breeds : Cows of these
breeds are high milk yielders and their
bullocks are poor for draught purposes.
Ÿ Milch or dairy breed cows in India are of
the following three types :
a) Indigenous breeds
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b) Exotic breeds
c) Cross breeds.
u Indigenous breeds : These are the
Indian breeds of milch or dairy cows.
i) Red Sindhi : This cow is medium sized,
and red in colour . It is found in Andhra
pradesh.
ii) Sahiwal : This breed of cow is superior
to other dairy breed cows. Sahiwal breed of
cow is found in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh.
iii) Gir : This is the native breed of Gir
forests in Gujarat and is also found in
Rajasthan.
u Exotic breeds : These are foreign
breeds of cows which have been introduced
in our country
i) Jersey : This is original breed of the
island of jersey England
ii) Holstein Friesian : Original breed from
Holland
iii) Brown Swiss : A dual purpose breed of
cow from switzerland
Cross breeds / improved breeds of cows :
Cross or improved breeds of dairy cows
have been developed in India at National
Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) Karnal
(Haryana)
u Draught breeds : Cattle of this breed
are strong and sturdy. Some of the common
examples of these breeds are Malvi, Nageri,
Hallikar, Kangayam, etc.
Ÿ Dual purpose or General utility breeds :
Some of the breeds of this category are
Haryana, Tharparkar, Ongole, Kankrej,
etc.
u Murrah :: This is the original breed of
Haryana and punjab . During its lactation
period, its average yield of milk is 1800 to
2500 litre. The fat contents in its Milk is
upto 7 percent.
ii) Mehsana : This is a breed of Gujarat
especially from vadodara and Mehsana
districts. Its average yield of milk is about
1200 - 2500 litre during lactation period.
iii) Surti : This is the native breed of buffalo
from Kaira and Vadodara districts in
Gujarat. Their average milk yield is about
1600 to 1800 litre. The fat content of their
milk is about 8 to 12 percent.
Ÿ Dr. V kurien is known as "Father of
white revolution" and "Architect of India's
Modern Dairy industry" . Born on 26th
November 1921, Dr. V. Kurien is the
founder chairman of the National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB). White
revolution means tremendous increase in
milk production.
Ÿ NDDB designed and implemented as the
world's largest dairy development
programme called "operation flood". This
programme was initiated with the pledge
:Milk to one and all."
Ÿ The animal feed consists of two main
components i.e.,
Ÿ Roughage Concentrates.
Ÿ Roughage is a coarse and fibrous
substance which has low nutrient content.
Leguminous green fodder : Berseem and
Lucerne.
Leguminous dry fodder : Husk of Gram,
Pea and other pulses.
Non - leguminous dry fodder : It includes
powdered straw of wheat, rice, jowar and
other cereals, dry grasses and hay.
Concentrates : The concentrates are a
mixture of substances, rich in one or more
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nutrients with very little fibrous or cellulose
matter.
Ÿ Grains and seeds : Grains of Maize,
Bajra, Oat, Jowar and Barley are rich
sources of carbohydrates.
u Oil cakes : These are formed from
remains of oil seeds after the extraction
of oil.
u Breeding : Breed is group of animals of
common origin within a species that has
certain specialdistinguishing
characteristics, which are not found in
other breeds of the same species.
u Natural method of breeding : It is a
traditional method of breeding. This
method involves the cross - breeding of
the indigenous cows with the bull of
high milk yielding exotic breed by the
natural physical mating process. This
process is carried out during the heat
period.
Ÿ Artificial method of breeding Artificial
insemination : The process of introducing
semen into the genital tract of a selected
female animal during heat period, by the
use of suitable instrument to produce a
better breed of the offspring is called
artificial insemination or artificial
breeding.
LEVEL - 1
1. Rearing of silk moth for extraction of silk
is called
1) Seri culture 2) Silvi culture
3) Arbori culture 4) Agronomy
2. The process of growing crops along with 12. Natural method of breeding occurs
trees is termed as 1) It is carrid out during heat period
1) Agro - olerisystem 2) Agro - forestry 2) It is carried out during cold period
3) both 1 and 2 4) None of these 3) It is carried out during extreme cold
4) None of these
3. The sentence 'milk to one and all' belongs to
1) blue revolution 2) yellow revolution 13. The process of introducing semen into
3) operation flood 4) None genital tract of a selected female is called
1) Natural breeding
4. Jersy breed of cows belongs to 2) Artificial Insemination
1) England 2) America 3) both 1 and 2 4) None
3) Africa 4) None
14. Agro - forestry system : Growing crops
5. The causative organism of viral with : : Agro - oleri
1) Bacteria 2) Virus
3) bacteria virus 4) protozoan 15. M.S. swaminadhan : Green Revolution :
V. kruien :
6. Which is the traditional method among 16. Milchbreeds : Milk : : Draught breeds
the following ________
1) Natural method of breeding
2) Artificial method of breeding
3) Both Natural and artificial methods
4) All of the above
SYNOPSIS - 2
7. Rearing cattle for producing milk and
Gradually raising fodder crops is called
1) Fish farming u Poultry :
2) Dairy farming Poultry is the collective term used for the
3) Pig farming domestic birds, such as chicken, ducks,
4)Apiculture pheasants, geese etc., raised for their eggs
and meat.
8. The Term live stock refers to
1) buffaloes 2) sheep Rearing, breeding and caring of fowls and t-
3) goat 4) All of these related birds for eggs and meat is called
poultry, farming .An egg laying poultry
9. ________Was the founder and chairman `bird is called hen and the poultry birds
of NDDB reared for obtaining meat are called chicken
1) M. S . Swaminadhan 2) Kurein (broilers ) poultry provides the best source
3) Maheswari 4) both 2 and 3 of animal proteins and fats.
10. Who is the father of white revolution in u Laying period : The period from sexual
India ? maturity till the end of egg - laying is
1) Kurien 2) Swaminadhan known as laying period. During this
3) Darwin 4) Ross period, the chickens are known as layers
or eggers.
11. Sahiwal breed of cow is found in
1) punjab 2) Haryana u Broilers : The broilers are used for
3) utterpradesh 4) All of these meat.
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 Name of disease Causative organism Symptoms

1. Dermatitis Virus Irritation, blisters and eruption on the skin

surface

2. Fowl pox Virus Wart like pox lesions on comb, wattles,

eyelids and feet, lesions in mouth, difficulty
in breathing, yellow cheese like discharge
from eyes and nose.

3. Rinderpest Virus Constipation followed by severe diarrhea,

discharge from eyes and nostrils, loss of
appetite.

u Fish farming :

Ÿ Fishes have been used as protein rich diet for human beings. They are aquatic animals and
their large scale production is called fish farming or water agriculture.

Ÿ Water agriculture. Fish is a cheap source of animal protein. One is from natural resources,
which is called capture fishing. The other way is by fish farming, which is called culture
fishery.

Ÿ Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay
duck. Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets from fishing boats.

Ÿ As marine fish stocks get further depleted, the demand for more fish can only be met by
such culture fisheries. This practice is called mariculture.

Ÿ More intensive fish farming can be done in composite fish culture systems.

Ÿ Production of useful aquatic plants and animals, like fishes, prawn scrabs lobsters,
molluscs etc., by the use of various water sources is called aquaculture.

Ÿ Rearing, breeding and management of fishes on large scale under controlled conditions is
called pisciculture.

u Freshwater fishes : These fishes are found in the freshwaters of rivers, ponds, lakes,
streams etc,. The freshwater edible fishes found in our country are i) catla catla catla
ii) labeo rohita rohu iii) Cirrhina mrigala (marigala) iv) Mystus singhala (singhara)
v) Wallago attu malli (vi) Tirica

u Exotic : freshwater fishes are silver carp and grass carp. The calta is the fastest growing
carp.
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Ÿ Marine edible fishes : Edible fishes found
in sea waters of our country are : Hilsa,
Cat fish, Sardine
u Advantages of fishery :
Ÿ It is highly nutritious, and easily
digestible
Ÿ Shark liver oil, and cod liver oil are
natural sources of vitamin A and D.
Ÿ Fish oil is used in the manufacture of
soaps, and paints.
Ÿ Fish meal : is a rich source of protein for
cattle and poultry
Ÿ Fish waste is also used for making
fertilizers, and adhesives
Ÿ Shark leather articles are very durable
and fetch a high price in the market
Ÿ The introduction of new techniques of
fish breeding, hatching and growing has
resulted in tremendous increase in the
production of fish..It is called blue
revolution.
u Methods of pisciculture: The eggs fish
seed are collected from nurseries.
Ÿ These eggs are hatched in hatcheries.
Ÿ The hatched young fishes are reared for
meat production
Ÿ When the young fishes are fully grown,
they are harvested.
Ÿ The central institute Bhubaneshwar, has
made significant advances in breeding
and rearing the air - breathing cat - fish
(magur ) Moreover, salmon, catfish and
carp have been successfully farmed in
this way in our country mainly by
bacteria and viruses two main diseases
fishes are
Ÿ Infectious pancreatic necrosis caused by
bacterium.
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Ÿ Viral Hacmorrhagic septicemis caused by
virus.
u Bee keeping Apiculture :
Ÿ Honey bee varieties used for bee keeping
Ÿ Apis cerana indica F., commonly
known as Indian bee
Ÿ Apis dorsata F.the rock bee.
Ÿ florae F. little bee.
Ÿ Apis mellifera, commonly known as
Italian bee
Ÿ Colony of honey
u Queen : Queen is the mother of the
colony, responsible for laying eggs. In
each season upto 2000 eggs are laid in a
day.
u Bee hive : A bee hive a box made of
wooden chambers for egg f laying,
honey collection and as honey reserve
u Honey flow and seasons : Total time
period of collection of nectar and pollen
by the bees is called honey flow period
*Swarming : Frequent transfer results in
low/ yield of honey and maintenance
cost of hives is also increased.
u Selection of site for bee keeping :
Suitable site for apiary should have a
good pasturage with longer honey flow
period
u Apiary location : Apiary means setting
up of a number of bee hives in good and
desirable location which allows
maximum nectar and pollen collection.
u Protection from diseases and pests:
Honey bees generally get bacterial and
viral diseases. King crow and green bee
eater prey upon bees. They are to be
controlled.
 LEVEL - 2 10.Which is the italian bee among the
following
1. shark liver oil and cod liver oil are natural 1) Apis mellifera 2) Apis dorsata
sources of vitamin 3) both 1 and 2 4) None
1) Vitamin A 2) Vitamin D
3) Vitamin A,D 4) None 11. _______ is the fastest growing car
1) catla 2) labeo
2. Beekeeping : Apiculture mariculture: 3) cat fish 4) Rohu
1) culturing of marine fishes
2) culturing of fresh water fishes 12. Layers : Eggs, broilers
3) culturing buffaloes 1) meat 2) Eggs
4) None 3) Egg & meat 4) None
3. Rearing, breeding and management of 13.Rearing le and Keeping of honey bees is
fishes on large scale under controlled 1) Apiculture 2) Sericulture
condition is called 3) Aquaculture 4) None of these
1) Pisciculture 2) blue revolution
3) breeding 4) None of these Analogy type questions :
4. The duty, of female bees is 14. Apiculture Beekeeping : : sericulture
1) To lay the eggs 2) To destroy lives __________
3) To kill the young ones 4) both 2 and 3
5. Identify the marine fishes
1) mackerel 2) tuna REVISION EXERCISE
3) sardines 4) All of these
1. In Pasteurization milk is heated at the
6. Apis mellifera : Italian bee : Apiscerena temperature
Indica : 1) 62° 2) 72° 3) 82° 4) 92°
1) Italian bee 2) Indian bee
3) Indo - Italian bee 4) None 2. Layers are reared for the production of
1) Meat 2) Eggs
7. Fish wastes can be used for making 3) Skin 4) Bones
1) fertilizers 2) Adhesives
3) 1 and 2 4) None 3. The Indian traditional variety meant for
8. Which of the following is not a part of fighting is
blue revolution 1) Aseel the 2) Kadaknath
1) Fish breeding 2) hatching 3) Chittagang 4) Bursa
3) growing 4) killing of fishes
4. Number of queen bees in a colony is
9. Advantage of fishery are 1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
1) manufacture of soaps
2) manufacture of paints 5. Which of the following forms 4) Bursa
3) making fertilizers, adhesives, livestock?
4) All of these 1) Goat 2) Camel
3) Horse 4) All of these
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6. European bee is called as 1) Marrah 2) Jaferabadi
1) Apis indica 2) Apis florea 3) Nagapuri 4) Chilka
3) Apis dorsata 4) Apis mellifera
16. The weight of Emu bird is nearly
7.Famous Angora wool is obtained from 1) 40 kg 2) 50 kg
1) Sheep 2) Rabbit 3) 30 kg 4) 10 kg
3) Goat 4) Yak
17.The drones in honeybee are
8. The Mediterranean type of population of 1) Fertile male 2) Fertile female
fowls: 3) Sterile male 4) Sterile female
1) White leghorn 2) New Hampshire
3) Plymouth rock 4) Rhode island red 18.Inland fisheries means the culturing of
fishes in
9. Maximum fat contents are present in the 1) Sea 2) Space
meat of 3) Freshwater 4) Marine water
1) Pork 2) Chicken
3) Mutton 4) Beef 19. Which of the following is rock bee
1) Apis mellifera 2) Apis indica
10. Beef meat is obtained from 3) Apis dorsata 4) Apis flora
1) Pig 2) Fish
3) Sea weeds 4) Cow 20. In. India which of the following species
of honeybee is reared in artificial hives?
11. Goat was tamed from the period for 1) Apis indica 2) Apis dorsata
domestication 3) Apisflorea 4) None of these
1) 30000-7000 BC 2) 11000-9000 BC
3) 9000 BC 4) 8000 BC 21. Domestication of honeybee is called
1) Sericulture 2) Tissue culture
12. Bones of dead animals can be used 3) Piciculture 4) Apiculture
mostly as
1) Decarate the selve 22. Queen bee is specified for
2) In fertilizer industry 1) Adthinistration 2) Egg laying
3) Used for food 3) Hive making 4) Collecting food
4) Used as medicine
23. The young chickens raised specially for
13. The common and dangerous disease in meat are called
cows and buffaloes is 1) Pullets 2) Hen
1) Nattala vyadhi 2) Galikuntu 3) Cockereals 4) Broilers
3) Viral infections 4) Bacterial diseases
24. Nattl Vyadhi (worm infection) is
14. The doctor who provide treatment and prevolent on
health care for the cattle 1) Cattle 2) Sheep and goat
1) Neurologist 2) Dentist 3) Prawn 4) Crabs
3) Veterinary doctor 4) None of these
25. Oysters are usefull
15. In odisa traditional live stock, the 1) As a food 2) For pearl production
3) For destroying aquatic weeds
following buffaloes are reared 4) For controlling insects
12

2 CELL
SYNOPSIS - 1
u History:
Ÿ F.Janssen and Z. Janssen (1590)
invented first useful compound
microscope. Robert Hooke (1665)
discovered the cell (non - living) in cork
slices and coined the term Cellala or Cell.
These finding were described in a book
Micrographia.
Ÿ Leeuwenhoek (1683) observed living
cells like bacteria, protozoa. RBC, etc.
Ÿ Marcello Malpighi studied animal tissues
where as Nehmiah Grew (1682)
described plant tissues contain cells and
laid foundation for Histology and
Anatomy.
Ÿ Alfonso Corti (1772) observed living
matter in the cells.
Ÿ F.Fontana (1781) discovemd nucleus in
the skin cell of Eel.
Ÿ Robert Brown (1831) discovemd
nucleus in Tradescantia.
Ÿ Dujardin (1835) named the living matter
present in the cells as sarcode.
Ÿ JE.Purkinje (1839) coined the term
protoplasm.
Ÿ The last quarter of 19th century is usually
considered as "Classical period of cell
biology".
Ÿ A cell is defined as 'a unit of structure and
function'. Living things are made up of
material units called cells. Study of
structure of cell is called Cytology.
13
Ÿ Mycoplasmas are smallest cells
measuring 0.3 U in length while bacteria
could be 3 to 5U . The largest isolated
single cell is the egg of an ostrich. In
multicellular organisms, human red blood
cells are about 7.01U in diameter. Nerve
cells are some of the longest cells.
Ÿ The single marine alga, Acetabularia,
measures nearly 10 cm in height.
Ÿ The smallest cells are these of
mycoplasma gallisepticum, an organism
intermediate between virus and bacteria.
Their size is about 0.1μm
u Cell Theory
Ÿ M.J.Seleiden (1838), a German
botanist, and T.Schwann (1839), a
German Zoologist together formulated
the Cell Theory or Cell Doctrine.
Ÿ According to cell theory, cell is a
structural and functional unit of life.
However, this theory did not explain how
new cells were formed. Rudolf Virchow
(1855) first explained that cells divide
and give rise to new cells from pre
existing cells (Ommis cellula-e-cellula).
which is known as 'Cell lineage theory' or
'cell inheritance theory'. Viruses are
acellular and cell theory is not applicable
to viruses as they do not possess, plasma
membrane and metabolic machinery
(cytoplasm). Virchow modified the cell
theory as follows:
Ÿ (I) All living organisms are composed of
cells and products of cells.
Ÿ (ii) All cells arise from pre existing cells
(cell is a hereditary unit).
Ÿ All the living organisms present on Earth
can be classified into two types:
u 1. Non – cellular Organisms: These do
not contain any cell in their body
organisation. Ex: Viruses. Viruses lack any
membrane and they do not show
characteristics of life until they enter a living
body.
u 2. Cellular Organisms: : These contain
either one or many cells in their bodies. Ex:
Bacteria, plants and animals. Cellular
organisms are divided into two types
1. Prokaryotes 2. Eukaryotes
u Prokaryotic cell
u 2. Electron Microscope : This
instrument was developed by Knoll and
Ruska of Germany in 1932 and it was put
to use in 1940. It uses electro magnets.
Magnification is 100000 to 500000.
u Gram staining
It was developed by Christian Gram (1884),
based on their staining, bacteria classified
into Gram positive, and Gram negative.
Bacteria stained by a dye called crystal
violet.
u Flagella

Cells that have membrane bound nucleus It is made up of a protein called flagellin.
and membrane bound cell organelles are
u Structure of cell :
called Eukaryotic cells and the cells which
lack these membrane bound structures are
called Prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic
cells are represented by bacteria, bluegeen
algae, mycoplasma or PPLO (Pleuro
Pneumonia Like Organisms), spirochetes
and rickettsiae. Nuclear material (DNA) is
present.Nuclear region in the cytoplasm is
called nucleoid. In these cells bound
organells, mitochondria areabsent.
Ribosomes are present.

u Eukaryotic cell
These have advanced and complete cells.
These cells contain membrane bound nuclei
and other cellular organelles and are called
eukaryotic cells, such cells are found in
unicellular and multicellular plants and
animals contain plasma membrane, nucleus,
DNA and cytoplasm with ribosomes and
cellular organelles such as mitochondria.
Microscopes are two types they are 1.
Compound microscope (light) can magnify
the objects into 300 to 1500 times.
14
1. The cell membrane or plasma membrane,
and cell wall.
2. The nucleus, and
3. The cytoplasm
The outer boundary of the cell is the plama
membrane. Inside it lies the cytoplasm.
Various cellular or cell organelles and
inclusions are suspended in the cytoplasm.
All activities inside the cell and interaction
of the cell with its environment is possible
due to these features.
Out of these organelles, nucleus is visible
under a light microscope. The other
organelles can be seen under an electron
microscope only.
u Nature and Occurrence :
Most cellular organelles such as
mitochodria, Iysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi
apparatus, nucleus and endoplasmic
reticulum, are all enclosed by the unit
membrane.
u Structure : - Plasma membrane is a
living, thin, delicate, elastic, selectively
permeable membrane.
Chemical analysis has shown the membrane
to be 75percent phospholipids. The
membrane contains proteins, cholesterol and
polysaccharides.
u In 1972 singer and Nicolson suggested
a model, called fluid mosaic model, to
explain the ultrastructure of the plasma
membrane or any other membrane of the
cell. According to them plasma membrane is
made up of a bi layer (two molecule thick
layers) of phospholipids.
Two types of protein molecules 'floated
about in the fluid phospholipids layer. The
fluid mosaic model of the membrane has
been described as "a number of protein
icebergs floating in the sea oflipids".
u Functions :-
Plasma membrane permits the entry and
exit of some materials in the cells.
Therefore, the plasma membrane is called as
selective permeable membrane.
Diffusion : - Some substances (Molecules,
ions) such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ),
Oxygen (02), water, etc., can move across
the plasma membrane through a process
15
called diffusion.
u Osmosis : - Water also follows the law
of diffusion a selective spontaneous
movement of water molecules through a
selective permeable membrane (e.g., plasma
membrane) is called osmosis. The
movement of water across the plasma
membrane of the cell is affected by amount
of substance dissolved in water. Thus,
osmosis is the passage of water from a
region of high water concentration through a
semi - permeable membrane to a region of
low water concentration.
u Edocytosis : Edocytosis is the ingestion
of material by the cells through the plasma
memgbrane. It is a collective term that
describes three similar process
Phagocytosis (cell eating), potocytosis
("cell drinking) and receptor - mediated
endocytosi.
u Phagocytosis : It literally means "cell
eating". It is a common method of feeding
among the protozoa (Amoeba) and lower
metazoa (e.g., sponges)
In the phagocytosis, an area of the plasma
membrane, coated initially with actin -
myosin, forms a pocket that engulfs the
solid material.
u Exocytosis : - Just as materials can be
brought into a cell by invagination and
formation of a vesicle, the membrane of a
vesicle can fuse with the plasma membrane
and extrude its contents to the surrounding
medium. This process is called cell vomiting
or exocytosis.
 LEVEL - 1 10. The longest cell in the human body is
1) nerve cell 2) muscle cell
1. Who proposed the cell theory? 3) liver cell 4) kidney cell
1) Schleiden and Schwann
2) Watson and Crick 11. The idea `omins cellula e cellula' which
3) Darwin and Wallace means that all living cells arise from pre
4) Mendel and Morgan existing cells was given by
1) Robert Brown 2) Purkinje
2. The history of the cell began in 1665 with 3) Rudolf Virchow 4) Schleiden
the publication of Micrographia in London by
1) Robert Hooke 2) Robert Brown 12. The structural or functional unit of life is
3) Straburger 4) Dujardin 1) tissue 2) organ
3) organ system 4) cell
3. Which of the following has an irregular or
variable shape ? 13. Main difference between animal cell and
1) Euglena 2) Panunecium plant cell is
3) Amoeba 4) Acetabuiaria 1) nutrition 2) growth
3) movement 4) respiration
4. Nucleus was discovered by
1) Robert Hooke 2) Robert Brown 14. First living cells were observed by
1)A N. Leeuwenhoek 2) Robert Hooke
3) Virchow 4) Schleiden
3) R. Virchow 4) Robert Brown
5. Which of the following is known as 15. Cell arise from pre - existing cell was
"physical basis of life " ? stated by
1) gene 2) protoplasm 1) Haeckel 2) Virchow
3) nucleolus 4) mitochondria 3) Hooke 4) Schleiden
5. Cell theory was given by 16. Potocytosis means
1) Schleiden and Schwann 1) Cell drinking 2) cell eating
2) Virchow 3) Hooke 3) 1 and 2 4) None
4) Haeckel

7. Phagocytosis means
1) cell drinking 2) cell eating
3) 1 and 2 4) None SYNOPSIS - 2

8. Amoeba acquires its 'food: through a

process termed as u Cell wall :- In plant cells, there occurs a
1) exocytosis 2) endocytosis, rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane.
3) plasmolysis It determines the shape of a plant cell and
4) exocytosis and endocytosis both prevent desiccation of cells. It is made up of a
fibrous polysaccharide (carbohydrate) called
9. The term 'cell' was given by,
1) Leeuwenhoek 2) Robert Hooke cellulose. The plant cell wall, thus, consists of
3) Fleming 4) Robert Brown tiny cellulose fibres called microfibrils, gluded
together by a mixture of polysaccharides.
16
u Functions of a cell wall : - It permits
the plant cell to become turgid.
u It provides mechanical strength to
support the cell. The cellulose microfibrils
are very strong. The strength may be further
Increased by the addition of lignin in tissues
such as xylem.
It is freely permeable to water and
substances in solution.
It has narrow pores, called pits, through
which fine strands of cytoplasm, called
plasmodesmata, are able to pass.
The cell walls of adjacent cell are glued
together by the middle lamella. Middle
lamella is a jelly like substance made up of
calcium and magnesium pectate.
Plasmolysis. When a living plant cell loses
water through osmosis, there is a shrinkage
or contracting of the protoplasm away from
the cell wall. This phenomenon is called
plasmolysis.
u Nucleus : - Nature and occurrence. The
nucleus is a large, centrally located spherical
cellular component. It is bounded by two
nuclear membranes, both forming a nuclear
envelope. Nuclear envelope encloses a space
between two nuclear membranes and is
connected a system of membranes called the
ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
17
The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus
from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope
contains many pores (the nuclear pores) and
encloses the liquid ground substance, the
nucleoplasm. Within nucleoplasm two types
of nuclear structures are embedded - the
nucleoplasm and chromatin material. The
nucleolus may be one or more in number
and is not bounded by any membrane. It is
rich in protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
molecules and acts as the site for ribosome
formation. Nucleolus is known as factory of
ribosomes. Ribosomes are helpful in protein
synthesis in the cytoplasm.
u Structure of Chromosomes :
Chromosomes are thread - like structures
usually present in the nucleus that become
visible only during cell division (mitosis and
meiosis) Chromosomes contain hereditary
information of the cell in the form of genes
(hereditary units) Each chromosome is made
up to two components.
DNA is the most important componentof
chromosome.
Most chromosomes consist of two arms that
extend out from a specialised region of
DNA, called the centromere (meaning
"middle body"). Centromere or primary
constriction gives a particular shape to
chromosomes due to it's position. The
chromosome extremities or terminal regions
on either side are called telomeres. Two
copies of a chromosome are attached to the
common centromere, they are called sister
chromatids.
In human beings there are 46 chromosomes
(44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes) in
each body (or somatic) cell.
 The paired condition of chromosomes is
known as diploid and a cell which has the
full number of chromosomes (i.e., two of
each kind) is called diploid cell. Body cells
in human beings are diploid.
A set comprising of unpaired chromosomes
of each kind is said to be haploid and a cell
which has half the number of chromosomes
(one °reach kind) is called a haploid cell.
The gametes in human beings are haploid.
Diploid state of organisms is originated
during process of fertilization of sexual
reproduction.
u Functions : - The nucleus controls all
metabolic activities of the cell. If the
nucleus is removed from a cell, the
protoplasm ultimately dries up and dies. It
regulates the cell cycle. It is concerned with
the transmission of hereditary from the
parent to offspring.
u Cytoplasm : - Nature and occurrence.
The part of the cell which occurs between
the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
is called the cytoplasm. The inner granular
mass of the cytoplasm is often called
\endoplasm, while the outer, clearer (gldssy)
layer is called cell cortex or ectoplasni.
Cytoplasm consists of an aqueous ground
substance, the cytosol, containing a vaTiety
of cell organelles and other inclusiont!, such
as insoluble waste and storage products
(starch, glycogen, lipid, etc.). It is the
soluble part of cytoplasm. It forms the
ground substance or "background material"
of the cytoplasm and is located between the
cell organelles. Cytosol contains a system of
protein fibres called cytoskeleton.
18
u Cell organelles : - A cell has to perform
different functions with the help of its
various membrane - bound organelles
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER),
Photosynthesis of food (e.g., glucose, starch)
by chloroplasts. It has to digest cell
products. e.g., enzymes, hormones, mucus,
etc,. It has to digest those substances which
are taken up by the cell during endocytosis.
Such intracellular digestion is done by
enzymes of Iysosome.
It has to generate energy, e.g., synthesis of
energy - rich ATP (adenosine tri phosphate)
by mitochondria. Cell organelle are "small
organs" of the cell and are found embedded
in the cytosol. They form living part of the
cell and each of there has definite shape,
structure, and function.
Example of they form living part of the cell
and each of them has a definite shape.
structure, and function.
u Endoplasmic reticulum : - It was first
noticed by porter, Claude and Fullarn
(1945). The term ER was coined by K.R
porter (1953). Inside the cell there exists a
membranous network enclosing a fluid -
filled lumen which almost fills up the
intracellular cavity It is called endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) ER occurs in three forms
cisternae (i.e., closed, fluid - filled sacs),
vesicles and tubules. It is of two types
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with
ribosomes attached on its surface for
synthesizing proteins
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
which is without ribosomes and is meant for
secreting lipids.
Functions : - eukaryotic cells (except mammalian RBC).
1. If forms supporting skeletal framework of u Function : Ribosome play an important
the cell.
part in the synthesis of proteins.
2. ER provides a pathway for the
distribution of nuclear material from one
cell to the other.
3. Certain enzymes present in smooth ER LEVEL - 2
synthesize fats (lipids), steroids and
cholesterol. 1. Plasma membrane is
1) permeable 2) selective permeable
4. Rough ER is concerned with the transport 3) semipermeable 4) impermeable
of proteins which are syntehisised by
ribosomes on their surface. 2. Golgi apparatus is involved in synthesis of
1) new membranes
2) new membranes and lysosomes
3) cellulose 4) glucose

3. Intercellular connections in plant cells are

called
1) meddle lamella 2) microfibrils
3) matrix 4) plasmodesmata

4.Chromosomes are made up of

1) DNA 2) protein
3) DNA and protein 4) RNA
u Ribosomes : - Ribosomes were first
seen by Claude (1947). but they were first 5.The infoldings in mitochondria are known as
studied by Robinson and Brown (1953) in 1) cristae 2) matrix
plant cells and George Palade (1955) in 3) cisternae 4) grana
animals cells. The term ribosome was
6. The outer most covering of a plant cell is
coined by Paladae. They are also known as
1) Plasma membrane 2) cell wall
Palade granules. 3) vacuole membrane
Ribosomes are dense, spherical and granular 4) nuclear membrane
particles which occur freely in the matrix
(Cytosol or remain attached to the 7. Freely distributed sub units of golgi
endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Chemically, bodies are called
1) lysosomes 2) ribosomes
the major constituents of ribosomes are the 3) dictyosomes 4) both 1 and 2
Ribonulceic acid (RNA) and proteins.
Lipids are not present in ribosomes. 8. Each chromosome is made up of
Ribosomes are not bounded by a membrane. 1) DNA, proteins 2) DNA, lipids
They are present both in prokaryotic 3) DNA, fibres 4) None

19
9. Nucleolus is a seat of SYNOPSIS - 3
1) Protein synthesis 2) ribosome synthesis
3) enzyme synthesis 4) m RNA synthesis u Golgi appartus :- It was first discovered
by camello Golgi (1873) ii n the nerve cell
10. Rough ER contains of Owl. It is known as Lipochondria (or)
1) detoxification centres Idiosome (or) Dalton complex (or)
2) carbohydrate synthesizing machinery
3) ribosomes 4) lysosmes Baker's body. It is present in all eukary-otic
cells except mature sieve elements in plants,
11. Cell wall of plant cells is chiefly mature sperm cell and RBC in animals. In
composed of plants and lower invertebrates it is also
1) hemicellulose 2) cellulose called as dictyosome. A single dictyosome is
3) phospholipids 4) proteins found in the cells of Micromonas where as
the rhizoidal cells of Chara has 25,000
12. Lipid molecules in the cell are
dictyosome. Consists of set of membrane-
synthesized by
bounded, fluid - filled vesicles, vacuoles and
1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum flattened cistemae (closed sacs.) Cisternae
3) Golgi apparatus 4) plastids are usually stacked together (placed on
above the animal cells. However, the plant
13. A set of unpaired chromosomes of each cells contian many freely distributed
kind of cell is called subunits of Glogi apparatus, called
1) diploid 2) haploid dictyosomes. Cisternae are formed at one
3) tripliod 4) 2 and 3 end of the stack, called trans face of Golgi.
Golgi apparatus is absent in bacteria, blue -
14.Ribosomes are made up of
1) lipoprotein 2) RNA green algae, mature sperms and red blood
3) Protein 4) both b and c cells of mammals and other animals. The
Golgi apparatus arises from the membrane
15. Cell wall in plant cells is made of of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
1) starch 2) glycogen Which in turn originates from the rough
3) cellulose 4) chitin endoplasmic reticulum.
16. The functions of both SER and RER u Functions :
1) Protein synthesis The main function of the Golgi apparatus is
2) lipid synthesis secretary.
3) protein and lipid synthesis It produces vaculoes or secretory vesicles
4) All the above which contain cellular secretions, e.g.,
enzymes, proteins, cellulose, melanin
pigment, lactoprotein of milk, etc., Golgi
apparatus is also involved in the synthesis of
cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosomes.
u Lysosomes :- It was observed by
Christain de Duve
20
Lysosomes are simple tiny spherical sac -
like structures evenly distributed in the
cytoplasm. Each lysosome is a small vesicle
surrounded by a single membrane and
contain powerful enzymes. These enzymes
are capable of digesting or breaking down
all organic materials. Lysosomal enzymes
are made by RER.
u Functions : - Lysosomes serve as
intracellular digestive system, hence, called
digestive bags. they destroy any foreign
material which enter the cell such as bacteria
and virus. In this way they protect the cells
batcerial infection.
Lysomes also remove the worn out and
poorly working cellular organelles by
digesting them to make way for their new
replacements. In this way, they remove the
cell debris and are also known as demolition
squads, scavengers and cellular
hosuekeepers. Thus, lysosomes form a kind
of garbage disposal system of the cell.
During breakdown of cell structure, when
the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst
and the ezymes eat up their own cells.
Therefore, lysosomes are also known as
suicidal bags of a cell.
u The mitochondria :They were first
discovered by Kolliker (1850) in muscle
cells. Altman (1856) named them as
bioplasts. The term mitochondrion was
coined by Benda (1857). (singular
:mitochondrion) are tiny bodies of varying
shapes (cylindrical, rodshaped, spherical)
and size (0.2 mm to 2 mm), distributed in
the cytoplasm. Each mitochondrion is
bounded by a double membrane envelope.
Outer membrane is porous. The inner
21
membrane is thrown into folds and,
therefore, have an area several times the
surface of area of the outer membrane These
folds are called cristae and arc studded
(dotted) with small rounded bodies known
as F1 particles or oxysomes. Circular DNA
molecule and phosphate granules.
Mitochondria are absent in bacteria and the
red blood cells of mammals.
MITOCHONDRIA
u Functions :- Mitochondria are sites of
cellular respiration. They use Mitochondria
are sites of cellular respiration. They use,
carbohydrates and fats (lipids) present in the
cell to carbon dioxide and water vapour.
Oxidation releases energy, a portion of
which is used to form ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). Since the mitochondria
synthesize energy-rich compounds (ATP),
they are known as 'power house' of the cell.
The energy stored in ATP is by the cell.
ATP stands for the organic compound
adenosine triphosphate. ATP is generally
known as energy carrier or energy
currency of the cell. The body of an
organism uses the energy stored in ATP for
1. synthesis of chemical compounds
(DNA replication, transcription of RNAs,
and synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates
"and 2. Mechanical works (contraction of
muscles).
Mitochondria are able to make sonic or their
own proteins; so, they are regarded as
semiautonomous' organelles.
u Plastids : Nature and occurrence :
Plastids occur in most plant cells and are
absent in animal cell. Like the mitochondria,
the plastids also have their own genome
(i.e., DNA) and ribosomes. They are sell-
replicating organelles like the mitochondria,
i.e., they have the power to divide. Plastids
are of following three types
1. Chromoplasts Coloured plastids (except
green colour)
2. Chloroplasts : Green coloured plastids.
3. Leucoplasts : The colourless plastids.
u Chloroplasts : - The term plastid was
used by Haeckel. Plastid precursors are
called proplastids.
Nature and occurrence : chloroplasts are
present in green algae and higher plants.
They have a green pigment called
chlorophyll and they are involved in the
photosynthesis of food. Chloroplasts arc the
"kitchens of the cells". Each chloroplast is
bounded by two unit membranes like the
mitochondria. It shows two distinct regions.
1. Gram are stacks of membrane bounded,
flattened discoid sacs (called thylakoids)
containing. The molecules of chlorophyll.
They are the main functional units of
chloroplast. 2. Stroma is the homogeneous
matrix in which grana are embedded.
Stroma contains a variety of photosynthetic
enzymes, starch grains, DNA and
ribosomes.
22
Granum is the site of light reaction during
photosynthesis, while stroma is the site o f
dark reaction during photosynthesis.
u Function : -
Plastids perform the following functions :
1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy and utilises
it to manufacture food for the plant.
2. Chromplasts impart various colours to
flowers to attract insects for pollination.
3. Leucoplasts store food in form of
carbohydrates (starch), fats and protein.
u Vacuoles :- Nature and occurrence.
Vacuoles are fluid - filled or solid - filled and
membrane - bounded spaces. They are a
kind of storage sacs. They store water,
glycogen and proteins.
The vacuole, is bounded by a membrane,
called tonoplast. The vacuole is filled with
cell sap which is a watery solution rich in
sugars, amino acids, proteins, minerals and
metabolic wastes (such as anthocyanins,
alkaloids).
Functions : - vacuoles help to maintain 3,
the osmotic pressure in a cell
(osmoregulation) They store toxic metabolic
by - products or end products of plant cells.
They provide turgidity and rigidity to the 4. Colourless plastids are known as
plant cells. 1) leucoplasts 2) chromoplasts
3) chloroplasts 4) none of the above
u Peroxisomes :- They were first
discovered by J. Rhodin (1954) in the cells 5. Which of the following are covered by a
of mouse kidney. The term peroxysome was single membrane ?
coined by Baudhiun and de Duve. 1) mitochondria 2) vacuole
Peroxisomes are small (0.3 to 1.5) mm in 3) nucleus 4) plastid
diameter) and spherical organelles 6. kitchen of the cell is
containing powerful oxidative enzymes. 1) mitochondrion 2) chloroplast
They are bounded by a single membrane, 3) endoplasmic reticulum
Peroxisomes are mostly core is visible by 4) Golgi apparatus
electron microscope in the centre of
peroxisomes. This crystalline core is a 7. ______is the site of light reaction during
crystallized protein, called catalyse enzyme. photosynthesis
1) Granum 2) Stroma
u Centrosome : - Centrosome is found 3) Granum and Stroma 4) both 2 and 3
only in the animals cells. It is not bounded
8. protein storing plastid is
by any membrane but consists of two . 1) aleuroplast 2) amyloplast
granule like centroles. In plant cells, the 3) elaioplast 4) both a and c
polar caps perform the function of
centrioles. 9. Mitochondria are seats of
1) aerobic respiration
u Functions : centrosome helps in cell 2) Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration
division in animal cells. 3) glycolysis of aerobic respiration
4) anaerobic respiration

10. Contractile vacuoles take part in

1) absorption of water from outside
LEVEL - 3 2) osmoregulation 3) excretion
4) both 2 and 3
1. Seat of photosynthesis is
1) leucoplast 2) chloroplast 11. Mitochondria are the seat of
3) chromoplast 4) both a and c 1) Anaerobic respiration
2) Trapping of sunlight
2. Lysosomes are also called 3) Trapping water 4) None of these
1) suicide bags 2) digestive bags
3) demolition squads 4) all the above 12. Kitchen of the cell is
1) mitochondrion
3.Centrosome occurs in 2) chloroplast
1) plant cells 2) animal cells 3) endoplasmic reticulum
3) animal cells and some lower plant cells 4) Golgi apparatus
4) all the above

23
13. Chlorophyll is present in 3) Nutrition 4) Transport
1) matrix 2) stroma
3) cristae 4) thylakoid 8. Who observed cell division for the time
1) Rudolf Virchow 2) Robert Hooke
14. Mitochondria are regarded as 3) Hugodevries 4) Robert Brown
1) semi autonomous
2) non semi autonomous 9. Proteins are formed in
3) 1 and 2 4) None 1) Golgi bodies 2) Nucleus
3)Plastids 4) Ribosomes
15. Which of the following is incorrect pair ?
1) Chloroplast - kitchen of the cell 10. The plastids which are coloured green
2) mitochondria - power house of the cell and colourless are known respectively as
3) lysosome - secretary granules 1) Chromoplasts, chloroplasts, Leucoplasts
4) nucleus - brain of the cell 2) Leucoplasts, Chrommoplasts, Chloroplasts
3) Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts, Chloroplasts
4) None of these
REVISION EXCERCISE
11. The outer most covering of animals cell is
1. Cell membrane or plasma membrane is 1) cell wall
2) plasma membrane
made up of
3) Nuclear membrane
1) Lipids 2) proteins
4) Nucleolar envelop
3) Both 1&2 4) Cellulose
12. Identify the selectively permeable
2. Cell wall is present in
1) Animals 2) Humans membrane
3) Plants 4) Zooplanktons 1) Cell wall 2) Cell membrane
3) Tonoplast 4) Nuclear membrane .
3. It acts as cells control room
1) Cell membrane 2) Nucleus 13. Nucleus was discovered by
3) Mitochondria 4) Nucleolus 1) Schwann 2) Robert Brown
3) Robert Hooke 4) Leeuwen hoek
4. Identify the prokaryotic cell
1) Bacterium 2) Cyanobacteria 14. This part of the cell bears genetic
3) paramoecium 4) Both 1 & 2 information
1) Nucleus 2) Nucleolus
5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in 3) Ribosomes 4) Golgi complex
the manufacture of
1) Proteins 2) Lipids 15. This participates in intracellular
3) Carbohydrates 4) Vitamins transport
1) Endoplasmic reticulum 2) Lysosomes
6. Suicidal bags of the cell is 3) Golgi complex 4) Ribosomes
1) Lysosome 2) Ribosomes
3) Nucleosome 4) Golgi complex 16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum helps in
the manufacture of
7. The primary function of chloroplasts is 1) Lipids 2) Carbohydrates
1) Respiration 2) Photosynthesis 3) Proteins 4) Vitamins
24
17. The power house of the cell are 19. The fluid inside the nucleus is known as
1) Lysosomes 2) Mitochondria 1) Nucleoplasm 2) Cytoplasm
3) Ribosomes 4) Vacuole 3) Protoplasm 4) Germplasm

18. Cell theory was proposed by 20.Functional segments of DNA are called
1) Schleiden 2) Schwann 1) RNA 2) Ribosomes
3) Both 1 & 2 4) Rudolf Virchow 3) Chromosomes 4) Genes

3 TISSUES

SYNOPSIS - 1

Ÿ Tissues are group or cells similar in structure that work together to perform a partic ul ar
function.

Ÿ The term tissue was coined by Bichat 1792. Study of tissues is called histology (GK.
histos = tissue; logos = study ;)

Ÿ Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771 - 1802) was a French anatomist and pathologist,
the father of histology.

Ÿ Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694) is considered as founder of histology.

Ÿ The term histology was coined by Mayer in 1819.

Ÿ Agroup of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function
forms a tissue. All cells of a tissue have common origin.

Ÿ based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as
meristematic and permanent tissues.

25
 Classification of plant Tissues
Plant Tissue

1. Meristematic tiuuse 2. Permanent tissue

(Cells are capable of cell division (Mature cells incapable
and have totipotency) of cell division)

Apical Lateral Intercalary

(Tips of (Below bark, (Internodes
root and Cambium, in of stem)
stem) dicot roots
and stems)

Simple Complex
(Protective and supporting) (Tissue composed of more
(Tissues composed of single type of cells) than one type of cells)

Phloem Xylem
1. Sieve tube 1. Xylem Vessels
2. Companion cells 2. Tracheids

Ÿ Cells of meristems divide continuously and help in increasing the length and of the plant
Ÿ 1.The meristematic cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape.

Ÿ 2. The meristematic cells are compactly arranged and do not contain any intercellular spa
between them.

u Occurrence : Growth tissues and arc found in the growing regions of the plant.

u 1.Apical meristems : These are situated at the growing tip of stems and roots, i.e., at
shoot apex and root apex. Apical meristems are also found at a pieces of the leaves.

u 2. Lateral meristems : These are found beneath the bark (called cork cambium) and in
vascular bundles of dicot roots and stems (called vascular cambium). They occur thin
layers. Cambium is the region which is responsible for growth in thickness.

u 3. Intercalary meristems : They are located at the base of leaves or internodes, e.g.,
sterns of grasses and other monocots. Such tissues also occur below the nodes
(e.g., mint ) Functions : -
26
u Apical meristem : It brings about the
elongation of the root and stem. It results in
an increase in the height of the plant, which
is called primary growth.
Apical Meristem (i)
Intercalary Meristem (ii)
Lateral Meristem (i)
u Lateral meristem : It causes the organ
(stern or root) to increase in diameter and
girth. This is called secondary growth.
u Intercalary meristem : It produces in
increase in the length of an organ such as
leaves and internodes.
u Permanent tissues : The developmental
process by which cells derived from
meristematic tissue, take up a permanent
shape, size and function is called
differentiation. In this way, cells of
meristematic tissue differentiate to form
cells of permanent tissues.
u Simple permanent tissues: These
tissues are composed of cells which are
structurally and functionally similar.
u Nature: Parenchyma (Gr., para =
beside; enchyma = in - filling) forms the
bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma cells are
living and possess the power of division.
The cells are rounded or iso diametric, i.e.,
equally expanded on all sides .
27
The parenchymatous cells are oval, round,
polygonal or elongated in shape.
u Occurrence : Plant bodies such as stem,
roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Thus, the
parenchyma is found in the soft parts of the
plant such as cortex of roots, ground tissues
in stems and mesophyll of leaves. It is also
distributed in pith, medullary rays and
packing tissue in xylem and phloem.
u Functions :
1. Parenchyma serves as a packing tissue, to
fill the spaces between other tissues and
maintain the shape and firmness of the plant
due to its turgid cells.
2 . Parenchyma serves as food storage
tissue, e.g., starch (present in amyloplasts)
in the parenchyma of cortex of potato tuber.
3. Transport of materials occurs through
cells or cell walls of parenchyma cells.
4. Parenchyma cells are metabolically
active; their intercellular air spaces allow
gaseous exchange.
5. parenchymatous tissue stores waste
products of plants such as tannin, gum,
crystals, resins or inorganic waste, etc.
6. If chloroplast is present , the parenchyma
tissue is called chlorenchyma and it
performs photosynthesis, et., the mesophyll
of leaves.
7. In hydrophytes (aquatic plants ) such as
water hyacinth, Hydrilla large air cavities
are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy
to the plants. Such a type of parenchyma is
called aerenchyma.
8. In xerophytes (arid plants ), e.g.,
succulents (plants having fleshy parts )
parenchyma acts as a water storage tissue.
 LEVEL - 1 (I) 11. Lignified walls
1) If the cell walls are made of lignin
2) If the cell walls are made of suberin
1. Parenchyma which contains chlorophyll 3) If the cell walls are made of keratin
is called : 4) 2 and 3
1) collenchyma 2) scelerenchyma
3) chlorenchyma 4) none of these 12. The meaning of the word desiccation
1) loss of water from plant body
2. Parenchyma : simple : Phloem : 2) loss of salts from plant body
1) simple 2) collenchyma 3) loss of nitrogen from plant body
3) complex 4) xylem 4) None

3. phloem is made of LEVEL - 1 (II)

1) sieve tubes 2) companion cells
3) both of these 4) none of these
13. Tissue that form outer covering are
4. Aerenchyma is present in called as
1) Hydrophytes 2) mesophytes 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Dermal tissue
3) Xero phytes 4) 2 and 3 3) Ground tissue 4) Vascular tissue

5. Which tissue plays a major role in photo- 14. Tissues that help in transport of
synthesis materials are called
1) collenchymas 2) parenchyma 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Dermal tissue
3) Arenchyma 4) Chlorenchyma 3) Ground tissue 4) Vascular tissue

6. The Natural openings of the leaves are ra 15. Dermal tissue forms.
1) Guard cells 2) stomata 1) Epidermis 2) Mesodermis
3) mesophyl 4) Both 1 and 3 3) Endodermis 4) All of these

7. A group of cells alike in form, function 16. Stomata are enclosed by two kidney
and origin are called shoped cells called ___________.
1) tissue 2) organ 1) Secretory cells 2) Guard cells
3) organelle 4) none of these 3) Wand cells 4) parenchymatous cells

8. Parenchyma is a type of 17. Stomata and root hair helps in

1) complex tissue 2) simple tissue 1) Exchange of gases
3) xylem 4) phloem 2) Transpiration
3) Absorption water and mineral salts.
9. Xylem is made of 4) All the above
1) tracheids 2) vessels
3) both 1 & 2 4) none of these 18. In Rosewood xylem carries water upto a
height of
10. The term tissue was given by 1) 220 ft 2) 230 ft
1) Robert Hooke 2) Mayer 3) 330 ft 4) 430ft.
3) Bichat 4) Leeuwenhoek

28
19. Meristematic tissues are present in SYNOPSIS - 2
growing tips of
1) Root 2) Shoot
3) Both 1 & 2 4) Lateral parts of stem u Collenchyma :

Nature : Collenchyma (Gr., Kolla - glue)

20. Tissues that bring about overall growth
tissue also consists of living cells. It shows
and repair in plants are
many features of parenchyma, but is
1) Meristematic tissue 2) Dermal tissue
characterised by the deposition of extra
3) Ground tissue 4) Vascular tissue
cellulose at the corners ofthe cells. In
21. Tissues that form the bulk of the plant collenchyma, intercellular spaces are
body are called as generally absent. Collenchyma cells are
1) Meristematic tissue 2) Dermal tissue elongated in shape. They often contain a few
3) Ground tissue 4) Vascular tissue chloroplasts.

22.Meristematic tissues present at the

growing tip that bring about growth in
length
1) Apical meristem
2) Lateral meristem
3) Intercalary meristem
4) Cambium

23. Stomata are present in this layer

1) Epidermis 2) Mesodermis
3) Endodermis 4) All of these

24. Gum is secreted by

1) Dermal layer 2) Meristematic cells
3) Xylem 4) Phloem

25. The scientist who coined the term

u Occurrence : The cells of collenchyma
`parenchyma' for the part of the plant
1) Bichat 2) Nehemiah Grew are located below the epidermis (i.e.,
3) Robert Brown 4) Aristotle hypodermi s of dicotyledon stem and petiole
(leaf stalk ) (i.e., in outer region of cortex ) .
26.Paranchyma that contains chloro-plasts These cells also occur in the midribs of dicot
are called leaves. Collenchyma is absent in monocot
1) Chlorechyma 2) Aerenchyma stems, roots and leaves.
3) Storage tissue 4) Sclerechyma
Ÿ Collenchyma is a mechanical tissue in
young dicotyledonous stems and provides
mechanical support and elasticity. Thus,
collenchyma provides tensile strength with

29
flexibility to those organs in which it is found. The cells of collenchyma contain some
chloroplasts they manufacture sugar and starch.

u Selerenchyma : Sclerenchyma cells (Gr. sclerous - hard ) are dead cells and they are
devoid of protoplasm. The cells walls of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened of lignin Such
cell wall, walls are called lignified.

Ÿ The cells of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular spaces.

Ÿ A conspicuous middle lamella exists between two sclerenchymatous cells. Middle lamella
is a thin layer of cementing substance containing pectin, lignin and protein.
Ÿ Cells of sclere-nchyma are of two types : fibres and sclereids. Fibers consist of very long,
narrow thick and lignified cells.
Ÿ Fibers are usually pointed at both ends and are clustered into strands and look polygonal
in transverse section. sclereids called grit cells or stone cells.
Ÿ Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue. It is present in mesocarp of fruit of
cocounut (Nariyal ) and yield coir a well known fibre used for mats, cordage (ropes and
cords), brushes, etc.

Nucleus Thin peripheral

layer of cytoplasm

Round cell
Vacuole

Large central vacoule

Intercellular
space

Intercellular space
Thin primary Nucleus
cellulose wall

(a) Parenchyma in TS
(b) Parenchyma in L:

Lumen
Lignified secondary
wall thickening

Pil

( c ) Sclerenchyma in TS (d) Sclerenchyma in L :

u Functions : The sclerenchyma is mainly mechanical and protective in function. it gives

strength, rigidity; flexibility and elasticity to the plant body

u Protective tissue : Protective tissues include epidermis and cork (or phellem).

30
u Epidermis : The epidermis (Gr. epi = upon, derma = skin ) is usually present in the
outermost layer of the plant body such as leaves, flowers, stein and roots. Epidermis is
one cell thick and is covered with cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof layer of a waxy
substance called cutin which is secreted by epidermal cells. Cuticle possesses variable
thickness in plants , for instance it is more thicker in xerophytic (or desert) plant.

Ÿ The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation and infection.
Ÿ The aerial surfaces of many plant bear cutinised hair over their epidermis. They are called
trichomes . They reduce the rate of transpiration.
Ÿ In roots, the younger part are covered with un cutinised layer of epidermis called
epiblema. Some of the epiblema cells give rise to tubular outgrowths called root hairs.
Ÿ Secondary meristem, called phellogen or cork cambium replaces epidermis of stem.
Ÿ The walls of cork cells are heavily thickened with an organic substance (a fatty
substance), called suberin deposits
Ÿ Cork is protective function. Cork prevent desiccation (loss of water from plant cells
body), infection and mechanical injury.
Ÿ Commercial cork is obtained from the stem surface of cork oak tree (Quercus suber)
found in Southern Europe and North Africa.

31
u Skin shows upper and lower epidermis

Ÿ Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at some places due to the presence of small pores,
called stomata. Each stoma is bounded by a pair of specialised epidermal cells or two
kidney - shaped cells called guard cells. The concave sides of these guard cells face each
other and have a space forming stomata! opening. Guard cells are the only epidermal cells
which contain chloroplasts, the rest being colorless.
Ÿ The stoma allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration.
During transpiration too, water vapour also escapes through stomata
Ÿ Photosynthesis takes place during day time (in light). But respiration occurs both in the
day and night time.

LEVEL - 2 (I)

1. Which of the following components of

xylem is living 6. Which of the following is not an example
1) tracheids 2) vessels of simple tissue in plants ?
3) xylem parenchyma 1) parenchyma 2) collenchyma
4) xylem sclerenchyma 3) xylem 4) sclerenchyma

2. Which type of tissue forms the inner 7. Which of the following tissues are
lining of a blood vessel ? composed of mainly dead cells ?
1) epithelial 2) connective 1) phloem 2) epidermis
3) nervous 4) muscle 3) xylem 4) endodermis

3. Husk of coconut is made of 8.The covering tissue of external and

1) Sclerenchymatous tissue internal surfaces of animals is :
2) Parenchyma 1) connective 2) muscular
3) Collenchyma 3) nervous 4) epithelial
4) Chlorenchyma
9. Cartilage is not found in
4. Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at 1) nose 2) ear
some places due to the presence of 3) kidney 4) larynx
1) guard cells 2) stomata
3) None 4) 1 and 3 10. Mechanical tissue
1) collenchymas
5. Identify the vascular tissues among the 2) parenchyma
following ? 3) Arenchyma
1) Xylem 2) phloem 4) None
3) Cork 4) both 1 and 2
32
 LEVEL - 2 (II) 1) Stomata 2) Xylem
3) Both 1 and 2 4) Neither 1 nor 2

11.tissue forms new cells in plants. 21. _______tissues prevent loss of water in
1) Meristematic 2) Permanent plants
3) Simple 4) None of the above 1) Protective 2) Xylem
3) Phloem 4) All of the above
12. Collenchyma mainly forms
1) Hypodermis 2) Epidermis 22. .Phloem in the plants perform the
3) Phloem 4) Inner cortex function of
13. The group of cells which are similar in 1) Conduction of food
origin and function are called 2) Conduction of water
1) Organs 2) Tissues 3) Providing support 4) Photosynthesis
3) Organ systems 4) Both 1 & 2 23. The tissues in plants made up of only
14. The 'Cell wall' of Collenchyma is made one type of cells are called tissues.
up of 1) Simple 2) Temporary
1) Cellulose 2) Pectin 3) Complex 4) Permanent
3) Lignin 4) Both 1 & 2
24. Which of the following arc the simple
15. Which of the following are Mechanical tissues ?
tissues? 1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma
1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma 3) Sclerenchyma 4) All of these
3) Sclerenchyma 4) Both 2 & 3
25.Which of the followinng are Complex
16. Water storage tissue is present in tissues ?
1) Tubers 2) Rhizomes l) Xylem 2) Phloem
3) Xerophytes 4) All of these 3) Sclerenchyma 4) Both 1 & 2
17. Which of the following are conductive
26. The tissue that gives flexibility and
tissues ?
tensile strength to the plants is .
1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma
1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma
3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3
3) Sclerenchyma 4) All of these
18. Which of the following tissue conducts
food materials from leaves to other parts of 27. Which of the following tissue conducts
the plant ? water and minerals in plants ?
1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma 1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma
3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3 3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3

19.Which of the following are Phloem 28. Which of the following are Xylem
elements ? elements
1) Sieve tubes 2) Sieve plates 1) Fibres 2) Tracheids 3) Vessels
3) Companion cells 4) All of these 4) All of these

20.Transpiration and exchange of gases are 29. Phloem is also called

1) Bast 2) Leptome 3) Lignin 4) Both 1 & 2
functions of
33
 SYNOPSIS - 3
u Complex permanent tissues : Complex
tissues transport water, mineral salts
(nutrients) and food material to various parts
of plant body complex tissues are of
following two types
Ÿ 1. Xylem or wood 2. Phloem or bast
Ÿ Xylem and phloem are both conduction
tissues and also known as vascular tissues
; together both of them constitute
vascular bundles.
u 1. Xylem :
Nature. Xylem (Gr. xylos = wood ) is a
vascular and mechanical tissue. it is a
conducting tissue. Xylem is composed of
cells (called elements ) of four different
types : 1. Tracheids : 2. Vessels or tracheae;
3. Xylem parenchyma and 4. Xylem
sclerenchyma (or fibre ). Except xylem
parenchyma, all other xylem elements are
dead and bounded by thick lignified walls
Of these four types of cells of xylem, most
important cells are vessels. Vessels. Vessels
are shorter and wider than tracheids vassels
are very long tube - like structures formed
by a row of cells placed end to end.
Tracheids are elongated a Cells with
tapering ends. They also conduct water.
Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in
lateral conduction of water.
u Functions : 1. The main function of
xylem is to carry water and mineral salt
34
upward from the root to different parts of
shoots.
u 2. Phloem :
Nature : Like xylem, phloem (Gk. phloos =
bark) contains tubes . 1. Sieve tubes 2.
companion cells ; 3. phloem parenchyma
and 4. phloem fibres . Except for phloem
fibres, phloem cells are living cells.
u 1. Sieve tubes : Sieve tubes are slender,
tube - like structures composed of elongated
thin - walled cells, placed end to end. Their
end walls are perforated by numerous pores
and arc called sieve plates.
u 2. Companion cells : Generally
associated with the sieve tube is a small thin
walled cell containing dense and very active
cytoplasm and large elongated nucleus. It is
called a companion cell and it is connected
to the sieve tube with numerous
plasmodesmata
u 3. Phloem parenchyma : These are thin
- walled, living cells of parenchyma of,
phloem. They have two functions, storage
and slow lateral conduction of food
u Phloem fibers or bast fibers : These are
thick - walled, elongated spindle - shaped
dead cells which possess narrow lumen.
They provide mechanical strength to the
tissue. Bast fibres obtained from some plants
such as jute, hemp, flex has commercial or
economic value
u Functions : Phloem transport(conducts ) photo synthetically prepared food materials
from the leaves to the storage organs and later from storage organs to the growing regions of
the plant body.

u ANIMAL TISSUES :

Ÿ So , why do cells need oxygen ? Mitochondria present in each and every cell of our body,
utilizes oxygen tyo generate energy in the form of ATP molecules. These ATP molecules
provide energy for all sorts of activities performed by our body cells.
Ÿ Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It flows and connects different parts of body. it carries
oxygen and rood to all cells and in return collects metabolic wastes (e.g., carbon dioxide )
from them.
Ÿ Thus , muscles and blood, both are examples of tissues'found in our body. On the basis of
the functions they perform in the body of multicellular animals, the animal tissues are
classified as 1. Epithelial tissue ; 2. Muscle or muscular tissue ; 3. Connective tissue
and 4. Nervous tissue. Muscle forms the muscular tissue and blood is a type of
connective tissue.
Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial 2. Muscular 3. Connective 4. Nervous

1. Squamous
3. Columnar 4. Ciliated
1. Straited 3. Cardiac
and Glandular

2. Cubiodal

1. Aerolar 2. Adipose 3. Skelatal 4. Fluid

1. Tendon 2. Ligament 1. Cartilage 2. Bone

1. Blood 2. Lymph

u 1. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

Epithelial tissue is the simplest tissue. It is the protective tissue of the animal body (as
epidermis of plants). The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and they form a continuous
sheet. The tissue covers most organs and cavities within the body. The skin and lining of
buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli (of lungs) and kidney tubules are made of epithelial
tissue. Epithelial cells lie on a delicate non - cellular basement membrane which contains a
special form of matrix protein, called collagen.
Epithelial tissue may be simple, i.e., composed of a single layer of cells, or stratified, i.e.,
made up of several layers of cells.
35
u Functions :
1.The cells of the body surface (i.e,
epidermis ) form the outer layer of skin .
These cells protect the underlying cells from
drying, injury, and chemical effects. They
also protect the body from viral or bacterial
infection.
2. Inside the body, epithelial cells form
lining of mouth and alimentary canal and
protect these organs.
3.Epithelial tissues help in absorption of
water and nutrients .
u Types of epithelial tissue :
i) Squamous epithelium; ii) Cuboidal
epithelium ; iii) Columnar epithelium ;
iv) Glandular epithelium ; v) Ciliated
epithelium
u Squamous Epithelium :
Nature : Squamous epithelium is made up
of thin, flat, irregular - shaped cells which fit
together like floor tiles to form a compact
tissue . Squamous epithelium is also known
as tesselated and pavement epithelium
Ÿ It forms the delicate lining of cavities
(mouth, oesophagus, nose, pericardium,
alveoli, etc. ) and of blood vessels and
covering of the tongue and skin.
Ÿ This epithelium protects the underlying
parts of body from mechanical injury,
entry of germs chemicals and drying.
36
u Stratified Keratinized Squamous :
Epicthelium : This is found in skin and
covers the external dry surface of the skin .
Cells of this tissue are arranged in many
layers. Deeer layers of the tissue have
cuboidal cells which become polygonal and
finally p flattened (squamous ) towards the
free surface. Layer contain a fibrous protein,
the keratin and become dead
u Cuboidal Epithelium :
Nature : : It consists of cube - like (cubical)
cells which are square in section but the free
surface appear hexagonal.
u Occurrence : The Cuboidal epithelium
is found in kidney tubules, thyroid, vesicles
and in glands salivary glands; sweat glands
and exocrine pancreas ). It forms germinal
epithelium of gonads (testes and ovaries ).
u Functions : It helps in absorption,
excretion and secretion. It also provides
mechanical support.
u Columnar Epithelium :
Nature : The columnar epithelium consists
of cells which are taller than broader (i.e.,
pillar - like ). The nuclei are towards the
base and sometimes the free ends of cells
have a brush border contains microvilli.
u Occurrence : It forms the lining of
stomach, small intestine and colon,
forming mucous membrane.
u Glandular Epithelium : The columnar
epithelium is often modified to form
glands which secrete chemicals.
u Ciliated Epithelium :
Nature : Certain cuboidal or columnar
cells have a free border which bear thread
like cytoplasmic outgrowths, called cilia
such cells from the ciliated epithelium.
u Occurrence : Ciliated ctiboidal
epithelium is found in the sperm ducts, The
ciliated columnar epithelium lines the
trachea (wind - pipe), bronchi (lungs),
kidney tubules and oviducts (1.allopian
tubes).
u Muscle Tissues (or Muscular Tissues)
: The muscle tissues or muscles of the body
form the contractile tissue and are made of
muscle cells. Muscle cells are elongated and
large - sized, so they are also called muscle
fibers. The movements of the; body or limbs
are brought about by contraction and the
relaxation of contractile proteins which are
present in muscle cells. The movements of
the internal organs such as heart and
alimentary canal, are caused by muscle
tissues.
Ÿ On the basis of their location structure
and function, there are following three types
of muscle fibers i) Striated muscles ; ii)
Smooth muscles ; iii) Cardiac muscles
u Striated muscles :
Nature : Striated muscles are also known
as striped, skeletal or voluntary muscles.
Since the entire muscle fibers show alternate
dark and light stripes (striations or bands ),
they are called striped muscles. Since they
are attached to the bones and are responsible
for body movements they are called skeletal
muscles. And lastly since these muscles
37
work according to our will, they are also
called voluntary muscles.
Ÿ The striated muscle fibres (cells) are long
or elongated, non - tapering, cylindrical
and un branched these cells have a
number of nuclei (1,e,, each muscle cell
is multinuclealed). Each muscle cell is
en- closed in a thin but distinct plasma
membrane, called sarcolemma,
Ÿ Its nuclei are peripheral in position, i e,
nuclei are located just beneath the
sarcolemma, In the sarcoplasm
(cytoplasm) of the muscle cell are
embedded large number of contractile
elements , called sarcostyles or
myofibrils.
u Occurrence : Striated muscles occur in
the muscles of limbs (e.g. biceps and
triceps or arms), body wall, face, neck
etc. striated muscles present in tongue,
pharynx , diaphragm and upper part of
oesophagus are called visceral striated
muscles
u Functions :
Ÿ 1.Striated muscles arc powerful and
undergo rapid contraction. These muscles
can get tired and may need rest.
Ÿ 2. striated muscles provide the force for
locomotion and all other voluntary
movements of the body.
LEVEL - 3
1. Identify the xylem element
1) Trachieds 2) Sieve cells
3) Sieve tubes 4) Companion cells
2. The flexibility in plants in due to a tissue 12. Phloem consists of
called 1) Sieve cells, Sieve tubes
1) Paranchyma 2) Sclerechyma 2) Phloem parenchyma
3) Collenchyma 4) Aerenchyma 3) Companion cells
4) All of these
3.The girth of the stem or root increases due to
1) Apical meristem
2) Lateral meristem
3) Inter calary meristem SYNOPSIS - 4
4) All of these
u Smooth Muscles :
4. Sieve tubes and companion cells are
Nature : Smooth muscles are also known
present in
1) Xylem 2) Phloem as un striated, visceral or involuntary
3) Bark 4) Cambium muscles. Smooth muscles occur as bundles
or sheets of elongated fusiform or spindle -
5. Xylem contains shaped (pointed at both ends) cells or fibers.
1) Trachieds, vessels 2) Xylem fibres These are held together by loose connective
3) Xylem parenchyma 4) All of these tissue. Each muscle cell is enclosed in a
plasma membrane . There is a single
6. Voluntary muscles are found in
1) alimentary canal 2) limbs centrally located cigar - shaped nucleus in
3) iris of the eye 4) bronchi of lungs the centre of the cytoplasm or sarco plasm
(uninucleate cell) Delicate, contractile
7. Parenchyma is a type of threads called myofibrils run longitudinally
1) Complex tissue 2) Simple tissue through out the cell. These fibrils do not
3) Xylem 4) Phloem bear any bands. stripes or striations across
8. Identify the phloem element the muscle hence, called smooth or un
1) Trachieds 2) Vessels striated muscles.
3) Sieve cells 4) Xylem fibres u Occurrence : Smooth muscles are
found in the wall of alimentary canal
9. The cells of Bark are dead and have a
and internal organs, ducts of glands,
chemical in their walls that makes them
urogenital ducts and blood vessels.
impervious to gases and water. the chemical
Smooth muscles are found in stomach,
is
intestine, ureter, bronchi, iris of eye, etc.
1) Suberin 2) Lignin
3) Wax 4) Cutin Ÿ 1. Smooth muscles cause the
characteristic peristaltic movements in
10. Xylem and phloem are examples of the tubes. Periastaltic movements are the
1) Dermal tissue 2) Simple tissue
rhythmic progressive waves of muscular
3) Complex tissue 4) Permanent tissue
contraction and relaxation. Such wave -
11. Identify the vascular tissues like peristaltic movements occur in the
1) Xylem 2) Phloem gastro intestinal tract and male genital
3) Both 1 & 2 4) Sclerechyma tract.
38
u Cardiac Muscles :
Nature : Cardiac muscles show
characteristics of both smooth and striated
muscles. Cardiac muscles are composed of
branched fibres and the branches join to
form a network.
Ÿ The cardiac muscles occur in the heart
(i.e., in the walls of heart)
Ÿ 1. Cardiac muscles contract and relax
rapidly, rhythmically and tirelessly
throughout a life time. They contract
endlessly from early embryonic stage
until death.
u Connective Tissue : The tissues can
connect bones to each other, muscles to
bones, bind tissues and can also give
support to various parts of body by
creating a packing around organs. The
main functions of connective tissue are
binding, supporting, and packing
Ÿ The cells of connective tissue are living .
A gel - like intercellular substance called
medium or matrix forms the main bulk
of the connective tissue.
u Macrophages : These may be free -
moving of fixed phagocytes (leucocytes
or WBCs) . They are involved in the
destruction and removal of invading
bacteria, foreign bodies and damaged
cells from tissues .
u Immunocytes : These include cells
such as lymphocytes and plasma cells
both producing antibodies for the
immune response.
u Aereolar or Loose Connective Tissue
: It joins skin to muscles, fills spaces
39
inside organs and is found around
muscles, blood, vessels and nerves.
Ÿ 1. It acts as a supporting and packing
tissue between organs lying in the body
cavity.
Ÿ 2. It helps in repair of tissues after an in
jury
u Dense Regular Connective Tissue : It
is the main component of tendons and
ligaments and aponeuroses.
u Tendons : Tendons arc cork - like ,
strong, inelastic, structures that join
skeletal muscles to bones. It consists of
parallel bundles of collagen fibres,
between which are present, rows of
fibroblasts (called tendinocytes)
u Ligaments : They are elastic structures
which connect bones to bones .
Ligaments strengthen the joint and
permit normal movement but prevent
over - flexing or over - extension, sprain
is caused by excessive pulling
(stretching) of ligaments.
u Aponeuroses : These are broad sheets of
dense, fibrous, collagenous connective
tissues that cover, invest and form the
terminations and attachments of various
muscles.
u Adipose Tissue : It is basically an
aggregation of fat cells or adipocytes.
The fat cells are arranged into lobules bones, lower ends ofribs and rings of trachea
separated by partitions of collagen and (wind pipe) It provides support and
elastin fibres. flexibility to the body parts. It smoothens
Ÿ It is present below the skin, between, the surface at joints.
internal organs (e.g,. around the kidneys) u Bone : Bone a very strong and non-
and in yellow bone marrow.
flexible tissue. Its matrix is made up of
Ÿ 1. Serves as a fat reservoir. proteins,
Ÿ 2. Acts as an insulator. Being a poor rich in salts of calcium and magnesium such
conductor of heat, it reduces heat loss as phosphates and carbonates of Ca Mg
from body, i.e., it regulates body These minerals are responsible for the
temperature. hardness of the bone. Bone cells called
osteoblasts or osteocytes.
Cytoplasm Matrix
Nucleus
Ÿ Provides skeletal support to body Serves
Empty
adipose
Fine white as a storage site of calcium and phosphate.
fibres
cell

Fat
Ÿ Serve as a storage site of calcium and
globule
phosphate.
u Fluid Connective Tissue : It includes

Yellow fibre
blood and lymph.
Adipose cell
Blood vessel
u Blood : Blood is a fluid connective
tissue. In this tissue cells (corpuscles) move
u Skeletal Tissue : The skeletal or
in a fluid or liquid matrix or a medium
supporting tissue includes cartilage and bone
called blood plasma. The blood plasma does
which form the endoskeleton of vertebrate
not contain protein fibres but contains cells
body.
called blood corpuscles or blood cells.
u Cartilage : It has widely spaced out 1. Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) or
cells and matrix is produced and maintained erythrocytes ;
by the chondrocytes. It as a delicate network 2. White blood cell (WBCs) orleucocytes
of collagen 3.Platelets.
It can be observed in ear pinna, nose tip,
epiglottis, intervertebral discs, end of long

Spongy bone
Compact bone
Yellow marrow

Red marrow

Blood vessels

Periosteum

40
u RBC and WBCs are living, while cytoplasm with no granules. Some
plasma and platelets are non - living. Plasma lymphocytes later on transform into plasma
forms 55 Per cent of the total volume of cells.
blood. Organic substances of plasma are
Ÿ Blood platelets are minute a nucleated,
soluble proteins such as albumins (maintain
fragile fragments of giant bone marrow
osmotic pressure of blood) globulins (some
cells, called megakaryocytes.
act as antibodies), fibrinogen (used in blood
clothing); and glucose, amino acids, lipids, u Lymph : Lymph is a colorless fluid that
vitamins, enzymes, hormones and waste is filtered out of the blood capillaries. Since
materials (urea, uric acid). it is a part of blood, its composition is
similar to that of blood except Proteins are
u Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) are large
absent in it.
in number and have iron - containing red
respiratory pigment, the haemoglobin. The Ÿ 1. Lymph transports the nutrients
erythrocytes of most vertebrates are oval (oxygen, glucose) that may have been
shaped nucleated and biconvex. filtered out of the blood capillaries back into
Erythrocytes play a vital role in the transport the heart to be re circulated in the body.
of oxygen. White blood cells (WBCs) are of Ÿ 2. It brings CO2 and nitrogenous wastes
two main kinds : phagocytes and from tissue tissue fluid to blood.
immunocytes. Phagocytes are capable of
Ÿ 3. Being loaded with WBCs such as
phagocytosis and they carry out the function
lymphocytes, the lymph protects the body
of body defence by engulfing bacteria and
against infection. It forms the defence or
other foreign substances. Life span of each
immune system of the body
RBC is 120 days Phagocytes are of two
types : u Nervous Tissue : Nervous tissue is a
tissue which is specialized to transmit
u 1. Granulocytes : Which have irregular
messages within our body. Brain, spinal
- shaped nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
cord and nerves are all composed of nervous
with specific staining properties. They
tissue. Tissue contains highly specialised
include neutrophils, basophils and
unit.
eosinophils
u 2. Agranular leucocytes : have no
cytoplasmic granules and include the
monocytes. Monocytes have a large nucleus
indented on one side and large amount of
cytoplasm. They ultimately migrate to body
tissues and transform into macrophages and
histiocytes. Immunocytes produce
antibodies and are involved in the immune
response. They include lymphocytes which
have a nearly spherical nucleus and little
41
Ÿ 1. The cyton or cell body which contains 5. Bone matrix is rich in
a central nucleus and cytoplasm with 1) fluoride and calcium
characteristic deeply stained particles, called 2) calcium and phosphorus
Nissal's granules (i.e., clumps of ribosomes). 3) Phosphorus and potassium
4) Calcium and potassium
Ÿ 2. The dendrons which are short
processes arising from the cyton and further 6. Nerve cell does not contain
branching into dendrites; and 1) axon 2) nerve endings
3) tendons 4) dendrite
Ÿ 3. The axon which is a single, long
cylindrical process of uniform diameter. It 7. While doing work and running, you move
forms fine branches terminally. Each such your organs such as hands, legs, etc., which
twig - like branch of axon ends in a swollen among the following is correct ?
structure, called synaptic knob or bouton. 1) Smooth muscles contract and pull the
Bouton contains acetylcholine -.filled ligament to move the bones
vesicles. Acetylcholine (ACh) is an
important neurotransmitter (i.e., a substance 2) smooth muscles contract and pull the
that plays an important role in the tendons to move the bones
transmission of nerve impulses within the 3) skeletal muscles contract and pull the
nervous system). Axon is also called nerve ligament to move the bones
fibres. 4) skeletal muscles contract and pull the
tendon to move the bones

8. Identify the red respiratory pigment

LEVEL - 4 (I) 1) haemoglobin 2) Heparin
3) Hirudin 4) 2 and 3
1. Ligament connects a bone with
1) Skin 2) muscle 9. Lignified walls
3) bone 4) both (2) and (3) 1) If the cell walls are made of lignin
2) If the cell walls are made of suberin
2. Plasma content of blood is 3) If the cell walls are made of keratin
1) 35 % 2) 55 % 4) both 2 and 3
3) 65 % 4) 80 %
10. Cardiac muscle fibres are
3. Fluid part of blood after removal of 1) branched 2) striated
corpuscles is 3) involuntary 4) all the above
1) Plasma 2) lymph
3) serum 4) vaccine 11. Matrix of cartilage in made of
1) collagen 2) chondrin
4. Which of the following is not a part of 3) ossein 4) elastin
nervous tissue?
1) Cyton 2) Axon 12. Largest blood cells are
3) Myelinated 4) Nephron 1) monocytes 2) neutrophils
3) lymphocytes 4) basophils

42
13. Tendon is a structure which connects 1) Osteocytes 2) Monocytes
1) a bone with another bone 3) Lymphocytes 4) Adipocytes
2) a muscle with a bone
3) a nerve with a muscle 25. Fat is stored in cells.
4) a muscle with a muscle 1) Adipocytes 2) Platelets
3) Fibroblasts 4) Osteocytes
14. Which connective tissue helps in storing
fats? 26. The epithelium occur in multiple layer is
1) Tendon 2) Ligament called.
3) Adipose 4) Areolar tissue 1) Simple epithelium
15. Nervous tissue is not found in 2) Squamous epithelium
1) brain 2) spinal cord 3) Stratified epithelium
3) tendons 4) nerves 4) None of these

16. Contractile proteins are found in 27. Epithelial cells lining the digestive and
1) bones 2) blood respiratory systems is _________.
3) muscles 4) cartilage 1) Cuboidal epithelium
2) Columnar epithelium
17. Which are not true cells in the blood?
3) Ciliated epithelium
1) platelets 2) monocytes
4) All of these
3) basophils 4) neutrophils
18. Which can play a major role in transport 28. Which of the following cells are present
of oxygen(symbol O2) ? in Nervous system ?
1) RBC's 2) WBC's 1) Osteocytes 2) Platelets
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None 3) Glial cells 4) Fibroblasts

19. The life span of RBC is 29. Striated muscles are also called
1) 130 days 2) 120 days 1) Skeletal muscle 2) Voluntary muscles
3) 125 days 4) 126 days 3) Smooth muscles 4) Both 1 & 2

20. Blood is a ___________ 30. The cells that receive information

interpret and analyse are
21.Tendons connect muscles with ______ 1) Muscle cells 2) Neurons
3) Glial cells 4) Both 2 & 3
22.Cartilage consists of ________ cells
31. R.B.0 with nucleus found in
LEVEL - 4 (II) 1) Camel 2) Dog
3) Man 4) Lion
23. Which of the following is an 'Fluid
Connective Tissue' ? 32. The Tissue that responds to internal and
1) Bone 2) Cartilage external stimuli is
3) Blood 4) Lymph 1) Epithelial 2) Connective
3) Muscle 4) Nervous
24. Which of the following cells secrete
Antibodies ?
43
33. Covering or protecting tissue inside or 42. The epithelial cells present in single
outside of animal body is layer is called
1) Epithelial 2) Connective 1) Simple epithelium
3) Muscular 4) Nervous 2) Squamous epithelium
3) Stratified epithelium 4) None of these
34. The tissue which is responsible for
movements in our body is? 43. The special cells present in Areolar
1) Epithelial 2) Connective tissue are
3) Muscular 4) Nervous 1) Adipocytes 2) Platelets
3) Fibroblasts 4) Osteocytes
35. The scales of fishes, reptiles and feathers
of birds grow from which cells? 44. Which of the following arc Granulocyte?
1) Epithelial cells 2) Connective tissue 1) Eosinophils 2) Basophils
3) Areolar cells 4) Fibroblasts 3) Neutrophils 4) All of these

36. The tissue that connects bones at the 45. Which one of the following has
joints is involuntary muscles?
1) Cartilage 2) Bone 1) Legs 2) Arms
3) Areolar tissue 4) Ligament 3) Neck 4) Intestine

37. RBC are produced from 46. Involuntary striated muscle is present in
1) Adipocytes 2) Heparin ________
3) Pancreas 1) Intestine 2) Heart
4) Bone marrow of long bones 3) Lungs 4) All of these

38. Voluntary muscles are also known as 47. Non-striated muscles are also called
1) Skeletal muscles 2) Unstriated muscles ______
3) Smooth muscles 4) All of these 1) Voluntary muscles
2) Smooth muscles
39. Number of RBC present in 1 ml of blood 3) Involuntary muscles
1) 6 millions 2) 5 millions 4) Both 2 & 3.
3) 4 millions 4) 3 millions
48. Which of the following are called
40. The epithelial cells with long and 'Supportive cells' ?
cylindrical cells are called _________. 1) Muscle cells 2) Neurons
1) Cuboidal epithelium 3) Glial cells 4) Both 2 & 3
2) Columnar epithelium
3) Ciliated epithelium 4) All of these 49. ______ cells are called as Scavengers
1) Lymphocytes 2) Monocytes
41. The tissue forming a covering over the 3) Neutrophils 4) Basophils
surface of the body as well as on the outside
and inside of several internal organs is 50. Striated in its structure and involuntary
1) Connective tissue in action muscles present in
2) Epithelial tissue 1) Legs 2) Alimentary canal
3) Muscular tissue 4) Nervous tissue 3) Uterus 4) Heart
44
51. The tissue which makes connection
4 BACTERIA
between organs is called
1) Epithelial 2) Connective
3) Muscular 4) Nervous SYNOPSIS - 1

52. Multicellular gland is formed by

1) Connective tissue 2) Epithelial
3) Areolar tissue 4) Adipose tissue

53. Fibroblasts are cells present in

1) Cartilage 2) Bone
3) Areolar tissue 4) Ligament

54. Fibres of ligament is made up of a

protein called
1) Prothrombin 2) Fibrinogen
3) Heparin 4) Collagen
u Introduction : Microscopic unicellular
55. The tissue that helps in increasing or prokaryotic organism dividing by binary
decreasing the diameter of blood vessel fission are called bacteria
1) Connective tissue 2) Epithelial tissue
3) Muscle tissue 4) Blood • Anton Von Leeuwenhoek observed
small tiny 'animalcules' in sewage water,
56. Nissil granules are present in saliva and tooth scum under' his crude
1) Cyton 2) Axon microscope
3) Dendrite 4) Myelin sheath
• Ehrenberg called these animalcules'
57. Cells form the lining of kidney tubules bacteria'. They reproduce mostly by fission
are
1) Squamous epithelial cells u Occurrence: Bacteria are a Ubiquitous
2) Columnar epithelial cells (omni present). They occur in water, soil,
3) Cuboidal epithelial cells
4) Ciliated epithelial cells air, animals plant and also found floating in
the atmosphere on dust particles up to height
of several thousand feet.

• Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixing bacteria

present in symbiotic association with root of
legumes.

u Size : Bacteria are microscopic . The

smallest known bacteria is Dialister
pneumosintes where as largest bacteria is
Thiomargarita S

45
u Shape: Bacteria exists in different
shapes. Based on the shape. bacteria are
divided into four types namely (a) cocci, (b)
Bacilli, (c) spirilla and (d) vibrios.
u Coccus : Cocci are small non motile
spherical bacteria. They are again six types.
a) Monococcus (occur singly)
b) Diplococcus (occur in pairs),
c) Tetracoccus (occur in groups of four),
d) Streptococcus (occur in chains),
e) Staphylococcus (occur in irregular
clusters like grapes) and
f) Sarcina (occur in cubical forms of eight or
multiples of eight)
u Bacillus : It a rod shaped bacterium.
They may be
a)Monobacillus (occurs singly),
b) Diplobacillus (occur in pairs) and
c) Streptobacillus (occur in chains).
u Spirilla : are type of bacteria of bacteria
which are spiral or helical in shape. Vibrios
are comma shaped bacteria. Sometimes due
to certain changes in environment , the cells
of many bacteria change their shapes to
various forms. Such bacteria are called
Pleomorphic bacteria.
Eg : Acerobacter
• Structure of Bacterial cell
• The structure of bacterial cell is broadly
divided into
a) Structures external to cell wall
b) Cell wall
c) Structures internal to cell wall
• Structures external to cell wall include
glycocalyx, flagella, fimbria and pili.
u Glycocalyx : Glycocalyx is a sticky
gelatinous material that collects external to
46
cell wall so as to form an additional surface
layer . Glycocalyx if it is loosely distributed
around the cell, it is called slime layer and
when it is firmly attached to the surface of
the cell, it is called capsule. capsule is made
up of polysaccharides and amino acids.
Presence of capsule is genetically
controlled. It protects bacteria . from host
cells and also prevents its dessication.
Capsulated bacteria are highly virulent
whereas non capsulated bacteria are
generally a virulent.
u Flagella : They are the organs of
motility present in all types of bacteria
except coccus type. Bacteria are of the
following types based on number of flagella.
a) Atrichous: flagella are absent
Eg: Pasteurella, Lactobacillus
b) Monotrichous : A single flagellum is
present
Eg : Vibrio Xantbobacillus
c) Lophotrichous : a group of flagella are
present at one end
Eg : Spirillum
d) Amphitrichous : One or many flagella
are present at both end Eg : E. coli,
Salmonella
u Pili or Fimbriae :-
They are short hair like structures on the
surface of bacteria. They are composed of
protein called pilin. They are very common
in Gram negative bacteria but also seen in
some Archea and gram positive bacteria.
• In E. coli, a specialised type of
piliaceous structures namely sex pili help in
transfer of genetic material from one
 bacterium to another by forming
conjugation canal during sexual
reproduction.
u Cell wall :
• Bacteria have rigid cell wall. The
presence of cell wall is a plant cell character.
The bacterial cell wall material is called
peptidoglycan or murein. Murein is a
polymer of two types of sugars namely N
acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and N acetyl
glucose amine (NAG) .These sugars
alternate each other and are joined by
glycosidic bonds
• A tetrapeptide chain (protein with four
amino acids) is joined to one side ofNAM
sugar. The amino acids present in it are
Lalanine, D- glutamate, Di aminopimilic
acid and D - alanine. The thick aminoacid
varies in different bacteria. The parallel
peptidoglycan chains are linked by
pentaglycine peptide cross bridge.
u Gram staining method : Christian
Gram divided bacteria into two types
based on differential staining in the
presence of Gram's stain namely crystal
violet. All bacteria on treatment with the
above stain turn purple in colour. This is
firmly fixed to the cell by using a
moderant Iodine. On further addition of
alcohol and water some bacteria lose the
stain (gram negative bacteria) and some
retain the stain (gram positive bacteria).
u Cytoplasm : The aqueous living
solution present in bacteria with
macromolecules, macromolecules, ions
and ribosomes is called Cytoplasm.
47
• Cytoplasm is with ribosomes and they
are of 70S type (30S and 50S). During
protein synthesis these ribosomes 'attach to
m – RNA in groups to form polysomes
• Some green sulphur bacteria,
(Chlorobium contain chlorosomes. The
pigments are found in lainellae lying
beneath the cytoplasmic membrane.
• The food is stored in the form of
glycogen polybetahydroxy butyric acid
(PHB) Starch is absent.
u Mesosomes : In foldings of plasma
membrane present in some bacteria are
called mesosomes. They are mostly present
in Gram positive bacteria.
• Bacterial nucleoid contains a single
circular DNA. This is not enclosed by
nuclear membrane. It is located in a: distinct
region of cell called nucleoid. The DNA is
circular and double stranded. It lacks
histones hence called naked DNA.
• In addition to nucleoid, bacteria often
contain small circular (extra chromosomal)
double stranded DNA molecules in
cytoplasm. These are called Plasmids. They
can replicate autonomously and this
property is exploited in genetic engineering.
• Bacteria are classified into two types
based on the source of carbon. These two
types of bacteria are autotrophic bacteria
and heterotrophic bacteria.
• The source of carbon in these bacteria is
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Autotrophic
bacteria are further divided into two types
based on the source of energy.
They are called (a) photoautotrophs and 3) Non purple green bacteria
(b) chemoautotrophs 4) both 2 and 3

• Photoautotrophs obtain carbon from 7. Capsule is made up of

atmospheric carbon dioxide and energy from 1) Poly saccharides 2) Aminoacids
sunlight. They contain pigments in 3) Poly saccharides and Monosaccharides
chromatophore or in chlorosomes and 4) only 2
perform photosynthesis sulphur compounds 8. Which are the smallest bacteria
(like H2S) acts as hydrogen donors hence 1) Dialister pneumosintes
oxygen is not evolved as byproduct. 2) Thiomargarita namibiensis
3) 1 and 2 4) None
• Eg: Chlorobium (green sulphur
bacterium) chromatium (purple green 9. For the first time bacteria were observed
sulphur bacterium) by
1) Robert brown
2) Robert hooke
3) A. V. L hoek
LEVEL - 1 (I) 4) both 1 and 2

1. Ehren berg called bacterium as 10. The protein present in the pilli
1) animal cules 2) slipper animalcule 1) Pilin 2) Pillin 3) Pillae 4) None
3) bell animalcule 4) both 2 and 3
11. Murein is composed of
2. Non motile spherical bacteria are 1) NAM 2) NAG
1) coccus 2) Bacilli 3) spirilla 4) vibrios 3) Both 1 and 2 4) None

3. Staining technique was develop in 12. Bacterial nucleoid contains

bacteria by 1) a double circular DNA
1) cluistiangram 2) christianengram 2) a single circular DNA
3)christian bernard 4) christian 3) only DNA 4) both 1 and 3

4. The cell wall of bacteria are made of 13. Rhodospirillum belongs to

1) peptidoglycan 1) Photo hetero trophs
2) peptidoglycan & murein 2) photo Auto trophs
3) only murein 4) only peptidoglycon 3) 1 and 2 4) None

5. The meaning of the word tetracoccus 14. Double stranded DNA molecules present
1) Occur in chains in the cytoplasm of bacteria
2) Occur in pairs 1) plasmidls 2) non plasmids
3) Occur in groups of four 3) 1 and 2 4) None
4) None
15. Find out Atrichous
6. Chlorobium belongs to 1) pasteurells 2) Lactobacillus
1) green sulphur bacteria 3) None 4) both 1 and 2
2) purplegreen sulphur bacteria
48
16. Match the following
1) Atrichous
2) monotrichous
3) Lophotrichous
4) Amphitrichous
1) 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a
2) 1 - a, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - b
3) 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - c, 4 - a
4) 1 - b, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - c
LEVEL - 1 (II)
17. Saprophytic bacteria feed:
1) In intestines of animals
2) By producing their own food
3) Feed on decaying organic matter
4) All of these
1) Acetone 2) Vinegar
A) E. Coli 3) Ethanol 4) Butanol
B) LAB
C) vibrio 23. Plasmids are :
D) spirillum 1) A type of plastids in bacteria
2) Extra nuclear rings of DNA
3) Infoldings of the cell membrane
4) Infective agents
24. Photosynthetic bacteria posses :
1) Mitochondria 2) Chromatophores
3) Golgi complex
4) Well developed nucleus
25. The genus which is useful in the
production of several types of Antibiotics :
1) Clostridium 2) Rhodospirillum
3) Streptomyces 4) Bacillus

18.To form cheese, a mixture of bacteria and 26. Corynebacterium glutamicum is used in
fungi act upon the production of :
1) Fermented milk sugar 2) Lactic acid 1) Lysine 2) Methane
3) Fats 4) All of these 3) Kanamycin 4) Butanol

19. Bacteria that obtain energy from sunlight 27. The function of streptococcus during
and carbon from CO2 are called : milk fermentation is to
1) Photoautotrophs 1) Produce aerobic environment
2) Photoheterotrophs 2) Produce anaerobic environment
3) Chemoautotrophs 3) Form lactic acid
4) Chemoheterotrophs 4) All of these

20.The transfer of genetic material from one 28. Lactobacillus is used to convert milk
bacterium to another by the mediation of sugar into
bacteriophage is : 1) Glucose 2) Glycogen
1) Transformation 2) Conjugation 3) Lactic acid 4) Citric acid
3) Pleiomorphism 4) Transduction
29. In bacteria the genes for drug resistance
21. Clostridium botulinum causes : are located in
1) Decomposition of organic matter 1) Nucleoid 2) Cytoplasm
2) Food poisoning 3) Plasmid 4) Ribosome
3) Loss of soil fertility
4) Increase of soil fertility 30. Which of the following is a saprophyte :
1) Rhizobium 2) Bacillus
22. Acetobacter aceti is employed in the 3) Mycobacterium 4) Xanthomonas
manufacture of :
49
31. One of the following is helpful in the SYNOPSIS - 2
production of gobar gas :
1) Azotobacter 2) Acetobacter u Chemoautotrophs : They are bacteria
3) Methanococcus 4) Streptomyces which are able to manufacture their organic
food from in organic raw materials with the
32. Biocontrol of insect pests is possible by help of energy derived from exergonic
the growth of : chemical reactions.
1) Bacillus anthracis a) Photoheterotrophs
2) Bacillus lichenoformis b) Chemoheterotrophs
3) Bacillus thuringiensis
4) Bacillus polymyxa u a) Photoheterotrophs :
Photoheterotrophs obtain carbon from
33. The antibiotic streptomycin was
external organic source and energy from
discovered by :
1) Alexander flemming sunlight. They are pigmented and perform
2) Edward Jenner photosynthesis. Sulphur compounds do not
3) S.A.Waksman act as hydrogen donor.
4) Robert Koch Eg : Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium,
(purple non sulphur bacteria).
34. Which of the following is a
nonautotrophic bacterium : u b) Chemoheterotrophs : Chemo
1) Rhodospirillum heterotrophs obtain both carbon and energy
2) Rhodomicrobium from organic compounds. They are non
3) Rhodopsedomonas pigmented and exhibit chemosynthesis.
4) Xanthomonas
Majority of bacteria belong to this group.
Eg ; Saprophytes are those
35. Production of cheese and yogurt by
chemoheterotrophs which feed on dead
employing bacteria is related to :
1) Medical microbiology organic matter.
2) Microbial ecology Eg : Bacillus
3) Agricultural microbiology • Parasites are those chemo heterotrophs
4) Food microbiology which feed on living hosts.
Eg: salmonella
36. The bacterium that is employed in the
large scale production of human insulin is : • Symbionts are those chemo heterotrophs
1) Streptomyces fradiae which are in mutual beneficial association
2) Agrobacterium tumifaciens with the vegetative organs of higher plants.
3) Pasteurella pestis Eg : Rhizobium
4) Escherichia coli
• Vegetative reproduction is by a process
called binary fission. A single bacterium
divide directly into two in every 20 minutes.

• During binary fission, the bacterial cell

divides into two equal daughter cells
50
• Asexual reproduction is mostly with the
help of endospores. They are formed during
unfavourable conditions.
u Conjugation :
Transfer of genetic material from one
bacterium to other with the help of
conjugation canal is called conjugation. It
was first reported by Lederberg and Tatum
in Escherichia coli (lab rat of molecular
biology)
u MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD
PRODUCTS :
We use microbes or products derived from
them every day. A common example is the
production of curd from milk.
Microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and
others commonly called LAB (Lactic Acid
Bacteria) grow in milk and convert it to
curd.
• A small amount of curd added to fresh
milk as inoculum or starter contains millions
of LAB
• The dough, which is used for making
foods such as dosa and idli is also fermented
by bacteria. The puffed - up appearance of
dough is due to the production of CO2 gas.
• Microbes are also used to ferment fish
Soya bean and bamboo shoots to make
foods.
• Different varieties of cheese are known
by their characteristic texture, flavour and
taste. The specificity coming from the
microbes used. For example, the large holes
in "Swiss Cheese"are due to production of a
large amount of CO2 by a bacterium named
propionibacterium sharmanii.
51
• Yoghurt is produced by curdling milk
with the help of streptococcus thermophilus,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus at 45° C.
u Fermented Beverages : Microbes
especially yeasts have been used from time
immemorial for the production of beverages
like wine, beer, whisky, brandy and rum
Wine and Beer are produced without
distillation where as whisky, brandy and rum
are produced by distillation of the fermented
broth.
u Antibiotics : Anti is a Greek word that
means 'against and bios means 'life'
together they mean against life.
• First antibiotic to be discovered was
Penicillin. Alexander Fleming while
working on staphylococci bacteria once
observed a mould growing in one of his
unwashed culture plates around which
staphylococci could not grow. He found out
that it was due to a chemical produced by
the mould and he named it penicillin after
the mould penicillin notatum.
• Penicillin was extensively used to treat
American soldiers wounded in world war II
Fleming, chain and Florey were awarded the
Nobel prize in 1945., for this discovery.
• Microbes are also used for commercial
and Industrial production of certain
chemicals like organic acids, alcohols and
Enzymes.
• Examples of acid producers are
Aspergillus niger (a fungus) - Citric acid,
Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium ) - Acetic
acid
• Clostridium botulinium (a bacterium)
butyric acid and Lactobacillus (a bacterium)
Lactic acid
u Yeast : (Saccharomyccs cerevisiae) is
used for commercial production of ethanol.
mi. crobes arc also used for production of
enzymes
u Lipases : are used in detergent
formulations and are helpful in removing
Oily stains from the laundry.
• Bottled fruit juices bought from the
market are clearer and compared to those
made at home Because the bottled juices are
clarified by the use of pectinases and
proteases. Streptokinase produced by the
bacterium streptococcus and modified by
genetic engineering is used as a "clot buster”
u Enzymes : Produced by microbes
u Proteases : degrade proteins,
polypeptide obtained from Mortierella
renispors, Aspergillus and Bacillus sp used
in bating o hides in leather industry, in silk
indistry an dry cleaning industry
u Amylases : Degrade starches . obtained
from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Bacillus sp
u Lactases : Obtained from
saccharomyces fragilis, Torula cremaris
u Lipases : lipid dissolving enzymes fro
candida lipolytica, Geotricbum candidum
u Zymase : It is a complex of several
enzymes of anaerobic respiration which
brings about fermentation.
• During this digestion, bacteria produce
mixture of gases such methane, H2S and
52
CO2. These gases form biogas and can be
used as source of energy as it is
inflammable.
• The bacteria commonly used in sewage
treatment are Coliform, Clostridium,
Pseudomonas, Micrococcus.
• Certain bacteria which grow an
aerobically on cellulosic material produce
large amount of methane along with CO2,
and H2. These bacteria are collectively
called methanogens. Eg. Methanobacterium
• The dung of cattle commonly called
Gobar is rich in these bacteria. Dung can be
used for generation of biogas commonly
called Gobar gas.
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes
widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial
environments many of which can fix
atmospheric nitrogen Eg: Anabaena ,
Nostoc, Oscillatoria, etc.
• In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as
an important bio fertiliser.
• Blue green algae also add organic matter
to the soil and increase its fertility. Bacteria
called LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria ) grow in
milk to convert into curd
• The dough which is used to make bread
is fermented by Yeast called saccharomy -
ces cerevisiae Certain dishes such as idli and
dosa are made from dough fermented by
microbes.
 LEVEL - 2 1) clostridium botulinum
2) clostridium tetani
1. The dung (cattle) can be used for 3) salmonella typhi 4) bacteriovorus
generation of
1) gobargas 2 ) Co2 9. Time period is required for the
3 ) NO2 4) H2 completion of binary fission
1)10 min 2) 20 min
2. Penicillin was discovered by 3) 22 min 4) 21 min
1) Fleming 2) Waksman
3) Burkholder 4) Dubois 10. Which can be used for the production of
ethanol (C2H5OH)
3. Germinating barley seeds are used in 1) yeast 2) virus
preparation of 3) protozoa 4) algae
1) Lactic acid 2) wine
3) Cheese 4) Beer 11. _____ are used in detergent formulatiton
1) lipases 2) zymases
4. Vinegar is prepared from alcohol with the 3) invertases 4) none
help of
1) Lactobacillus 2) Acetobacter 12. Identify the methane producing bacteria
3) Azotobacter 4) Rhizobium 1) methano bacterium 2) micro coccus
3) both 1&2 4) clostridium.
5.Aquatic fern which is an excellent
biofertilizer 13. Mesosomes are present in
1) Azolla 2) Salvinia 1) Gram positive bacteria
3) Marsilea 4) Pteridium 2) Gram Negative bacteria
3) both 1 and 2 4) None
6. Lactobacillus mediated conversion of
milk to curd results because of 14. Rhizobium lives in the root nodules of
1) Coagulation and partial digestion of milk 1) Legumes 2) Parasponia
fats 3) Almus 4) Casuarina
2) Coagulation and partial digestion of milk
15. The first antibiotic to be isolated was
proteins 1) Tetramycin 2) Streptomycin
3) Coagulation of milk proteins and 3) Neomycin 4) Penicillin
complete digestion of milk fats
4) Coagulation of milk fats and complete 16. Cheese and yoghurt are products of
digestion of milk proteins 1) Pasteurisation 2) Fermentation
3) Dehydration 4) Distillation
7. The mode of sexual reproduction in
Bacteria 17. Yoghurt is produced with the help of
1) binary fission 2) conjugation 1) Lactobacillus bulgaricus
3) endospore 4) None 2) Lactobacillus thermophilus
3) Streptococcus thermophilus
8. Name the bacterium that grows on 4) Both 1 and 2
improper stored food

53
18. Most famous bacterial fertilizer is
1) Nitrosomonas 2) Notrobacter 5 WHY DO WE FALL ILL
3) Nitrosococcus 4) Rhizobium
SYNOPSIS - 1
19.The puffed - up appearance of dough is
due to u Health and Disease
1) The production of oxygen Health is a state of complete physical,
2) The production of carbon
mental and social well-being of an
3) The production of carbon -dioxide
4) No production of carbon dioxide individual. Health is often affected by
diseases. Disease is the unhealthy condition
20. Curdling of milk is done by caused by microorganisms, improper diet or
1) LAB 2) Vibrio Xanthobacillus it is inherited. "Disease" literally means
3) both 1 and 2 4) None being uncomfortable. A person affected by
the disease will have improper functioning
21. Identify the symbiotic bacteria
1) Rhizobium 2) clostridium of the organ systems.
3) typhi 4) coccus
u Classification of diseases
22. Yoghurt is produced by curdling milk Diseases are categorised based on
with the help of prevalence, occurrence or spread and
1) Streptococcus thermophilus duration.
2) Lacto bacillus bulgaricus • Epidemics are the diseases based on
3) salmo nella typhi prevalence that attack many people at the
4) Both 1 and 2
same time. e.g. plague.
23. The large amount of cheese is produced • Infectious diseases are the diseases based
by on occurrence or spread and duration. These
1) Propioni bacterium sharmanii are the diseases caused by microorganisms
2) streptococcus thermophilus like bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa.
3) LAB 4) None These are spread from one person to another
24. Which is the most effective enzyme' can through air, food, water etc.
be used in the production of alcohol? • Non-infectious diseases are the diseases
1) lipases 2) zymases based on occurrence or spread. These are the
3) invertases 4) none diseases caused by genetic abnormalities.
They are called noncommunicable diseases
as they do not spread from one person to
another. e.g. cancer.
• Acute diseases are the diseases based on
duration. These diseases last for a short time
without posing adverse effects on the health.
e.g. common cold.

54
• Chronic diseases are the diseases based
on duration. Chronic diseases last for
prolonged Period with drastic effects on
health. e.g. DIABETES.
Diseases can also be categorised based on
level of causes. These can be immediate or
contributory cause.
• Immediate cause of the disease can be
the microbes causing the disease. e.g.
Bacteria.
• Contributory causes include causes
which contribute to immediate cause. e.g
Genetic difference or poor nourishment.
u Infectious agents :
Organisms which cause disease are called as
infectious agents. They obtain nourishment
from the host. e.g. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi,
Protozoa, Helminths.
• Bacteria cause diseases like typhoid,
cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, pimples and
peptic ulcers.
• Viruses cause the common cold,
influenza, dengue fever, SARS and AIDS.
• Fungi cause skin infections.
• Protozoa causes malaria, kala — azar
and sleeping sickness.
• Helminth worms cause intestinal
infections or elephantiasis.
u Target organs :
These are the different parts of the body
attacked by infectious agents. Mode of entry
of microbes specifies the site of localisation.
Symptoms tell us about the target organ
infected.
• If the symptoms are cough and
breathlessness, then the lungs are the target.
55
• Jaundice is a symptom of the liver,
which is a target organ.
• If the symptoms are headache, vomiting,
fits or unconsciousness then the brain is the
target.
u AIDS :
AIDS is a viral disease caused by a virus
named Human Immuno Deficiency Virus or
HIV, HIV attacks the immune system of an
individual and hence he cannot fight back
many diseases. HIV finally causes death.
u Transmission :
Transmission is the process of passing
something from one individual to another
individual. Infectious diseases are spread
through microbial organisms from 'an
infected person to a healthy person.
Microorganisms are transmitted through
physical contact, air, water and carriers.
u Air borne diseases :- These are the
diseases transmitted through air.
Microorganisms are transmitted in the 5
form of droplet nuclei in the air. e.g.
common, cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
u Waterborne diseases: These are the
diseases transmitted through water. Excreta
of infected animals and humans contaminate
drinking water. e.g. cholera
u Physical contact :- These are the
diseases transmitted through direct contact.
e.g. AIDS is transmitted from an infected
mother to her child during pregnancy. AIDS
is also transmitted through intimate contact
between partners.
u Carriers :- The most common carriers
or vectors that transfer micro-organisms
from one human being to another are female 1) Leshmania 2) Entamoeba
mosquitoes, dogs, hens, etc. e.g. Rabies 3) Plasmodium 4) All of these
virus transmitted by dogs and cats bite.
9. The round worms will stay in the humans
1) Small intestine 2) Large intestine
3) Stomach 4) Liver

10. Name the disease in which patient fears

LEVEL - 1 (I)
from water
1) Polio 2) Rabies
1. Which one of the following is not a bac, 3) Hepatitis 4) Malaria
terial disease ?
1) tuberculosis 2) anthrax 11. What is the full from of BCG?
3) cholera 4) influenza 1) Bag Chalmette Guerin
2) Bacillus Calmette Guerin
2. Goitre is caused due to deficiency of 3) Bacillus calamine Guerin
disease ? 4) None of these
1) fluorine 2) vitamin C
3) vitamin A 4) iodine 12. Droplet method of transmission of
disease is found in
3. Kala - azar (black fever) is caused by 1) common cold 2) AIDS
1) protozon 2) fungus 3) hepatitis 4) syphilis
3) helminth 4) bacterium
13. Which of the following can make you ill
4. In which of the following case do you if you come in contact with an infected
think the long term effects on your health person ?
are likely to be most unpleasant? 1) high blood pressure
1) If you get lice 2) If you get a jaundice 2) genetic abnormality
3) If you get acne 4) All of these 3) sneezing abnormality
4) sneezing
5. The disease which losts for a long time?
1) Acute 2) Chronic 14. Common cold is a
3) Infective 4) None-infective 1) acute disease
2) chronic disease
6. Non - infectious diseases are 3) congenital disease 4) genetic disorder
1) Hypertension 2) malaria
3) Amoebiasis 4) Cholera 15. Name of the biologist who established
that pathogen is a disease agent.
7. Which parameters to health are difficult to 1) Robert Koch 2) Robert Brown
measure? 3) Edward Jenner 4) Virchow
1) Physical health 2) Mental health
3) Social well-being 4) Both 2 & 3 16. Which of the following is a chronic
disease?
8. Which of the following is casual organism 1) Asthma 2) Diabetes
of 'kala — azar'. 3) Cold 4) Both 1 & 2
56
17. It is not a viral disease 26. Which of the following disease is caused
1) Common acid 2) AIDS by bacteria?
3) Cholera 4) Influenza 1) Typhoid 2) Diarrhea
3) Tuberculosis 4) All
18. This disease lasts for long time
1) Cold 2) Cough 27. Find the incorrect pair :
3) Fever 4) Elephantiasis 1) Hepatitis B — Hepatitis
2) Polio — Tuberculosis
19. This disease is caused by genetic 3) DTP — Hib — Diphtheria, tetanus,
abnormalities pertussis and influenza type B
1) Hepatitis 2) Cholera 4) BCG — TB
3) Cancer 4) Diarrhoea
28. Which of the following disease is n
20. Which of the following disease is communicable?
noncommunicable? 1) Tuberculosis 2) Diarrhoea
1) Malaria 2) Tuberculosis 3) Allergy 4) Malaria
3) Allergy 4) Diarrhoea
29. Name the disease in which patient fears
21. The disease which begins abruptly and from water :
last only for a short duration is known as 1) Hepatitis 2) Rabies
1) Congenital disease 2) Chronic disease 3) Polio 4) Malaria
3)Acute disease 4) None of these
30. Name of the biologist who established
22. Which of the following disease is caused that pathogen is a disease agent.
by bacteria? 1) Virchow 2) Edward Jenner.
1) Diarrhoea 2) Typhoid 3) Robert Brown 4) Robert Koch
3) Tuberculosis 4) All of these
31. In which of the following case do you
23. Who discovered small pox vaccine think the long term effects on your health
1) Robert Koch 2) Robert Brown are likely to be most unpleasant ?
3) Edward Jenner 4) Virchow 1) If you get lice 2) If you get a jaundice
3) If you get acne 4) All of these
LEVEL - 1 (II)
32. Which of the following is not the cause
24. Which of the following animals transmit for the spread of infectious diseases?
rabies to human beings? 1) By air directly or as droplets.
1) Cat 2) Rabid dog 2) By vaccination diseases
3) Rat 3) By vectors and carriers
4) Both Rabid dog and Cat 4) By intimate contact
25. Name the casual organism of kala – 33. The disease which begins abruptly and
azar. last only for a short duration is known as:
1) Plasmodium 2) Leshmania 1) Congenital disease 2) Acute disease
3) Syphilis 4) All of these 3) Chronic disease 4) None of these

57
 SYNOPSIS - 2
u Effects of infectious diseases :-
Immune system in our body is activated. It
functions to attack the foreign invaders and
protect the body.
Inflammation is the response exhibited by
the active immune system to kill the
infectious agents. Inflammation includes
swelling, pain, fever etc.
u Treatment of infectious diseases : -
The two ways to treat infectious diseases are
by reducing the effect of the disease and by
eliminating the cause of the disease.
Antibiotics are the medicines used to treat
the diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and
protozoans. e.g. penicillin
Anti-viral drugs are the medicines used to
treat diseases caused by viruses. These drugs
are difficult to be prepared when compared
to anti-bacterial drugs.
u Prevention of infectious diseases : -
• Airborne micro-organisms can be
prevented by providing living conditions
which are not over crowded.
• Water-borne micro-organisms can be
prevented by providing safe drinking water.
Vector-borne diseases can be prevented by
providing clean environment.
• Public hygiene is a basic step in the
prevention of infectious diseases.
• Proper and sufficient food is necessary
for the immune system to work properly.
Immunisation through vaccine.
u Immunisation and vaccine
Immunisation is the protection of
58
individuals from communicable diseases by
administration of a suspension of dead
microorganisms. Vaccine is a biological
preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease after inoculation. e.g.
smallpox vaccine was the first vaccine
developed against small pox by Edward
Jenner, hence called "Father of
Immunology".
u Sources of Disease : -
Intrinsic or internal factors : The disease
causing factors which exist within the
human body are called intrinsic factors. The
important intrinsic factors which affect
human health are the following.
I) Malfunctioning or improper functioning
of various body parts such as heart, kidney,
liver, etc,
II) Genetic disorder
III) Hormonal imbalances
IV) Malfunctioning of immune system of
body, e.g., allergy.
The diseases caused by intrinsic sources are
called organic or metabolic diseases. Some
of the diseases caused by intrinsic sources or
factors are : 1. Cardiac failure (Heart attack),
2.Kidney failure, 3.Osteoporosis, 4. Myopia,
5.Cataract, 6. Sickle cell anaemia,
7.Haemophilia, 8.Dwarfism,The disease
causing (pathogenic) external agents which
enter the human body from outside are
referred to ass extrinsic factors.
Extrinsic factors affect the health of our
body by interfering with the normal
functioning of the body system. The most
important diseases caused by, extrinsic
factors : 1. Kwashiorkor, 2. Marasmus, 3.
Obesity, 4. Night - blindness, 5. Beriber, 6.
Pellagra, 7. Scurvy, 8. Anaemia
9. Goitre, 10. Ricketss, 11. Fluorosis, 12. Food poisoning, 13. Diarrhoea,

u Inadequate diet : Absence of nutritional diet makes a person unhealthy. Unhealthy

persons are more susceptible to diseases or infections. Deficiency of nutrients in the diet
results in number of deficiency diseases in human beings e.g night blindness, beriberi,
scurvy, etc. Unbalanced diet may cause obesity.

u Infectious diseases : -
Organisms that can cause diseases are classified in a wide range of categories. Some of them
are viruses, some are bacteria, some are fungi and some are unicellular animals, the
protozoans. Some diseases are also causes by multicellular organisms such as different kinds
of worms.
Common examples of diseases caused by viruses are the common cold, influenza, dengue,
fever and AIDS, Diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax are caused
by bacteria. Many common skin infections are caused by different kinds of fungi.
Protozoans cause many familiar diseases such as malaria and kala - azar.

u Means of spread of infectious diseases :

u 1. Air - borne - diseases, e.g., common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Such disease
causing microbes are spread through out the air. The transmission of these microbes
occurs through the little droplets coughed out by an infected person who sneezes or
cough.

u 2. Water - borne diseases, eg., Cholera. Infectious diseases can also spread through
water. These occur when a stool from someone suffering from an infectious gut disease,
such as cholera, or amoebiasis, gets mixed with the drinking water used by people living
nearby. The cholera infested bacteria can enter new hosts through the water they drink
and can cause disease in them.

u 3. Sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., Syphilis and AIDS. Both of these pathogens ar e
trans mitt by sexual contact from one partner to the other.

u 4. Formite borne diseases : Articles coming in contact with patients act as sources of
infection, e.g., door handles, taps, garments, currency, utensils, crockery, etc.

u 5. Spread of disease through vectors : Many animals which live with us may carry
diseases, These animals can transfer infecting agents from a sick person to another
potential host, Thus, these animals act as intermediaries or vectors. Vectors are carrier of
disease or infection, Mosquitoes (Anophels) are vector of disease, called malaria.

59
 Insect Vector Diseases trasnmitted
1. Mosquitoes Malaria
I) Anopheles (Female) Filariasis
ii) Culex Yellow Fever, Dengue, Filariasis
iii) Aedes
2. Flies Typhoid, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera,
Tuberculosis, Conjunctivits (an eye disease)
Kala – azar, oriental sore,
Sleeping sickness

3. Louse Epidemic typhus

4.Rat flea Bubonic plague

u Thus transmission (spread) of infections diseases may be of two main types : A

Direct transmission : 1. Contact with infected person (e.g., AIDS) : 2. Contact with
soil (e.g., Tetanus) : 3. Animal bites (e.g., Rabies), 4. Transplcental (e.g., AIDS,
German measels and Syphilis). B. Indirect transmission : (i) Through vectors (e.g.,
Malaria), (ii) Through contaminated food and water (e.g. Ameobiasis, Hepatities,
etc.) (iii) Air transmitted disease (e.g., common cold, T.B., pneumonia), iv) Formite
borne.
Symptoms and signs. Symptoms : are evidences that point to the presence of diseases.
They are visible in the form of structural and functional changes in the body parts. They
indicate that there is something wrong in the body.

LEVEL - 2

1. Congenital diseases are those which 1) microorganisms which cause many

1) are deficiency diseases diseases
2) are present from time of birth 2) animals carry the infecting agents from
3) are spread from man to man sick person to another healthy person.
4) occur during life time 3) infected person
4) diseased plants
2. Which of the following is non -
communicable disease ? 4. Which one of the following causes kala
1) allergy 2) malaria azar ?
3) diarrhoea 4) tuberculosis 1) Trypnosoma 2) bacteria
3. Vectors can be defined as 3) Ascaris 4) Leishmania
60
5. Which one of the following disease in not SYNOPSIS - 3
transmitted by mosquito ?
1) typhoid 2) dengue u Antibiotics :- Antibiotics are chemicals
3) malaria 4) brain fever produced by microorganisms (mainly
bacteria and fungi) which at law
6. Which of the following is a bacterial concentration levels, have the ability to
disease ? destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogens.
1) hepatitis B 2) poliomyelitis The first antibiotic was penicillin, which was
3) tetanus 4) malaria
developed in the 1940's in response to treat
7. Fever, delirium, slow pulse, abdominal soldiers in the second World War. There are
tenderness and rose coloured rash indicate now about 50 to 100 commercially available
the disease. anitibiotics.
1) typhoid 2) measles Broad spectrum antibiotics kill a wide range
3) tetanus 4) chicken pox of bacteria.
8. Hemophilia is a Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective
1) acute disease 2) deficiency disease against only a few types of bacteria.
3) chronic disease 4) congenital disease The drug zidovudine (AZT) stops HIV from
replicating itself by binding with reverse
9. A chronic disease is transcriptase enzyme and blocking its
1) hypertension 2) typhoid
action. But it has side effect, i.e., causes
3) diarrhoea 4) kala - azar
anaemia.
10. Which one of the following has a long Principles of prevention of disease
term effect on the health of an individual Malaria can be a fatal disease for human
1) common cold 2) chicken pox beings. Approximately 300 million people
3) stress 4) chewing tobacco around the world get infected with malaria
every year."More than 2millions people die
11. Which one of the following is not a viral
every- year due to malaria disease. Malaria
disease ?
1) AIDS 2) dengue is caused by a protozoan parasite
3) influenza 4) typhoid Plasmodium. This disease spreads through
the bite of an insect vector—the female
12. Which one of the following disease is Anopheles mosquito which feeds on human,
not caused by bacteria ? blood. Male Anopheles mosquito feeds
1) anthrax 2) typhoid upon plant juice.
3) tuberculosis 4) malaria
u Symptoms : - Main symptoms of
malaria include headache, nausea, muscular
pain and high fever. Each malarial attack is
of 6 to 10 hours duration and consists of the
three stages 1.Cold stage, feeling of
extreme cold and shivers; 2. Hot stage, i. e.,
61
high fever, faster respiration and heart beat;
and 3. Sweating stage, i.e., due to profuse
sweating, temperature of the body goes
down to normal. Even after the patient is
cured of malaria, the patient feels weak and
becomes anaemic. Malaria may also
secondarily cause enlargement of spleen and
liver. Presence of malarial parasite can be
checked by blood test.
The name Malaria was proposed by
Macculoch (1827). C.L.A. Laveran (1880),
a French physician, discovered Malarial
parasite- plasmodium in the blood of a
malaria patient. He received Nobel Prize
for this discovery in 1907. Sir Ronald
Ross (1897) a "British physician,
confirmed that malaria is caused by
malaria parasite and mosquito is the
vector. He received Nobel Prize for this
discovery in 1902. Recently Allan Porter
and his team produced a genetically
engineered aquatic bacteria at National
Institute Singapore.
When mosquito larvae feed on these
bacteria, they get killed by the toxic
substance produced by these bacteria. This
can prove to be an effective biological
control method against malaria.
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) ,
Lucknow has developed an anti, cerebral
malarial drug called Arteether,
u Prevention : - Insect-repellents (e.g.,
Odomos) should be used to prevent
mosquito-bite Mosquito larvae can be killed
by sprinkling kerosene oil on large-sized
water bodies. Some larvivorous fishes" ,
such as Gambusia, minnows o r trout's or
birds (e.g., ducks) can be introduced in
water bodies. These animals feed on
62
mosquito larvae and hence the population of
mosquitoes is checked. This is called
biological control of mosquito.
5. Adult mosquitoes can be killed by
spraying insecticides (e.g., BHC, malathion)
on the walls of human dwellings.
The insecticide DDT is not used in the
chemical control of mosquitoes.
• A drug named quinine, which is
extracted from the bark of Cinchona tree, is
used to treat a -person suffering from
malaria.
• Influenza is commonly called flu. It is
caused by an influenza virus (Myxovirus
influenza). There exist three types of
influenza A, B and C. A and B types of
influenza viruses are 'important because
these are responsible for causing of disease
epidemics throughout the world. Influenza is
spread mainly from person to person
contact and by droplet infection via
sneezing, coughing or talking. The common
symptoms of influenza disease are sudden
onset of chills, discharge from the nose,
sneezing, fever, headache, muscular pains,
coughing, inflammation of respiratory
mucosa and general weakness. Fever lasts
for three days in adults.
• However vaccines are used for the
control of infection and antiviral drugs are
used for cure. Amantadine and Rimantidme
are recommended for the treatment influenza
Jaundice or hepatitis is the disease of liver.
Since liver is a very important organ in
body, its inflammation due to jaundice
affects digestion adversely.
Jaundice is caused by viral infection. The
types of hepatitis are hepatitis A, Hepatitis
B, Which is a DNA virus, all the other RNA
viruses. Hepatitis is spread mostly by food
and water contaminated with hepatitis virus.
Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A (or infectious
hepatitis by a RNA - containing virus) is an
acute infectious disease of liver which
affects mainly children and young adults.
Transmission of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
takes place by faecal - oral route, i.e.,
infection of HAY takes place by ingestion of
contaminated water, food or milk.
Symptoms :
1. High temperature, headache, fatigue,
general weakness, and joint pains.
2. Loss of appetite (called anorexia) with a
feeling of nausea and vomiting.
3. Dark yellow urine.
4. Use chlorinated, boiled and ozonised
water.
5. Hepatitis - A vaccine should be taken to
prevent the disease.
Hepatitis B : Hepatitis B is also known as
serum hepatitis or transfusion hepatitis by a
double stranded DNA virus This is most
dangerous and widespread type of viral
hepatitis. (hepatitis is regarded more
dangerous than AIDS). If occurs due AIDS
to infection 6T Hepatitis B virus (HBV).
HBV is a blood borne DNA virus. The
infection of HBV is transmitted by infected
blood, inoculation (inculation means the
introduction of a vaccine into a living being
to give immunity) from mothers to their
babies and by sexual route (through the
63
semen, saliva, etc.). Main symptoms of
Hepatitis B in clued progressive liver
disease, chronic active hepatitis and
hepatocellular carcinoma
The bite of a rabid dog (mad dog) and some
other rabid mammals such as monkeys, cats
or rabbits may cause rabies, which is fatal
caused by a rabies virus or lyssa.
Virus which is present in the saliva of the
infected animals viruses are injected into
human blood by the bite of the rabid animal,
Disease symptoms are not visible after
infection even up to 1 to 3 months.
Rabies is characterised by sever e headache,
high fever, painful contraction of muscles of
throat and chest (due t o which there is
difficulty in swallowing). The patient feels
restless, does excessive salivation, has a
choking feeling and find s difficulty in the
intake of eyen liquid food. Since patient
develops fear of water, the disease is also
called hydrophobia.
compulsory immunization of stray dogs and
cats should be done. Pet dogs should be
vaccinated with and — rabies vaccine. A
rabid animal shows excessive Salivation and
tries to seek isolation after bite. Such mad
animals should be killed.
u Control :- Rabies can be treated with
pasteur’s treatment (discovered by Louis
Pasteur), in which a course of 14 vaccines
was given. Currently 5 and H-rabies
vaccines are prescribed at an interval
of 0-3 -7- 14-30 day of dog bite.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno
Deficiency Syndrome. It is a fatal disease.
The disease of AIDS is caused by retro virus
(a RNA virus) known as Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) . AIDS virus
[attacks white blood cells (WBCs) or
lymphocytes "(T4 helper cells) of human
beings and weakens the human body's
immunity or self- defence mechanism. The
AIDS disease usually spreads through
unprotected. Sexual contact with an infected
person carrying AIDS virus. The AIDS
disease also spreads through the transfusion
of blood. The AIDS disease also spreads
through the use of infected needles for
injections. An AIDS infected mother can
transmit the virus to her child during
pregnancy or during birth (i.e., by mother’s
blood). This is called vertical transmission.
AIDS was first detected in USA in 1981 and
in India, first confirmed evidence of AIDS
infection came in April 1986 from Tamil
Nadu. The AIDS disease has spread in
epidemic form in Africa and western
countries. This is Because of the undesirable
sexual practices, polygamy and polyandry.
swollen lymph nodes fever; sweating at
night and weight loss.
u Prevention and control : -
1. People should be educated about AIDS
transmission.
2. Disposable syringes and needles should
be used for injection.
3. Sexual contact with unknown people
should be avoided.
4. High risk groups should refrain from
donating blood.
5. Sterilised needles may be provided t o
drug addicts.
64
6. Before receiving blood for transfusion,
one should ensure that it has been screened
for HIV
7. The common razor at the barber's shop
should not be used. Poliomyelitis or polio is
a disease of the nervous system caused by
one of the smallest known virus, called polio
virus. The virus enters the body through the
food and water and reaches the intestine and
from there it enters the CNS or central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord) via
blood stream and "lymphatic systems. In
CNS, the virus destroys the motor nerve
cells of spinal cord that are responsible for
the muscular control. Therefore, the muscles
of polioinfected person becomes incapable
of carrying out the normal functions Polio is
a kind of paralysis and mostly affects the
legs. Children between the age. 6 months
and 3 years are most prone to polio.
u Symptoms : If the infection persists, the
patient suffers from fever, vomiting,
muscular pain, stiffness in the neck tingling
sensation in limbs and ultimately paralysis.
Now a - days Oral Polio Vaccination (OPV)
is given orally to the children as per
National immunisation Schedule in our
country.
LEVEL - 3 (I)
1. Jaundice is a disease of
1) Kidney
2) liver
3) Pancreas
4) duodenum
2. AIDS is mainly caused by 1) intermediate host 2) parasite
1) sexual intercourse 3) vector 4) Prey
2) blood transfusion
3) through placental transfusion 10. AIDS connot be transmitted by
4) all of the above 1) breast feeding 2) blood transfusion
3) hugs 4) sexual contact
3. Female Anopheles mosquito is a carrier of
a pathogen that causes 11. Choose the wrong statement
1) yellow fever 2) filariasis 1) High blood pressure is caused by
3) malaria 4) dengue excessive weight and lack of exercise
2) Cancers can be caused by genetic
4. Making anti - viral drugs is more difficult abnormalities
than making anti - bacterial medicines 3) Peptic ulcers are caused by eating acidic
because ? food
1) virus make use of host – machinery 4) Acne is caused by staphylococci
2) viruses are on the border line of living
and non - living 12. AIDS was first detected in USA in
3) viruses have very few biochemical 1) 1981 2) 1982
mechanisms of their own 3) 1983 4) 1984
4) viruses have a protein coat
13. AIDS is caused by
5. December 1st is celebrated as a 1) bacteria 2) virus
1) world Aids day 3) fungi 4) both 1 and 3
2) world malarial day
3) world leprosy day LEVEL - 3 (II)
4) world diabetic day

6. Which drug can be used to stop HIV from 14. Reservior and Carrier organisms differ in
replecating it self 1) Possessing disease causing organisms
1) Zidovudine 2) penicillin 2) Carrying living infectitious agents
3) both 1 and 2 4) None 3) Absence of movement
4) Ability to directly infect the host
7. AIDS is due to
1) Reduction to number of helper T-cells 15. A vehicle born tranmitted diseases are :
2) reduction in number of killer T - cells 1) Plague and Malaria
3) autoimmunity 2) Chicken pox and Tetanus
4) non - production 3) Mumps and Common cold
4) Eye infection and Influenza
8. Which one of the diseases is not
infectious ? 16. In which of the following diseases pro-
1) typhoid 2) leprosy tection is offered by mosquito net :
3) measles 4) leukemia 1) Mumps 2) Measles
3) Malaria 4) All of these
9. An insect which transmits a disease in
known as
65
17. Hepatitis virus is transmitted from SYNOPSIS - 4
mother to child during child birth. It is also
u Pulse polio immunisation programme
transmitted through
1) Food 2) Water (PPIP) : Pulse polio immunisation
3) Milk 4) All of these programme forms the largest single day
public health project. Pulse means a dose of
18. A person with HIV infection may : a substance (here polio vaccine) especially
1) Become insane when over a short period of time! It was
2) Not shown symptoms of infections conducted for the first time in December
immediately 1995, in an attempt to eradicate polio from
3) Becomes obese
our country 'programme uses oral polio
4) lose his memory
vaccine or OPV.
19. Source of infection in diseases like u 1. Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis was first
tuberculosis, mumps and whooping cough discovered by German scientist Robert Koch
is in 1882. He was a warded Nobel Prize for
1) Direct contact 2) Droplet of saliva this discovery in 1905. T.B. is an infectious
3) Carrier organism 4) A vector
disease which is communicated from one
20. Jaundice symptoms are seen in the person to another directly or indirectly.
following conditions except in Tuberculosis is also contracted from animals
1) Destruction of large number of RBC of (e.g., cattle). Tuberculosis is caused by
liver bacterium - called mycobacterium
2) Infect by Hepatitis virus tuberculosis. T.B. spreads by inhaling
3) Excretion of bilirubin by the kidney infected droplets released through coughing,
4) Drugs taken that cause damages to liver sneezing, talking and spitting by the patient.
cell The incubation period of T.B.,includes a few
weeks to a few years.
21.Yellow colour of urine is due to presence
of pigment. u Symptoms : - The pateint of
1) Haemoglobin 2) Bilirubin tuberculosis feels sick and weak. There is a
3) Biliveridin 4) Chlorophyll loss appetite and weight. Typical fever
pattern and night sweats are also common.
22. HIV is generally transmitted through : The symptoms of T.B. vary depending on
1) Casual contact 2) Blood
the site of the infection (disease) in the body.
3) Saliva 4) Tears
there arc following two specific sites of
23. Entry of a disease causing organism into tuberculosis infection.
the body results in u Lung or pulmonary T.B. : - The person
1) Infection 2) Incubation suffers from pulmonary. T.B. has continuous
3) Manifestation 4) Termination fever, persistent cough and produces blood
stained sputum. There is loss of weight and
weakness. The chest – pain and
breathlessness are common features of
66
patients of lung. T.B. When the tuberculosis
bacteria get into the lungs, they set up a
local inflammation and produce an abscess.
This usally heals up and leaves a small path
of scar tissue shows up in X- ray
photographs. Immunisation with BCG or
Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin vaccination
prevent tuberculosis.
u Control : - The tuberculosia can be
cured by the following six essential drugs.
1.Rfiampicin (RMP; 2.INH, 3.Streptomycin,
4 .Pyrazinamide, 5.Ethaobutol, and 6.
Thioacetozone. Thus, T.B. can be controlled
by the use of anti tubercular therapy.
Cholera is an acutely infectious, fatal
disease and is more common during
overcrowded fairs festivals and after floods.
Sometimes cholera occurs in "epidemic
form (epidemic means wide and destructive
in occurrence) spread over large population.
Cholera is caused the bacterium Vibrio
cholera. It is transmitted by flies,
contaminated water and food. When
sanitation is poor, it spreads rapidly. The
incubation period of cholera is generally
from a few hours to two or three days.
u Symptoms : 1. Watery diarrhoea (i.e.,
rice - water like stools) which is generally
painless.
2. Effortless vomiting without nausea.
3. Loss of several litres of fluid from
patient's body takes place within hours. This
results in dehydration muscle cramps and
weight loss.
4. Great loss of mineral salts and body fluid
leads to kidney failure.
u Control : 1. For preventing dehydration
67
therapy with Oral Rehydration Solution
(ORS) Should be done immediately. ORS
solution conains 3.5g sodium chloride, 2.5g
sodium bicarbonate, 1.5g potassium
chloride, 20g glucose, 40g surcose in one
litre water. Taking small sips of ORS
solution at intervals prevents dehydration of
the patients.
.
u Typhoid :- Typhoid is the most common
communicable disease in India. Typhoid
fever is common in humans of the 1 to 15
years age group. Every year about
2.5million persons suffer from Typhoid.
Typhoid is caused by a rod - shaped and
motile bacterium, called salmonella typhi
which is commonly found in the intestine of
human beings. Human infection is direct.
Infection takes place by the oral route
through ingestion of food, milk or water
contaminated by contact with faecal matter
of the typhoid patient. The bacteria spread
through faecal matter by house flies. The
symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14
days after the infection.
u Symptoms :-
1.Headache and typhoid fever which rises
maximum in the afternoon.
2. High fever in the second week. Fever
gradually declines during 3rd and 4th day.
3. Typhoid oral vaccine also prevents
typhoid. Control. There standard drugs (e.g.,
Chloromycetin) which cure typhoid.
u Diarrhoea : Diarrhoeal disease form a
group of intestinal infections, including food
poisoning. The main symptom of all such
infections is diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is an
abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid
or fluid faeces.
The diarrhoea spreads through infection 5. BCG vaccine is used to cure
through contaminated food, water, drinks, 1) pneumonia 2) tuberculosis
hands, clothes, bed sheets and utensils. 'lite 3) polio 4) amoebiasis
causative agents diarrhoea are mainly
6. Human disease caused by a bacterium is
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, 1) measles 2) dengue
Clostridium botulinum, Shigella dysentiriae, 3) tuberculosis 4) polio
Campylobacterejejuri and Salmonella The
protozoans (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia 7. T.B is cured be
intestinalis and Balantidium coli), some 1) griseofulvin 2) ubiquinone
viruses (Rotavirus, Enterovirus, A denovirus 3) streptomycin 4) encitol
and Norwalk) and nematodes (Ascaris) also
8. Cholera is caused by
act as causative agents of diarrhoea. 1) vibrio cholera 2) Non vibrio cholera
3) both 1 and 2 4) None
u Symptoms : 1. Frequent loose motions
and vomiting makes lead to dehydration.
LEVEL - 4 (II)

9. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic

intake of
LEVEL - 4 (I) 1) tobacco (Chewing) 2) Cocaine
3) Opium 4) Alcohol
1. Infectious diseases spread through
1) vectors 2) water 10. A certain patient is suspected to be
3) sexual 4) all of these suffering from Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome. Which diagnostic technique will
2. You are aware of Polio Eradication you recommend for its detection?
programme in your city. Children are 1) WIDAL 2) ELISA
vaccinated because 3) MRI 4) Ultra sound
1) vaccination kills the polio causing
microorgan isms 11. Which of the following disease is caused
2) prevents the entry of polio causing by virus and transmitted by mosquito
organism 1) Plague 2) Typhus
3) it creates immunity in the body 3) Yellow fever 4) Filariasis
4) all the above
12. Which of the following is caused by
3. Acne are caused by 'Bacterial Infection' ?
1) H1 N1 virus 2) Trypanosoma 1) Tetanus 2) Malaria
3) Staphylococcus 4) Leishmania 3) Rabies 4) Cancer

4. The most common communicable disease 13. Which of the following is NOT a
in India contageous disease ?
1) Malaria 2) Dengue 1) Influenza 2) Measles
3) Typhoid 4) 1 and 2 3) Typhoid 4) Hysteria
68
14. Which of the following is a pair of viral 4) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper
diseases ? Tlymphocytes and damages large number of
1) Typhoid, Tuberculosis these
2) Ringworm, AIDS
3) Common Cold, AIDS 21. Haemolytic Anaemia is caused by
4) Dysentery, Common Cold 1) AIDS 2) Leprosy
3) ABO incompatibility
15. The causative organism of 'Malaria' is 4) Liver cirrhosis
______
1) Plasmodium 2) Trypanosoma 22. Common cold differs from pneumonia
3) Leishmania 4) Bacillus in, that
1) Pneumonia is caused by a virus while the
16. BCG vaccine is used to develop common cold is caused by the bacterium
immunity against Haemophilus influenzae
1) Jaundice 2) Polio 2) Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli
3) Influenza 4) Tuberculosis whereas the common cold affects nose and
respiratory passage but not the lungs
17. Fever, delirium, slow pulse, abdominal 3) Pneumonia is a communicable disease
tenderness and rose coloured rash indicate whereas the common cold is a nutritional
the disease deficiency disease
1) Typhoid 2) Measles 4) Pneumonia can be prevented by a live
3) Tetanus 4) Chicken pox
attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the
18. Which one of the following is common cold has no effective vaccine
INCORRECT about Tuberculosis ? 23. Which one of the following pairs of
1) It commonly affects lungs diseases is viral as well as transmitted by
2) Bacteria releases tuberculin toxin
mosquitoes?
3) Patients sputum contains blood.
1) Encephalitis and sleeping sickness
4) It is accused by Diplodocus tuberculosis
2) Yellow fever and sleeping sickness
3) Elephantiasis and Dengue
19. Find the incorrect pair
4) Yellow fever and Dengue
1) DTP — Hib — Diphtheria, tetanus,
pertussis and influenza type B 24. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics
2) Polio — Tuberculosis
because it is
3) BCG—TB
1) Caused by a Gram-negative bacterium
4) Hepatitis B — Hepatitis
2) Not an infectious disease
3) Caused by a virus
20. At which stage of HIV infection does
4) Caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
1) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an 25. Which of the following is a pair of viral
infected person diseases?
2) When the infecting retrovirus enters host 1)Typhoid, Tuberculosis
cells 2) Ringworm, AIDS
3) When viral DNA is produced by reverse 3) Common Cold, AIDS
transcriptase 4) Dysentery, Common Cold
69
26. Which of the following diseases induces 1) A, B and D 2) A and C
`Immunity' ? 3) B and D 4) All
1) Jaundice 2) Diabetes 3) T.B 4) Small pox
34. Suspension of attenuated pathogen that
27. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics stimulates antibody formation is
because it is 1) Antitoxin 2) Vaccine
1) Caused by a Gram-negative bacterium 3) Antibiotic 4) Serum
2) Not an infectious disease
3) Caused by a virus 35. Acculmulation of Uric crystals in the
4) Caused by a Gram-positive bacterium synovial joints resulsts in _____.
1) Rheumatism 2) Gout
28. The causative of whooping cough is 3) Osteoporosis 4) Osteoarthritis
_______
1) Corneybacterium 2) Trypanosoma 36. Match the following with correct
3) Salmonella 4) Bacillus pertusis response.
1) OPV A) Polio
29. Tapeworm infection usually comes 2) DPT B) Tuberculosis
under which of the following category ? 3) BCG C) Diptheria , Pertusis,
1) Droplet infection 2) Vector Tetanus
3) Measly pork 4) Contaminated water 4) TT D) Tetanus
1) 1-C, 2-B 3-D, 4-A
30. Which of the following is an 'Nutritional 2) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
deficiency disease' ? 3) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
1) Hypertension 2) Rickets 4) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
3) Diabetes 4) Gastroenteritis
37. Match the following with correct
31. What is the full from of BCG? response.
1) Bag Chalmette Guerin 1) Vector A) viral disease
2) Bacillus calamine Guerin 2) Rabies B) AIDS
3) Bacillus Calmette Guerin 3) Long lasting effect C) Cigarette
4) None of these smoking
4) HIV D) Female
32.Who discovered small pox vaccine Anopheles
1) Robert brown 2) Edward Jenner 1) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
3) Virchow 4) Robert Koch 2) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
33.Which of the following statement is 4) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
incorrect
A. Infections diseases are caused by 38. Which of the following is not an
microorganisms antibiotic?
B. Antibiotics work against viral infections A. Penicillin B. Insulin
C. Vaccines develops immunity in the C. Streptomycin D. BCG
children 1) A and C 2) B and D
D. Female anopheles is a causal organism of 3) only A 4) A
malaria
70

6 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
SYNOPSIS - 1
Carolus Linnaeus
u According to an estimation, about 5 to
30 million species of living organisms are
present on the Earth. But out of them, we
have been able to identify about 1.7 million
species There is a great diversity amongst
the living organism . On one hand, there are
microscopic bacteria measuring few
Micrometers in size then on the other hand,
there are giant organisms like blue whale
(30m) and red wood tree (100m).
u Taxonomy : (Gr. taxis - arrangement :
nomos - law). The functional branch of
biology dealing with the identification,
nomenclature and classification of living
organisms is called taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) is known
as the "Father of taxonomy". Theophrastus
is known as "Father of Botany". Aristotle
(384 - 322BC) - the Father of Zoology was
the first to classify animals.
Identification : - It is defined as the
determination that a particular organism is
similar to some other known individual.
Nomenclature : - The system of naming
71
living or non - living objects is termed as
nomenclature.
Binomial method of Nomenclature :-
Linnaeus : - (1707 - 1778) in his book
"Species plantarum" named nearly 9,378
species of animals and plants according to
new system called binomial nomenclature.
As the name "Binomial" indicates, the
naming is done by two words. The first
word is genetic and the second is specific.
The first word is genetic and the second is
specific. The generic name always starts
with capital letter, whereas, the specific
name starts with small letter. These two
words are written in italics one after the
other and separately e.g., Rana tigrina
(frog). Homo sapiens (human). The
scientific names are not changed easily.
They are guided by a set of rules stated in
the International code of Biological
Nomenclature.
u Classification : - The method of
arranging organisms into groups or sets on
the basis of similarities and differences is
called classification. Similarities and
difference s show their relationship.
u Basis of classification : - Living
organisms exhibit tremendous diversity in
size, shape, form, colour organization,
distribution, reproduction, life history, etc.,
These particular forms, features or functions
of living organisms which make them
unique and help to identify are known as
characteristics.
In the process of classification, we need to
decide, which characteristic is to be used as
the basis for making broadest divisions.
u Importance of classification :
• i) It provides an information regarding the
diversity of living organisms on the Earth.
• ii) It proves us about the inter -
relationship between diffeivnt groups of
plants and animals in the biosphere.
• iii) It helps us in identifying a correct
desirable plant to be crossed to another
desirable plant to be crossed to another
sedirable plant so to improve the quality of a
certain plant.
• iv) It guides us about the desirable plants
or animals which need to be introduced from
one country to another.
u Classification and evolution : - Darwin
explained evolution as Descent - with
modification". It means new species are
formed by the modifications of pre existing
ones.
u Category and hierarchy of categories :
Category is a rank or level in the
classification of living organisms. This is
done by arranging all the organisms into
groups or categories called taxa (singular is
taxon).
u Category and hierarchy of categories :
category is a rank or level in the
classification of living organisms. In
biological classification. This is done by
arranging all the organisms into groups or
categories called taxa (singular is taxon).
Depending upon the relative size of the
categories, the taxa of living organisms are
ranked in a hierarchy of categories
as follow :-
72
Kingdom Phylum / Division
Subphylum / Subdivision
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
It is very important to note that the specie s
is the basic level of all the modern
classification. Species is a group of similar
organisms that arc capable of breeding
amongst themselves so as to produce fertile
young ones.
u Modes of classification : - Biologists,
since the time of Aristotle have divided the
living world into two kingdoms i.e.,
I) Plantae and (II) Animalia.
Linnaeus also divided the living world into
two kingdoms in 175 8as Aristotle did.
u I) Kingdom plantae : All the plants
Constitute kingdom plantae. This kingdom,
includes bacteria, fungi, algae liverworts,
mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
u II) Kingdom Animalia : All the animals
collectively consttute the kingdom animalia.
This kingdom includes protozoans, sponges,
jelly fishes, worms, insects, spiders, fishes,
frogs, lizards, birds, mammals, etc,.
A clear line cannot be drawn between these
two kingdoms, e.g., Euglena possesses
chlorophyll and is capable of photosynthesis
in sunlight like that of plants, but it is
heterotrophic in darkness and does not
possess cell wall like animals. Later, in 1866
a German zoologist E.H. Haeckel raised
third kingdom named Protista for unicelluar
eukaryotic organisms.
 9.The system of nomenclature evolved by
LEVEL - 1 (I)
Linnaeus is
1) mononomial 2) vernacular
1. The science of naming organism is called 3) binomial 4) polynomial
1) identification 2) nomenclature
3) classification 4) taxonomy 10. In binominal name , which is written in
2. Binomial nomenclature consists of two capital ?
words 1) first alphabet of generic name
1) genus and species 2) all alphabets of generic word
2) order and family 3) first alphabet of specific word
3) family and genus 4) all alphabets of specific word
4) species and variety
11. Who proposed the concept of evolution ?
3. Homo : generic name : : sapines : 1) Aristotle 2) Theophrastus
1) species name 2) human name 3) Darwin 4) Linnaeus
3) division name 4) organism name
12. The science of classification is called
4. Phylogeny is study of 1) demography 2) taxonomy
1) development of an individual 3) biology 4) none of the above
2) evolution of species
3) embryonic development of an organ 13. The basic unit of classification is
4) ecological adaptation of an organisms 1) variety 2) species
3) genus 4) family
5. Class is a category between
1) phylum and order 14. Genetic material of prokaryotes is called
2) kingdom and phylum 1) nucleoid 2) nucleolus
3) order and family 3) plasmid 4) mesosome
4) family and genes
15. 'Taxa' differs from "taxon"due to
6. A group of similar freely inter - breeding 1) this being a higher taxonomic category
organisms constitutes a than taxon
1) species 2) genera 2) this being the lower taxonomic category
3) family 4) class T than taxon
3) this being the singular of taxon
7. The ability of nitrogen fixation is found in 4) this being the singular of taxon
1) monerans only
2) bot monerans and protistans
LEVEL - 1 (II)
3) protistans only 4) fungi only
16. First step in Taxonomy is
8. The total number of species, that are 1) Naming 2) Description
3) Identification 4) Classification
known and described, range between
1) 0.5 - 1.0, million
17. The book `S stems Naturae' was written
2) 1.1-1.2 million by ______
3) 1.7 - 1.8 million
4) 2.5 - 3.0 million 1) Linnaeus 2) Charles Darwin
3) Aristotle 4) Theophrastus
73
18. Five kingdom classification was 3) Algae 4) Protozoa
proposed by
1) Engler and Prantl 26. First phylogenetic system of
2) Hutchinson classification was given by
3) Bantham and Hooker 1) John Ray 2) Engler and Prantl
4) Whittaker 3) Whittaker 4) Bantham and Hooker

19. Who is called as "Father of Botany" 27.Taxonomic hierarchy refers to

1) Linnaeus 2) Hooker 1) A list of botanists or zoologists wh o have
3) Aristotle 4) Theophrastus worked on taxonomy of a species o r group
2) A group of senior taxonomists who decide
20. Which one is not a characteristic feature the nomenclature of plants and ani. mals
of prokaryotes? 3) Step-wise arrangeMent of all categories
1) Sexual reproduction for classification of plants and animals
2) Single envelop organisation 4) Classification of a species based on fossil
3) Absence of spindle apparatus
4) Genetic material not organised in nucleus 28. Basic 'Taxonomy' unit is :
1) Kingdom 2) Genus
21.Unicellular algae and fungi are separated 3) Species 4) Order
from other organisms on basis of
1) Absence of cilia 29. Binomial nomenclature means writing
2) Presence of chlorophyll the names of plants/animals in two words
3) Absence of cell wall
4) Lack of tissue differentiation which denotes _______.
1) Order and Family
22. A distinction between unicellular and 2) Family and Genus
3) Species and Variety
multi-cellular is not possible in case of 4) Genus and Species
1)Algae 2) Protozoa
3) Plantae 4) Animalia 30. Which of the following groups would
23. Sexual reproduction is by copulation of contain the largest number of organisms?
1) Class 2) Order
male and female followed by embryo logical 3) Phylum 4) Family
development is characteristic feature of
1) Fungi 2) Mucor 31. Unicellular eukaryotes belongs to
3) Animalia 4) Plantae kingdom
1) Mycota 2) Plantae
24. The body of fungus is filamentous and it 3) Monera 4) Protista
is called
1) Steepened 2) Filament 32. A kingdom common to unicellular plants
3) Hyphae 4) Mycelium and animals is
1) Protista 2) Plantae
25. Which one is important in nutrient 3) Fungi 4) Monera
recycle and act as decomposer and
mineralisers of the biosphere
1) Amphibians 2) Fungi
74
33. Arranging organism on the basis of their 40. Arrange the following order of Linnaean
shared similar or derived characters that hierarchy order
differ from ancestral character is called 1) Kingdom— Phylum— Class—Order
1) Cladogram 2) Nomogram Family—Genus—Species
3) Histogram 4) Monogram 2) Kingdom—Family—Genus—Species—
Class—Phylum—Order
34. All prokaryotic, unicellular organisms 3) Kingdom —Order—species — Genus —
are included under kingdom Class —Family—Phylum
1) Fungi 2) Animalia 4) Species — Genus — Family — Order —
3) Monera 4) Protista Class — Phylum — Kingdom
35. Plants complete their life cycle in two
phase, saprophytic and gametophytic which
occurs alternately called
1) Change in phases SYNOPSIS - 2
2) Alternation of generation
3) Alternation of diploid and haploid u Five kingdom system of classification:
4) None of these Robert H. Whittaker, an American
taxonomist in 1969 has proposed a new five
36. Which one is not a member of kingdom kingdom classification of living organisms.
Protista Whittaker based his scheme of classification
1) Protozoa 2) Euglenoids on the following criteria : -
3) Slime molds 4) Phycomycetes i) Complex of cell structure (prokaryotic or
37. Classification based on comparative eukaryotic)
ii) Complexity of organism (unicellular or
cytological studies, number of chromosome
multicellular).
and behaviour of chromosome is called iii) Mode of nutrition (absorptive,
1) Numerical taxonomy
2) Cytotaxonomy autotrophic or heterotrophic)
3) Chemotaxonomy iv) Phylogenic relationship Whittaker did
4) Artificial taxonomy not include viruses in his scheme of
classification. Viruses are considered as
38. Which of the following type of connecting links between the living and
classification based on a few morphological non - living.
characters u These five kingdoms are :
1) Phyllogenetic 2) Artificial
3) Natural 4) Morphological u 1. Kingdom monera :

39. A peculiar group of dual organism which I) They are prokaryotic organisms. Their
are formed by an association between an body cells, do not have well defined nucleus.
alga and a fungus. ii) Membrane bound cell organelles are
1) Mucor 2) Lichens absent.
3) Yeast 4) Mushroom iii) They do not show multicellular body
designs.
75
iv) Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or
heterotrophic. Kingdom monera includes
bacteria, blue - green algae or cyanobacteria
and mycoplasmas.
u 2. Kingdom protista :
cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. Such type
of relationships are called symbiosis. These
symbiotic life forms are called lichens. You
most have seen lichens as slow growing,
large, coloured patches on the bark of trees.

I) They are unicellular, eukaryotic

organisms.
ii) They use pseudo podia, cilia or flagella
for food capturing and locomotion.
iii) Mode of nutrition in these organisms
may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Kingdom Protista includes unicellular algae.
diatoms and protozoans. Fungi

u 4. Kingdom plantae : -
I) They are multicellular eukaryoti c
organisms having autotrophic mode of
nutrition.
ii) Their body cell are covered with cell
wall. The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
Algae
iii) Green coloured chlorophyll is present in
their cells. It helps in photosynthesis.
u 3. Kingdom fungi :
iv) The body is differentatated into root,
i) They are eukaryotic, multicellular stem leaves, flowers.
organisms having absorptive mode of
v) Food is stored in the form of starch. It
nutrition.
includes algae, bryophytes and
ii) They use decaying organic material as tracheophytes.
food hence, called saprophytes, Some of
them are parasites.
iii) Cell wall made up of chitin is present.
iv) The body of fungus is filamentous and is
called mycelium. The filaments are known
as hyphae.
v) The are spore producing organisms. They
include yeast, mushrooms, moulds, etc,.
Some fungal species live in permanent
mutually dependents relationship with
76
5. Kingdom Animalia :
I) They are multicellular eukaryotic
organisms having ingestive mode of
nutrition.
ii) Their body cells are without cell wall.
iii) They are usually free living organisms.
iv) In their body cells food is stored as
glycogen. They include all multicellular
eukaryotic animals.
3) Companion cells in phloem
4) All of these
7. ‘Coelom’ in animals is defined as :
1) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
2) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
3) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
4) Not lined by any layer.
8.’ Gymnosperms’ do not have :
1) Antheridium 2) Ovule
3) Archegonium 4) Egg

9. Fungi resemble animals in having

1) mycelium 2) chitin
LEVEL - 2 (I) 3) glycogen 4) Both 1 and 3
1. A plant body not differentiated into root, 10. Which of the following plant group
stem and leaves is termed as bears naked seeds ?
1) thallus 2) mycelium 1) Pteridophyta 2) Bryophyta
3) hyphae 4) herb 3) Gymnospermae 4) Both 1 and 2
2. Which of the following group of plants is 12. In which of the following groups would
called vascular cryptogams ? you place a plant which produces spores and
1) thallophyta 2) bryophyta
embryos but lacks seeds and vascular tissue ?
3) pteridophyta 4) angiospermae
1) Liverworts 2) Hornworts
3) Mosses 4) All
3. Amoeba belongs to kingdom
1) Monera 2) protista
13. In moss sporophyte the following is
3) Fungi 4) Animalia
absent:
4. It is a ‘ Hornwort ‘ ? 1) Foot 2) Seta
1) Funaria 2) Sphagmum 3) Capsule 4) Elaters
3) Anthoceros 4) Marchantia
14. Plants producing seeds but not flower are
5. Which of the following plants do not grouped under.
produce seeds ? 1) Bryophytes 2) Pteridophytes
1) Ficus and Funaria 3) Gymnosperms 4) Angiosperms
2) Fern and Funaria
3) Chlamydomonas and Ficus 15. Classification of Angiosperms is based
4) Punica and Pinus on floral characters because:
1) Floral parts are more conservative than
6. The exceptional character of vegetative parts.
'Angiosperms' is : 2) Floral parts are more coloured
1) Presence of bitegrnic ovules 3) Floral parts are visible
2) Double fertilization 4) None of these
77
16. Plant body is Thallus in
1) Gymnosperms 2) Algae
3) Bryophyta 4) Pteridophyta
LEVEL - 2 (II)
17. Prothallus represents the
1) Gametophytic phase in pteridophytes
2) Sporophytic phase of pteridophytes
3) Sporophytic phase in Gymnosperms
4) Sporophytic phase in Angiosperms
18.By the alternation of generations, the
spore of a moss develops itself into an alga
like structure known as
1) Psilopsida 2) Protonema
3) Marchantia 4) Bryopsida
19. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and
shady places because both`:
1) Depend for their nutrition on
microorganisms which can survive only at
low temperature
2) Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis
3) Require presence of water for fertilization
4) Cannot compete with sun-loving plants
24. The plant body is attached to soil by the
help of rhizords in species of Bryophytes
known as :
1) Protonema 2) Psilopsida
3) Gametophyte 4) Marchantia
25. Spore dissemination in some liverwort s
is aided by
1) Indusium 2) Elaters
3) Peristome teeth 4) Calyptra
26. In which of the following, all listed
genera belong to the same class of algae
1) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix
2) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
3) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia
4) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracillaria
SYNOPSIS - 3
u Classification of plants : -
According to Eichler (1883), the kingdom
plantae is divided into two major divisions.

20. Identify the alga known for a biological u 1. Cryptogam : (Gk. cryptos hidden,
activity called bioluminescence. gamos marriage)
1) Spirogyra 2) Noctiluca This group includes plants which are
3) Cyclotella 4) Chlorella flowerless and do not bear seeds.Then seeds
or flower. The sex organs are hidden and not
21.Which one of the following kinds of conspicous.
animals is triploblastic? 1) Thallophyta
1) Corals 2) Flat worms 2) Bryophyta
3) Sponges 4) Ctenophores 3) Pteridophyta

22. Coralloid roots occur in : u 1) Thallophyta :

1) Pinus 2) Ferns (Gk. thallus - undifferentated young
3) Cycas 4) Mosses shoots, phyton - plants)
23. Sporangia bearing leaves in I) This group includes plants which are not
Pteridophytes are called : differentiated into various parts like root,
1) Ramenta 2) Sori stem, leaves and flowers.
3) Sporophyll 4) Indusium
78
ii) Asexual reproduction takes place by the
formation of spores.
iii) Sex organs are simple and single celled.
iv) Embryo formation after fertilization is
absent.
vi) Life cycle is completed in two phases
i.e., haploid gametophytic phase and diploid
sporophytic phase.
EXAMPLES OF THALLOPHYTA
w This group is further divided into three
smaller groups.
1) Algae 2) Fungi 3) Bacteria
u 1) Algae
I) Algae are found both in freshwater as
well as seawater and moist soil.
ii) They may be single celled, colonial for
filamentous
iii) They form the green scum found floating
on the surface of stagnant water of ponds
iv) Algae are autotrophic
v) The cell of algae have cell wall made up
of cellulose. Examples :- Chlamydomonas
(single - celled), Volvox (colonial), Ulothrix,
Spirogyxa, Oedogonium (filamentous).
u 2) Fungi
I) Fungi are non - green (due to the absence
79
of chlorophyll)
ii) Heterotrophic plants having diverse
modes of nutrition.
iii) Some are parasitic i.e., they draw their
food from the other living organisms, while
other are saprophytic, i.e., they feed upon
dead and decaying organisms.
iv) The cell wall is made up of cellulose or
chitin or both.
v) The body is a web of fine, delicate threads
called hyphae.
Example : Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium,
Agaricus (saprophytic), Neurospora,
Puccinia (rust), ustilago (smut) and
Aspergillus.
u Lichens : are a symbiotic combination
of an alga and a fungus where both are
mutually benefited. The fungal partner
provides water, minerals and physical
protection, while the alga synthesizes food.
Lichens are found growing on the rocks and
barks of trees, e.g,. Rhizocarpon, Graphics,
Collema, etc.
u Bacteria:
i) The bacteria are unicellular (a cellular)
microscopic organisms.
ii) They reproduce asexually and lack
nuclear membrane (prokaryotes) and
chlorophyll.
iii) They get their food from the living or
dead organic material, i.e., heterotrophic.
iv) Many bacteria are parasitic and cause
disease in humans, animals and plants
(pathogenic bacteria)
v) Cell - organelles absent
3) Bryophyta (Gk. Bryon - moss, phyton - I) These include the plants with naked seeds
Plant) i.e., the seeds are not enclosed in fruits.
ii) They may be either trees or shrubs.
BRYOPHYTES
iii) Both the male and female cones are
present. The male cones are smaller than
female cones.
iv) Plants are perennial, evergreen and
woody.

u Gymnosperms can be of two types :

i) This group includes mosses and liverworts a) Cycads : They are found in abundance
in the warm humid tropics, e.g., Cycas.
ii) Bryophytes are small, multi cellular, b) Conifers : They inhabit the cool,
green and simplest land plants, confined to temperature mountain tops, e.g., Fire, Pine
shady, damp places. They are also called etc,.
amphibians of kingdom
iii) They lack true vascular tissue. u 2) Angisoperms (Gk. angio - a case or
vessel, sperm seed) :
iv) The plant body is thallus or foliose. Root
i) The body is highly developed and
like out growths called rhizoids
differentiated into roots, stem leaves, flowers
v) The upper surface of the body produces a and fruits
stalk which bears a capsule containing
ii) Flowers are the reproductive parts of
spores
these plants.
3. Pteridophyta (Gk. pterid fern, phyton -
iii) The seeds are enclosed in the fruits.
plant)
Depending upon the number of cotyledons
i) They are highly evolved cryptogams' and
present, the angiosperms are further
include ferns.
ii) These plants contain vascular tissues. The categorized into two types i.e.,
plant body is differentiated in to true root,
stem and leaves.
iii) The leaves are often made up of leaflets
bearing sporangia on the underside.
iv) Stem is generally underground

u II. Phanerogams or spermatophyta : u a) Monocotyledonous plants (seeds

It includes flowering and seed bearing with one cotyledon)
plants. The seeds bearing plants are of two I) The seeds of these plants have only one
types cotyledon.
1) Gymnosperms ii) The leaves of these plants have parallel v
2) Angiosperms enation.
A) Gymnosperms : (Gk. gymno - naked , iii) Fibrous root system is present. e.g.
sperm - seed) Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sugarcane, Bamboos.
80
u b) Dicotyledonous plants (seeds with
two cotyledons) :
I) The seeds of these plants have two fleshy
seed leaves called cotyledons laden with
food.
On the basis of origin of mouth, Bilateria is
classified in two divisions, i.e, Protostomia
(blastopore of gastrula developing into
mouth) and Deuterostomia (blastopore
developing into anus).

ii) Venation in their leaves is reticulate with

a network of veins.
iii) Tap root system is present in these
plants. Almost all the big trees having lots of LEVEL - 3 (I)
branches and leaves with reticulate venation
are dicotyledonous plants. e.g., Pea, Potato, 1. In moss stomata appears on
Sunflowers, Neem, Apple Banyan, Peepal, 1) Capsule 2) Leaves
Jamun, Rose etc. 3) Stem 4) All of these

u Classification of animals : - 2. Gymnosperms are

The world in which we live, contains an 1) Flowering plants
enormous variety, of animals on the land, in 2) Seed bearing plants
3) Seedless flowering plants
the water and even in the air. One major. 4) Fruit bearing seed plants
Kingdom Animalia is divided into two sub -
kingdom i.e., Protozoa and Metazoa. 3. Spores of Funaria on germination give
Protozoa includes animals which are single - rise to .
called (unicellular or a cellular. They have 1) Antheridium 2) Bud
protoplasmic level of organization. Metazoa 3) Protonema 4) Archegonium
includes multicellular animals having
numerous cells in their body. 4.The nonvascular plants whose
gametophytes are larger than their
Metazoa is further divided into two sporophytes are
branches i.e., is Parazoa and Eumetazoa. In 1) Fungi 2) Pteridophytes
Parazoa, the animals have cellular level of 3) Algae 4) Bryophytes
organization. Cells are loosely arranged in 5. The unicellular green algae that undergo
aggregates. Whereas in Eumetazoa, tissue both asexual and sexual reproduction are
differentiation takes place. Definite digestive 1) Chlamydomonas
tract is present. 2) Selaginella
Eumetazoa is further divided either on the 3) Pinus
4) Dryopteris
basis of germ layers or symmetry of the
body or mode of origin of mouth. On the 6. Gymnosperms produce neither flower nor
basis of symmetry, eumetaoza is divided fruit because they do not possess
into two grades, i.e., Radiata having radial 1) Embryo 2) Ovary
symmetry and Bilateria having bilateral 3) Ovule 4) Seed
Symmetry.
81
7. Fern plant is iv) Excretion : takes place through the body
1) Haploid sporophyte surface.
2) Diploid gametophyte v) to fresh water forms osmorcgulatory
3) Diploid sporophyte organelles arc contractile vacuoles.
4) Haploid gametophyte vi) Reproduction is generally asexual by
binary fission or multiple fission.
8. In which of the following groups would vii) Encystment : (cyst- formation), t o
you place a plant which produces seeds but overcome dry, unfavourable conditions, is
lacks flowers? common in freshwater forms.
1) Fungi 2) Pteridophytes Examples : Amoeba, Entamoeba,
3) Bryophytes 4) Gymnosperms
Paramecium, Euglena, Trypanosom a
9. The female reproductive structure of Plasmodium, etc.
small, nonvascular plants that produces a
u Phylum porifera (Pori - pores, feran
single egg by mitosis is
1) Archegonium 2) Antheridium bearing)
3) Gemmae cup 4) Sporangiophore These animals are porous because of the
presence of a large number of pores called
10. The seedless vascular plants whose osta all over their surface. They are
sporophytes are larger than their small and popularly known as sponges and are
independent gametophytes are characterized by the following features.
1) Pteridophytes 2) Arigiosperms 1. They are exclusively aquatic in their
3) Gymnosperms 4) None of these habitat, mostly marine, with few exceptions
which are found in freshwater.
2. They are the first and simplest multi
cellular animals.
SYNOPSIS - 4 3. They are sedentary (attached to the
substratum) and lack locomotory organelles.
u Phylum protozoa (protos first, zoon –
4. The body bears a large number ofpores
animals) :
called ostia.
They are believed to be the first animals 5. They are usually radially symmetrical and
which evolved on the earth. They are plant like in external appearance.
simplest, acellular organisms. 6. They are diploblastic : In place of
i) They are the acellular (unicellular), mesoderm, there is a non - cellular,non
simplest, microscopic animals, They are living gel - like mesogloea.
called acellular as the body is not 7. Body wall is supported by calcareous or
differentiated into cells. silicious spicules, spongin fibres or both
ii) They possess protoplasmic level of 8. Body cavity spongocoel serves as
organization, i.e. the various functions are digestive tract. Digestion is intracellular.
performed by the protoplasm. 9. Respiration and excretion take place
iii) Respiration : is aerobic. Exchange of through general body surface.
gases take place through the general body 10.Asexual reproduction by budding and
surface. sexual reproduction by the formation of
82
Gametes takes place. Animals are mostly
hermaphrodite.
Example : Sycon, leucosolena, Spongilla,
etc.
u Phylum - coelenterate (Cnidaria)
Coelenterata includes jelly fishes, corals, p
se a anemone, etc,:
1. They are sac - like animals having radially
symmetrical body.
2.They are diploblastic having tissue level of
organization
3. Throughtout the body is present a
continoous cavity called coelenteron or
gastro vascular cavity. It communicates with
outside through mouth only. Around the
mouth are present finger - like structures
called tentacles.
4. Body surface contains special cells called
nematoblasts or stinging cells.
5.The body cavity serves the purpose of
alimentary canal. Digestion is both
intercellular and intracellular.
6.Nerve cells : are present in the form of
nerve nets and nerve rings. Sensory cells are
found in epidermis.
7. They exhibit polymorphism, i.e.,
Individuals are found in more than one form.
They usually occur in two forms, the
cylindrical polypoid and the umbrella - like
medusoid form. Ex : Hydra, Obelia, etc,.
u Phylum - Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
1.They are flattened dorso ventrally forming
a leaf - like or ribbon - like body, having
bilateral symmetry.
2.They are triploblastic, i.e., the body
develops from three germ layers - ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm
3. They have organ - system level of
organization
4. They are acoelomates, i.e., without any
83
body cavity.
5. They are usually endoparasites and get
food from the host by simple diffusion
6. Respiration is usually anaerobic in
endoparasites but aerobic in free living
forms
7. Special cells called flame cells are present
for excretion
8. Sexual reproduction takes place. Animals
are usually hermaphrodite. Fertilization is
internal. Examples : Planaria, Fasciola
hepatica (liver fluke), Taenia solium
(tapeworm), etc.
u Phylum - Aschelminthes or
Nemathelminthes (Round Worms) :
1. They are found in all types of habitat, i.e.,
in freshwater, sea water, soil and many are
endoparasites of animals and plants.
2. They are bilaterally symmetrical
unsegmented and cylindrical in shape
3. They are triploblastic and have organ
system level of organization
4. They are pseudocoelmate, i.e., body
cavity is not lined by peritoneum.
5. Alimentary canal is complete, i.e., opens
at one end as mouth and at the other end as
anus.
6. In parasitic forms, respiration is anaerobic
but in free living forms it is aerobic.
Exchange of gases takes place through the
general body surface.
7. Excretion is brought about by special
gland canal cells.
8.Animals are unisexual, sexes are separate
and exhibit sexual dimorphism. Fertilization
is internal
Examples : Ascaris, Wuchereria (filarial
worm).
u Phylum - Annelida (Metamericnlly
segmented Worms) :
Phylum Annelida includes metamerically
segmented worms which are characterized
by the following features.
1. They may be marine, freshwater,
terrestrial or parasitic in their habitat.
2. They aretriploblastic animals having
bilateral symmetry and organ - system level
or organization
3. Body is metamerically segmented,i.e.,
divided into small segments externally by
grooves called annuli and internally by
vertical partitions called septa.
4. Body possesses a true coelom (a body
cavity, surrounded by peritoneal layers.) 5.
Alimentary canal is complete.
6 .Respiration takes place through the
general body surface.
7.Blood may be red due to the presence of
haemoglobin dissolved in plasma For the
purpose of excretion nephridia are present
Annelids are usually hermaphrodite and
reproduce sexually.
u Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthro -
jointed Poda - legs, Animals having
jointed appendages) :
1. The body of these animals id divisible
into head, thorax and abdomen. Infew, head
and thorax fuse to form cephalothorax.
2. Arthropods have jointed appendages or
legs, hence, their name.
3. Chitinous exoskeleton in the form of hard
plates called sclerites strongly developed.
4. The dead exoskeleton is periodically shed
in the process called moulting or ecdysis.
5. Body cavity is full of blood, and is called
84
haemocoel.
6. Cilia arc totally absent in arthropods
7. During respiration, exchange of gases
may take place through the gills, tube like
tracheal system or book - lungs.
8. Excretory organs are green glands or
malpighian tubules or coxal glands .
9. Circulatory system is of open type. Blood
is colourless or bluish in colour.
10. Reproduction takes place by sexual
method only . Sexes are separate and exhibit
sexualdimorphism.
11. Very well developed compound eyes are
present which can detect the slightest
movement.
Examples : Prawn, crabs, centipede,
millipede, scorpion, spider, etc.
u Phylum - Mollusca (Soft - bodied
animals) :
Molluscs are soft - bodied animal sand are
characterized by the following features :
1. They are mostly marine or freshwater, but
a few are terrestrial in habitat.
2. The body of molluscs is divisible into
head, visceral mass and foot.
3. The head bears mouth, eyes and tentacles.
The visceral mass encloses body organs.
4. A thick fold of the body wall called
mantle covers almost the entire body.
5. A hard calcareous shell is secreted by the
mantle. IT may be external or internal or
absent (octopus)
6. Body cavity is full of blood and is called
haemocoel
7. Respiration takes place through the gills
called ctenidia, but may occur through the
body surface , mantle or even lungs.
8. Excretion takes place through kidneys
9. Nervous system consists of 3-4 pairs
ganglia (group of nerve cells)
10.Reproduction is sexual. Sexes are
separate.
Example :Pila, Unio, Snail, Octopus, Etc.,
u phylum - Echinodermata (spiny-
skinned animals)
Echinoderms are spiny - skinned animals
and are characterized by the following
features :
1. They are exclusively marine, may be free
living or sedentary .
2. Body is either star - shaped, cylindrical,
globular flower - like or cucumber - like.
3.They are triploblastic and radially
symmetrical.
4. Respiration and excretion take place
through the general body surface
5. They possess a special ambulacral system
(water - vascular system) for the purpose of
locomotion and circulation.
6. They reproduce by sexual methods only.
Sexes are separate but there is no sexual
dimorphism. Fertilization is external.
Example : Starfish ,sea cucumber, sea
urchin, Antedon,
u Phylum - Hemichordata (Cr. Hemi -
half ; chorda- notochord) :
• They may be solitary or colonial.
• They may be solitary or colonial.
• The body of these animals is soft,
unsegmented, worm - like and bilaterally
symmetrical.
• The body is divisible into proboscis,
collar and trunk
• "Buccal diverticulum" earlier regarded
85
as `notochord' id present in proboscis
• These animals resembles chordates only
in having pharyngeal gill slits. But, they lack
true notochord and dorsal nerve cord.
Example : Balanoglossus (acorn worm or
and dorsal nerve cord. tontue worm)
Cephalodiscus
u Phylum Chordata (Animals having
notochord ) :
• Presence of an unsegmented, elastic,
rodlike structure called notochord.
• Presence of dorsal hollow nervous system
• Presence of pharyngeal gill slits.
• Most of the chordates have a part called
tail
• Two pairs of limbs are present. They may
be differently modified according to the
mode of locomotion
• Blood is red due to the presence of
haemoglobin in the special cells called
erythrocytes or RBCs.
• Most of the chordates contain a living
endoskeleton made of bones and cartilages.
• Various sense organs are very advanced.
• Reproduction takes place by sexual
methods only. Most of the animals are
unisexual. Phylum chordates classified in to
different groups . A summary of
classification of Chordata is given in Table.
u Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous
Fishes) : Chondrichthyes are cartilagenous
fishes having the following features :
1. They are mostly marine with few
exceptions, which are freshwater species.
2. Paired and unpaired fins supported by fin
rays are present for swimming in water
3. Caudal fin (around the tail) is
asymmetrical (heterocercal).
4. An endoskeleton made of elastic cartilage
is present . Bones are absent
5. Mouth is present on the ventral side.
6.
. The skin contains small placoid scales
7.Respiratory organs are 5-7 pairs ofgills
which are naked operculum is absent.
8. Heart is two - chambered
9. They are cold - blooded animals, i.e., their
body temperature does not remain constant.
Examples : Scolidon (dog-fish) , Torpedo
(electric ray), Raja , etc.
Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)
u Bony fishes are characterized by the
following features :
1. Endoskeleton is made up of bones, either
partially or completely
2. Skin covered by small scales which are
cycloid, ctenoidor rhomboid.
3. Paired and unpaired fins are present
caudal fin is symmetrical (homocercal)
4. Mouth is terminal or sub terminal.
5. 4-5 Pairs of gills covered by a flap like
operculum are present for respiration.
6. Two chambered heart is present
7. They are cold - blooded animals
8. Sexes are separate but do not exhibit
sexual dimorphis.
Example : Labeo (Rohu) Catla (carp), Sea
horse, anabas , etc.
u Amphibia : They are cold - blooded
animals that can live both in water as well as
well as on land.
1. They may be aquatic, semi aquatic or
terrestrial, but pass their early life in water.
2. Their skin is rich in glands which keep it
moist for the purpose of exchange of gases.
86
3. No exoskeleton is present.
4.Mouth is large, tongue can often be
extended well out of the mouth
5. Respiration takes place through the ski n
or lungs or lining of buccal cavity. Gills are
present in the larval stages.
6. Heart in amphibians is three - chambered.
7.The upper and lower eyelids are
immoable. A third eyelid called nictitating
membrane is present to clean the eyeballs.
8. External ear is absent. Tympanum coers
the middle ear.
9. They are oviparous (lay eggs ) Fertil
zation is external
u Reptilia :
1. The skin of reptiles is rough and dry,
covered with epidermal scales.
2. Respiratory organs are lungs only
3. The heart is in completely four -
chambered. However, in crocodiles the heart
is distinctly four chambered.
4. Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs are
present. Each digit bears a horny claw
5. They are unisexual, oviparous and
fertilizatioh is internal.
6. The reptiles are cold - blooded or
poikilotherms and undergo hibernation
during winter season.
Example : Wall lizard, crocodile, snakes,
turtle, tortoise, etc.
u Aves :
1. Birds are arboreal animals (living on
trees ) and make their nest on the trees.
2. The body is boat - shaped and divisible
into head, neck, trunk and a small tail.
3. The body of birds is covered with
coloured feathers.
4. out of the two pairs of limbs, the 1) Mollusca 2) Echinodermata
forelimbs are modified as wings for the 3) Porifera 4) both 1 and2
purpose of flight.
5. Bones are pneumatic (having air filleds ) 2. Cnidaria is characterised by
and light in weight to assist in flight. 1) Coelentoblasts 2) Coelenteron
6. Mouth or jaws are modified into a 3) Tissue level of organisation
4) all the above
toothless beak.
7. Lungs, are spongy and associated with air 3. Elephantiasis disease of human beings is
sacs. caused by
8.The heart is four - chambered. 1 ) Wuchereria 2) Ascaris
9. They are unisexual . Fertilization is 3) Enterobius 4) Arthropoda
internal.. They are oviparous and the eggs
contain a large quantity of yolk 4. Arthropods are characterised by
10. They are warm - blooded or 1) jointed legs
homeotherms, i.e., body temperature always 2) jointed appendages
remains constant Examples : Pigeon, 3) chitinous exoskeleton
sparrow, peacock, parrot, etc. 4) all the above

u Mammalia : 5.Starfish belongs to phylum

1) Mollusca 2) Coelenterata
1. presence of functional mammary glands 3) Arthropod 4) Echinodermata
in females to secrete milk. These are modi-
fled sweat glands. 6. Phylum chordata is named after the
2. Presence of hair on any part of the body. occurrence of
3. Presence of external pinna. 1) notochord
4. The skin contains a large number of sweat 2) dorsal hollow nerve cord
glands and sebaceous glands 3) occurence of postnatal tail
5. Four types of teeth : incisors, canines, 4) presence of gill slits
premolars and molars are present in both
the jaws. 7. Balanoglossus belongs to Hemichordata
6. Heart is completely four- chambered . The which forms a connecting link between
RBCs are enucleated except in camel 1) urochordates and cephalochordates
7. The mammals are unisexual. In males 2) urochordartes and vertebrates
3) cephlochordates and vertebrates
testes, are present in a pouch - like scrotum 4) nonchordates and chordates
outside the abdomen
8. They are viviparous (give birth to young 8. In the lung fishes the heart is
ones) except Duck - billed platypus and 1) single chambered 2) two chambered
spiny - ant - eaters which are oviparous. 3) three chambered 4) four chambered

9. A very long sticky tongue and ability of

LEVEL - 4 (I) change colour occurs in
1) garden lizard 2) chameleon
1. The phylum of sedentary animals is 3) python 4) king cobra

87
10. Phylum mollusca can be distinguished 19. Duck - billed platypus and echidna are
from other nonchordates by the presence of 1) reptiles
1) bilateral symmetry and exoskeleton 2) egg - laying mammals
2) a mantle and gills 3) marsupial mammals
3) shell and non - segmented body 4) eutherian mammals
4) a mantle and a non - segmented body
LEVEL - 4 (II)
11. Choanocytes are unique to
1) Protozoa 2) porifera
3) Mollusca 4) Echinodermata 20.Which of the following statements TRUE
about Roundworms?
12. Tapeworm is member of phylum 1) Roundworms may reach 5 cm in length.
1) Annelida 2) porifera 2) They are non-segmented
3) Nematoda 4) Platyhelminthes 3) They are generally dark-colored.
4) They occur only in the soil.
13. True coelom appeared for the first time
in 21. Water-Vascular' system is found in
1) Mollusca 2) Nematoda 1) Sea-anemone 2) Sea-pen
3) Annelida 4) Arthropoda 3) Sea-cucumber 4) Sea-horse

14. In the pila, the gastropod mollusc, the 22. Animals having a built in thermostat to
organ of the locomotion is maintain constant body temperature are
1) mantle 2) Foot known as :
3) tentacles 4) legs 1) Biothermic 2) Poikilothermic
3) Oligothermic 4) Homeothermic
15. Echinoderms have
1) water vascular system 23. Which phylum has a true coelom?
2) canal system 1) Cnidaria 2) Mollusca
3) jet propulsion 3) Porifera 4) Annelida
4) book lungs
24. A fat called blubber could be obtained
16. In higher chordates, notochord is from
transformed into 1) Bats 2) Tortoises
1) cranium 2) limbs 3) Dolphin 4) Blue whale
3) vertebral column 4) both 2 and 3
25. Which of the followings is a
17. Lateral line sense organs occur in diploblastic, radially symmetrical animal?
1) fishes 2) amphibian larva 1) Hydra 2) Earthworm
3) reptiles 4) both 1 and 2 3) Roundworm 4) Liver fluke

18. The skin is devoid of scales in 26. Which one of the following phylum is
1) cartilaginous fish 2) bony fishes characterized by absence of true coelom?
3) reptiles 4) amphibians 1) Annelida 2) Mollusca
3) Echinodermata 4) Nematoda

88
27. In a sponge the whole inner surface of exception?
the asconoid is lined by 1) Marnmalia : give birth to young ones
1) Choanocytes 2) Porocytes 2) Reptilia : possess 3- chambered heart
3) pinacocytes 4) Amoebocytes with one incompletely divided ventricle
3) Chordate : possess a mouth provided with
28. which one of the following is not a an upper and a lower jaw
member of the group Eutheria? 4) Chondrichthyes : possess cartilaginous
1) Mole 2) Squirrel endoskeleton
3) Pangolin 4) Platypus
36.Which one of the following
29. Which one of the following animals characteristics is NOT a shared by birds and
shows discontinuous distribution? mammals?
1) Green mussles 2) Bats 1) A backbone and internal skeleton
3) Lung fishes 4) Pacific salmons 2) Breathing using lungs
3) Viviparity 4) Warm blooded nature
30.Which of the following statements is
TRUE ? 37. Which one of the following pairs of
1) Invertebrates posses a tubular nerve cord
animals comprises jawless fishes'?
2) Non chordates have a vertebral column 1) Guppies and hag fishes
3) All chordates are vertebrates 2) Lampreys and eels
4) All vertebrates are chordates 3) Mackerels and Rohu
4) Lampreys and hag fishes
31. Which one of the followings belongs to
Platyhelminthes? 38. Which one of the following kinds of
1) Plasmodium 2) Trypanosoma animals is triploblastic?
3) Schistosoma 4) Wuchereria 1) Corals 2) Flat worms
3) Sponges 4) Ctenophores
32. Cell tissue grade of organization occurs
in 39. Which one of the following groups of
1) Platyhelminthes 2) Sponges animals is bilaterally symmetrical and
3) Protozoa 4) Coelenterata
triploblastic?
1) Sponges
33. _____ are devoid of respiratory,
2) Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
excretory and circulatory organs. 3) Aschelminthes (round worms)
1) Threadworms 2) Sponges 4) Ctenophores
3) Tapeworms 4) Liver fluke

34. Which organism possesses

characteristics of plants and animals?
1) Bacteria 2) Monera
3) Euglena 4) Mycoplasma

35. Which one of the following groups of

animals is correctly matched with its one
characteristic feature without even a single
89
 7 NATURAL RESOURCES

SYNOPSIS - 1

u Biosphere and natural resources : - Biosphere means regions of Earth's crust and
atmosphere occupied by the living organism. Biosphere can be divided into three physical
divisions - land or lithosphere, water or hydrosphere and air to atmosphere. Lithosphere is
the outer solid crust of Earth. Which we call land. Its upper weathered part forms the soil.
• Hydrosphere is the water component of Earth. 75% of the Earth's surface covered with
water in the form of seas. Atmosphere is the blanket of air that covers the whole earth.
• Biosphere has two types of components, biotic and a biotic. Living beings constitute the
biotic component of the biosphere. Air, water and soil (land) form the non-living or a biotic
component of the biosphere.
Natural Resources

Exhaustible
Inexhaustible

Renewable Non - Renewable

u Natural resources are living and non - living components of nature which are used by
humans to meet their requirements. Since natural resource are available only from the Earth,
they are called Earth resources. Based on their abundance, natural resource are of two main
types, inexhaustible and exhaustible.

u 1. Inexhaustible natural resources : They are natural resources which occur in such
abundance that they are not likely to get exhausted despite continuous use, e.g., water, solar
energy.

u 2. Exhaustible natural resources : They are exhaustible resources which are available
in limited quantity. They may to get depleted by continuous and indiscriminate human
consumption. Exhaustible resources are of two kinds, renewable and non - renewable.
• i) Renewable resources : They are exhaustible resource with get replenished reugularly.
These include both living and non - living resources which can replenish themselves by
quick recycling, e.g., forests, wildlife, soil and underground water. Renewable resources can
last for ever if they are used responsibly.
• ii) Non - renewable resources : They are exhaustible resources which once used can not
be replenished. Thus, these resources are non - living and cannot replenish themselves by
recycling and replacement. It not used carefully they will ultimately get exhausted. Their
90
increased consumption results in quicker
exhaustion, eg., minerals, fossil fuels such as
coal and petroleum.
• The renewable resources such as under
ground water, forest and wildlife, if not
managed properly can become non -
renewable.
• Since the formation of soil takes
thousands of years and is not renewable in
the life span of many generations of human
beings, so it is thought of as a non -
renewable resource.
u Air : The multilayered gaseous envelope
surrounding the planet Earth is called
atmosphere. Atmosphere filters sunlight
reaching the Earth, affects climate and is
reservoir of several elements which are
essential for the life. It is divided into five
distinct layers or zones : troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
(ionosphere) and exosphere. Troposphere is
the lowest region of atmosphere which
contains air and is subject of differential
heating. It extends from the surface of Earth
up to 8 to 20km. Many important climatic
events such as cloud formation, lightening ;
thundering, thunder storm formation etc., all
take place in troposphere.
• On Earth, we human beings along with
all other biota are surrounded with air. Air is
a mixture of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
• At a much larger scale, temperature
difference across the Earth generate the
development of the major wind belts. Such
wind belts, define the climate some degree,
mate zones of the world.
u Air pollution : - Air pollution is the
91
addition of air pollutants such as of matter,
gases and vapours into the atmosphere, has
an adverse effect on humans, animals,
vegetation and human assets. In fact, air
Natural (e.g., pollution is of is of two main
types : (1) forest fire, dust storm, pollen) :
(2) Human made (e.g., burning of fossil
fuels in industries vehicles and
thermoelectric plants, gaseous emission
from industries, mining, processing, stone
crushing). Particulate air pollutants are also
called suspended particulate matter or SPM
because they remain suspended in air for a
good period of time. SPM consists of
smokes, soot ( a black powder substance that
is produces when coal, wood, etc,.
• Effects of air pollution on human beings
1. SPM causes asthma, bronchitis and
allergic cold.
2. Pollutant gases cause irritation in eyes,
throat and lungs. They injure, liver, kidneys,
spleen and nervous system. Heart related
diseases tend to increase.
3. Hydrocarbon vapours not only damage
the internal organs, but also cause cancer.
• SO2 reacts with water in the atmosphere
to form sulphuric acid. This sulphuric acid is
washedidown into the soil by rain (acid
rainfall). The acid rainfall severally affects
the salmon reproduction and fish yield and
also eats into the surface of buildings.
eroding the stone (e.g., Taj Mahal) and brick
works.
• The carbon dioxide of the atmosphere
keeps the Earth warm, much like a glass
wall that keeps a green warm. This effects is
called the green house effects. The increase
in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
intensifies the greenhouse effect and leads to
global warming. i.e., an increase in the
average temperature of the Earth.
• Ozone is present in significant amounts
in the stratosphere region of atmosphere.
Maximum concentration occurs at a height
of 23-25 Km.
• The density of the ozone layer varies
greatly, being thickest at high latitudes in
late summer and much thinner over the
tropic.
• The part of atmosphere which is rich in
ozone may be called ozone layer,
ozonosphere, ozone umbrella or ozone
shield.
• Heat is liberated which warms that ozone
layer had thinned out over Antarctica. It was
called an ozone hole. 'A similar but smaller
hole was also found over arctic region by
Augustine (1987); The hole is more
prominent in spring season in these in
regions. Over the year, Antarctic ozone s
hole has widened. It has, grown in size from
2
13 million km in 2000. Amount of
atmospheric ozone is measured by Dobson
spectrometer and is expressed in Dobson
units (DU).
• Ozone depleting substance (ODS) :
Reduction in the concentration ofozone
layer is called ozone depletion. It is caused
by certain chemicals called ozone depleting
substance (ODS). The important ODS
tetrachloride, CC13 ;
dichlorodifluoromethane, (CC12F2 ). These
are rich in chlorine, fluorine and carbon.
CFCs are commonly used as aerosol
propellants, refrigerants, shaving foams,
spray in scents, etc. Some ODS are released
in the stratosphere by jets flying at height.
92
• Effects of ozone depletion : Depleting
ozone layer allows more ultraviolet (UV)
radiations to pass through it, which reach the
Earth's surface
1. Skin cancer.
2. Damage of eyes : also increase in
incidence of cataract disease in eyes.
3. Damage of immune system.
4. Increased embryonic mortality i n
animals and humans.
5. Decreased crop yields.
6. Reduced population of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and certain fish larvae that are
important constituents of aquatic food
chains.
7. Smog formation
Smog is a photochemical haze (dark brown
or greyish smoky mist) caused by the action
of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmosphere
polluted with primary pollutants such as
hydrocarbons (methane ethane, toluene, etc.)
and oxide of nitrogen (NO2) from
automobile exhaust.
u Water : - Oceans, rivers, rivers, streams,
lakes, ponds, pools, polar ice caps, water
vapour' , etc., collectively form the
hydrosphere. Hydrosphere comprise of
water which "is an inexhaustible natural
resource. Water persists as liquid above 0°C
and below 100°C. 71% of Earth is covered
by which contain 97.5% of the total water.
The remaining 2.5% of the total water. A
major part (1.9% of the total) of water
occurs as ice caps and glaciers. The
remaining (0.6% of the total) supports total
life. It is called fresh water (water with salt
content less than 0.5%). More than 90% of
this fresh water is found underground as
ground water. The remaining 10% fresh
water occur as surface water (rivers, dams,
lakes, ponds), Soil water or as water vapour
present in the atmosphere. When rain falls;
some water is lost as it runs off into trains.
This water reaches the Rivers and seas and
some of it gets lost through evaporation. The
remaining water percolates into ground
through the pores between the soil particles,
and is termed as ground water.
• Tiny pores spaces in soil acts as
capillaries which allow water to move
against the pull of gravity resulting in
capillary water. Some water forms an
extremely thin, tightly held film around the
soil particles. It is termed as hygroscopic
water. The download moving water, called
gravitional water, reaches the underground
water table, if enough rain falls. Plants can
draw only capillary water from the soil. This
water is known as available water.
• Rajendra Singh, fondly known as
"Water man", was awarded Magsaysay
Award 2001 for his ingenious technique of
harvesting of rain water. He has revived age
old Indian technique of collection of rain
water in earth check dams (Johads ) to
increase level of water table, recharge the
wells and restore greenery in Sirska forest
hills in Rajasthan
• An undesirable change in the physical,
biological or chemical qualities of water
(due to addition of foregin organic,
inorganic,biological or radioactive
substances ) that adversely affects the
aquatic life and makes the water unfit for
use, is called water pollution.
• Agents or substances that pollute water
are called water pollutants.
u 1. Physical water pollutants : These
include heat and oil - spills. Specific
industries and thermal / nuclear power plants
93
use water for cooling in various operations
and later return this hot water to water
bodies. This result in thermal pollution.
2. Chemical water pollutants : The include
organic wastes (e.g.sewage), detergents,
fertilizes, pesticides (e.g., diseldrin, DDT,
DDE, BHC, etc.), polychlorinated biphenys
[PCBs], inorganic chemicals (e.g., arsenic,
inorganic impurities in water are
Compounds of cal- cium and magnesium.
u 3. Biological water pollutants : These
include pathogens such as viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, fungi, helminths, nematodes, etc.
• Sewage. Organic wastes are contributed
as domestic and commercial sewage by food
processing plants, dairy farms, piggeries,
poultry farms, slaughter houses, breweries,
tanneries, etc. Animal excreta
• Petroleum oil. Drilling and shipping
operations are common in the oceans.
Leakage of petroleum oil during such
operations or due to accidents result in water
pollution.
• Solid particles. Rain erodes soil and
carries silt to water. Tiny suspended particles
of clay and dust also settle in water from air.
These soil particles cause turbidity.
LEVEL - 1 (I)
1. Among the following is a water
component of earth
1) lithosphere 2) Hydrosphere
3) Biosphere 4) 1,2,3
2. Give examples for renewable resources
1) Forest 2) Wild life
3) Underground water 4) All the above
3. Which gas is responsible for Global 2) The addition of undesirable substance s to
warming water bodies
1) N2 2) O2 3) The removal of desirable substance s
3) CO2 4) 1,2 from water bodies
4) None
4. Which of the following is not a effect of
acid rain 11.Which of the following contribute to gre
1) Eroding the stone and brick works en house effect?
2) Changes observed in salmon reproduction 1) methane 2) carbon dioxide
3) Effectiveness in photosynthesis 3) chloro fluoro carbons 4) All of these
4) 1 & 2
12.Chloro fluoro carbons have been in use
5. Cadmium pollution of water body for
produces a disease of humans called 1) aerosol propellants
1) Plumbasim 2) formation of foam
2) Block of foot diseases 3) refrigerators 4) all the above
3) Itai - itai 4) Note
13. Outer solid Earth crust
6. Identify the chemical water Pollutant 1) lithosphere 2) Hydrosphere
1) DDT 2) BAC 1 3) Atmosphere 4) 2, 3
3) PCB 4) All of the above
14. A boitic components of biosphere are
7. Sings of eutrophication of water bodies I 1) Air 2) Water
include 3) Soil 4) All of these
1) Reduced oxygen demand
2) Rapid decomposition of-organic matter 15. Non renewable resources are
3) algal bloom 4) fluorosis 1) Coal 2) Petroleum
3) 1,2 4) None of these
8. Cloud formation takes place in which part
of atmosphere 16. Ozone depletion is due to
1) Troposphere 2) Stratosphere 1) Ozone depleting substances
3) Thermosphere 4) Ozonosphere 2) Ozone repleting substances
3) Ozone repleting & depleting substances
9. Pollution is not caused by 4) both 2 & 3
1) Thermal power plants
2) automobiles 17. Ozone hole over Antarctica appears
3) radioactive power plants during
4) hydroelectric power plants 1) Spring 2) Summer
3) Autumn 4) Winter
10. The term" water pollution" can be
defined in several ways. Which of the 18. Minimata human disease is cause by
following statements does not give the pollution of water by
correct definition ? 1) Cadmium 2) Lead
1) A change in the pressure of the water 3) Mercury 4) Arsenic
bodies.
94
19.Who is known as waterman ? u Harmful Effects of Water Pollution :
1) Rajendra singh 2) Milka singh
• Human diseases. Pathogens are
3) Rajendar Singh 4) both 2,3
biological pollutants of water. They include
20. To which height is ozonosphere present viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan,
over the equator helminths, nematodes, etc. They cause
1) 11-16 km 2) 23-25 km following diseases in humans such as cause
3) 16-20 km 4) 10-12 km typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, and
hepatitis.
21. Causes of water pollution are • Disturbance in ecological balance : All
1) Inorganic 2) organic types of water pollutants affects the life -
3) biological 4) All of these
forms living in the water.
22. Ozone hole was discovered in • Removal of desirable substance from
1) 1992 2) 1987 water bodies : With increase in the amount
3) 1995 4) 1998 of orgainc wastes in water, bacteria multiply
rapidly and use up the available oxygen.
23. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere Lack of oxygen kill the fish and other
mainly by animals.
1) Respiration 2) photosynthesis • Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
3) Fungi 4) burning of fossil fuel
indicates the quality of waste water. BOD
24. Day time temperature of moon is refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen
1) 60° C 2)70° C needed by bacteria in decomposing the
3) 90° C 4)110° C organic waste present in water. It is
expressed in milligrams of oxygen (O2) per
25. The ozone layer of the atmosphere litre of water. A weak organic waste BOD
blocks less than 1500mg/litre ; a strong one has
1) infrared radiations 2) sunlight higher than this.
3) UV radiations • Effect of thermal pollution or change in
4) both UV and infrared radiation
temperature. Aquatic organism are used to a
certain range of temperature in the water -
body where they live, a sudden marked
SYNOPSIS - 2 change in this temperature can be dangerous
for them, e.g,. it effects breeding of aquatic
u Thermal pollution : Discharge of hot animals.
water from industries and thermal plants into
water body changes the normal temperature u Destruction of useful microorganisms
of the water. The content of oxygen : When untreated industrial wastes get
decreases. Reduced oxygen content kills mixed with water in rivers and lakes, etc.,
aquatic animals, and reduces the rate of the acids alkalies and heavy metals present
decomposition of organic matter which, in the industrial waste kill the useful
therefore, accumulates. organisms present in water bodies. As these
microbes are the natural cleaning agents
95
of water, self - purification process is
hindered in these in these water bodies.
u Eutrophication : Eutrophication is the
process in which dissolved oxygen in water
gets reduced due to excessive growth of
algae as result of extra loading of nutrients
in the water body. Presence of sewage and
fertilizers (nitrates and phosphates) in
polluted water provide a lot of nutrients to
the algae (phytoplankton) present in water
body, resulting excessive growth of algae,
termed as algal bloom.
u Biomagnification (food chain
magnification) of chemical : Pesticides
such as DDT, DDE, dieldrin, etc., are,
harmful chemical that are regularly being
used in agriculture to protect crops from the
pests (fungi, insects, etc.) Also heavy metals
(e.g., mercury, cadmium; tin lead, arsenic,
etc.) are regularly poured from industries
into the water bodies. These chemicals are
non - biodegradable, i.e.
• This phenomenon of increase in
concentration of harmful non biodegiadable
chemical substances in the body of living
organisms at each trophic level of the food
chain is called biomagnification. For ex-
ample, biomagnification of mercury in the
fishes through a food chain results in
Minamata disease in fish - eating human
population of the region.
• Cadmium (Cd), another heavy metal, bio
accumulates in the liver and kidney and the
amount of Cd stored in kidney increase with
age. Kidney damage is the most prevalent
chronic effect of Cd exposure. The Cd
poisoning in Japan has once resuited in itai -
itai disease, which was due to eating of rice
produced from soil containing high level of
96
cadmium.
u Bioaccumulation : This term refers to
the storage of a pollutant in body tissues of
animals and humans (fats, bone, kidney,
etc.) at levels higher than found in the
environment. Cadmium, dioxine, PAHs (=
polycyclic atomatic hydrocarbons), PCBs
(polychlorinated biphenyls), etc,, are some
examples.
u Soil :-
Soil is the portion of the Earth's surface that
consists disintegrated rock and decaying
organic material. It provides support for
many plants and animals.
1. Formation of soil : Soil is formed from
the rocks undergoing the following two
processes 1. Weathering : 2. Paedogenesis.
u A. Weathering : Breakdown of bigger
rocks into smaller mineral particles is called,
weathering. Weathering occurs by following
three means :
• i) Physical weathering : Various
climatic factors such as temperature, wind,
rain ice, snow, glaciers and running water
contribute to physical weathering, Water
causes weathering of rocks by three
methods: i) wetting and drying (ii) frost
action and (iii) abrasion.
• ii) Chemical weathering : It involves a
variety of chemical process such as
hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation and reduc-
tion.
The breaking down of complex corn pounds
by the carbonic acid present in water and
acidic substances derived from the
decomposition of organic matter in soil, are
some examples of chemical weathering.
• iii) Biological weathering : Biological
weathering is done by living organisms
such as lichens and bryophytes ( mosses)
Lichens growing on rocks surface minerals
from the rocks. This creates small crevices
at places thin layer of soil builds up.
Deeper crevices form cracks. These cracks
become wider and deeper when roots of
short lived herbs pass into them.
u B. Paedogenesis (soil development) :
This process concludes the decomposition
by bacteria and fungi, during which organic
materials are broken down, leading to
humification and mineralization.
u 2. Soil profile : - The upper of A -
horizon is the top soil. It contains most of
litter and humus. It also has a zone of
leaching, through which dissolved materials
seep downward. The roots of small plants
are embeded in top soil. The second or B
horizon is composed of the mineral soil (sub
soil). The third of C - horizon contains
unconsolidated parent material. The last or
D - horizon comprises of rock or unmodified
parent material.
• a) Alluvial soil : It is formed by the
deposition, of silt brought down from the
mountains by the flowing rivers.
Alluvial soil is layered and consists of
smooth round particles. This soils is rich in
humus and contains gravel, sand and clay.
This soil is suitable for growing wheat, rice
and sugar cane. Alluvial soil is mainly found
in the plains of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Bihar and Bengal. Alluvial soil is also
known as Khadar.
u Mountainous soil : Mountainous soil is
mainly found in the Himalayan region
Water, which is retained as a thin and soil
tightly - bound film around individual
particle is called hygrascopic water. Rest
97
of the water in the soil is called gravita-
tional water as it is free to drain downwards,
through the soil, under the influence of
gravity. This water causes leaching, i.e., the
washing a way of minerals (nutrients). The
level to which gravitational water drains is
called the water table.
u Soil Erosion : - The removal and
transportation of the top layer of soil from
its original position to another place, under
the effects of strong winds and fast running
rainwater, is called soil erosion.
u Causes of Soil Erosion : -
• 1. Strong winds : The soil which is
uncovered and loose, is eroded, when it is
exposed to strong winds.
• 2. Heavy rains : When rain falls on the
un protected top soil, rain water washes it
down into the streams and rivers, etc,.
• 3. Improper farming and suspended
cultivation : - Farmers loosen the top soil
of the agricultural fields either for
cultivation or for removing the weeds. Such
soil can get eroded, due to the winds or
rains. Sometimes due to certain reasons,
ploughed agricultural fields remain fallow
(not - cultivated) for a long time and is
affected by soil erosion.
• 4. Human actions : - Human activities
such as expansion of urban areas has led to
removal of vegetation from certain regions.
The bare land is thus exposed to agencies
(winds, rains) of soil erosion. Thus, large
scale deforestation and overgrazing by our
domestic animals, not only destroys bit
diversity but also leads to soil erosion.
• 5. Dust storms : - Dust storms shift
huge amounts of loose soil from one place
to another.
• 6. Frequent floods :- Frequents flooding
of rivers is another cause of soil erosion.
Fast moving water in the rivers re- moves
the top soil of the fields near the river banks
and carries it away.
u Effects of Soil erosion. : -
• 1. Loss of fertility and desertification :
Soil erosion results in the displacement of
the top soil from one region to another, thus,
reducing its fertility.
• 2. Flash floods : - Vegetation in the
hillyregions absorb a lot of rain water and
keep the top soil intact. Barren hills of hills
with sparse vegetation cannot absorb much
rain water and thus can not keep the soil
intact. So, heavy rains result in rapid
movement of water in the areas resulting in
flash floods in lower areas causing enormous
loss to life and property.
• 3. Famines : - (excessive shortage of
food). Continuous soil erosion from a re-
gion removes the fertile top soil leaving,
behind only infertile subsoil. Texture change
in eroded soil, reduces its water holding
capacity. Crops, thus, cannot grow in such
infertile, dry soil leading to shortage of food
region. Ultimately such a situation leads to
famine in an area.
u Prevention of soil erosion : -
• 1. Sowing grasses and planting
xerophytes : - Soil should not be left un
covered. Sowing grasses on barren soil or
planting of xerophytes will bind the loose
soil. The roots of grasses and xerophytes
hold the soil in place. vegetative cover on
the ground also helps in percolating water
into deeper. layers of soil.
98
• 2. Terrace farming (terracing) : In ter-
racing the slopes are divided into a number
of flat fields to slow down the flow or water.
• 3. Contour bunding : Small bounds
(embankments or dikes) are raised on the
edges of fields to prevent loss of tops oil
through wind or water.
• 4. Wind breaks : Rows of trees and
shrubs are planted at right angles to the
prevailing wind flow, to check erosion of
soil by the wind.
• 5. Proper drainage canals around the
fields : This method involves the removal
of excess rain water through small drainage.
canals formed around the fields,
• 6. Making strong embankment along
the river , banks : Formation of strong
embankments of stones, sand bag, etc., on
both sides of the rivers particularly in
erosion prone, areas, this will cheek soil
erosion Caved due to the fast moving river
water.
About half of the irrigated lands of the world
are damaged to some extent by salinization
(salt accumualtion) or alkalinization (alkali
accumulation).
u Soil pollution : Soil pollution is caused
by solid wastes and chemicals. The slag
heaps from mines spoil the beauty of sites of
mines.' This solid waste has two types of
pollutants : 1. Degradable and 2. Non -
degradable.
• i) Degradable pollutants : - Include
domestic wastes and sewage that decompose
easily.
• ii) Non - degradable :- Pollutants which
are not degraded and persist in the
environment. e.g., plastics, inorganic
metallic compounds, oxides, pesticides
radioactive substance.
 LEVEL - 2 (I) 11. Soil erosion is caused by
1) strong wind 2) heavy rains
1. Eutrophication results in 3) keeping the fields follow for a long time
1) Excessive growth of Algal 4) all of these
2) Excessive growth
3) Excessive growth of viruses REVISION EXERCISE
4) Excessive growth of Algae & fungi
LEVEL - 2 (II)
2. Kidney damage is the most prevalent
chronic effect of
1) Nitrogen exposure 2) Cadmium exposure 1. Inexhaustible natural resources in nature
3) Mercury exposure 4) None of these are
1) Limited 2) Unlimited
3. Biological weathering is caused by 3) Scarce 4) Not present
1) Lichens 2) Mosses
3) Roots of plants 4) All the above 2. Which of the following is an exhaustible
natural resource?
4. Alluvial soil is known as 1) Air 2) Water 3) soil 4) Forest
1) Khadar 2) Khader
3) loam 4) None of these 3. Petroleum is
1) Inexhaustible 2) Exhaustible
5. Major source of formation of soil is 3) Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these
1) rocks 2) river beds
3) volcanoes 4) snow covered mountains 4. Coal can be formed from
1) Sunlight 2) Steam
6. BOD stands for ? 3) Fossils 4) Plants
1) Biological oxygen demand
2) Biological oxide demand 5. Coal is ______ in nature
3) Biological oxygen & oxide demand 1) Soft 2) Hard
4) Both 2 & 3 3) Thin 4) Hot

7. Biomagnification occurs 6. Other uses of fuel includes

1) Increases in concentration of chemicals in
the body of living organisms.
2) Decrease in concentration of chemicals in
the body of living organisms
3) Both 1 &2 4) All of these
1) Produce steam to run engine
2) Produce electricity in thermal power
plants
3) Fuel in various industries
4) All of these

9. Soil is the component of 7. Heavy motor vehicles like trucks run on

1) Atmosphere 2) hydrosphere 1) Petrol 2) Diesel
3) lithosphere 4) None of these 3) Coal 4) Coal tar

10. Soil erosion can be prevented by 8. CNG is stored under

1) raising of forests 2) deforestation 1) Power generation 2) Electric Generators
3) excessive use of fertilizer 3) Solvent 4) none of these
4) Over grazing by Animals
99
9. In India, vast reserves of natural gas are 18. Natural gas can be transported through
found in 1) Cylinders 2) Barriers
1) Tripura 2) Rajasthan 3) Pipes 4) None of these
3) Maharashtra 4) All of these
19. CNG is used for
10. PCRA stands for 1) Power generation 2) Electric generators
1) Pollution control research association 3) Solvent 4) None of these
2) Petroleum conversation Research
association 20. Burning of fossil fuel causes
3) Petroleum control research association 1) Air pollution 2) Global warming
4) Petrol, coal reserve association 3) Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these

11. Which of the following is natural

resources?
1) Tea 2) Cooked Food
3) Air 4) Coffee

12. Resources which are limited, in nature

are Known as
1) Exhaustible 2) Inexhaustible
3) Unnatural 4) None of these

13. Sunlight is ________ natural resource

1) Inexhaustible 2) Exhaustible
3) Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these

14. Fossils are the

1) Dead remains of living organism
2) Coal mines
3) Kind of natural resource
4) Living beings

15. Coal is in colour

1) Black 2) Blue
3) Orange 4) Red

16. Coal can be used as

1) Fertilizer 2) Purifier
3) Fuel 4) Insecticide

17. Which gas is obtained during the

processing of coal ?
1) Carbon dioxide 2) Coal gas
3) Carbon monoxide 4) Sulphur dioxide

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8 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
SYNOPSIS - 1
u Both non - living and living (biotic)
components of, the biosphere constantly
interact with each other to form a dynamic,
and yet stable system. Such interactions
include transfer of matter and energy
between different components of biosphere.
• The nutrient elements derived from the
Earth by the living organisms, for their
growth and metabolism are called
biogeochemical. These" biogeochemical are
continuously recycled. The movement of
nutrient elements through non-living
components of biosphere, is called
biogeochemical cycle matter. The term
'biogeochemical cycle' indicates that
chemicals circulate through life (bio) and
through" "Earth (geo) again and 'again
(cycles). `Geo' refers to rocks sod, air and
water of the Earth.
• The biogeochemical cycles are also
known as nutrient cycles Each nutrient
cycle can also be divided into two
compartments or. pools : 1) reservoir pool,
the large, slowmoving, generally non-
biological i Ecosystem component and (2)
labile or cycling pool, a smaller but more
active portion, that is exchanged (moving
back and forth) rapidly between organisms
and their immediate environment.
u 1. Gaseous biogeochemical cycles: in
which the reservoir is in the atmosphere or
the hydrosphere (ocean). Gaseous
biogeochemical cycles are quick and
relatively perfect systems, as their elements
remain in more or less uniform circulation.
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The four most abundant element living
systems - nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen have chiefly gaseous
biogeochemical cycles.
u 2. Sedimentary biogeochemical cycles
the c are systems : in which the reservoir is
rust of the Earth. Phosphorus, sulphur,
potassium and calcium have sediments
biogeochemical cycles.
1. Biosphere : That part of Earth
environment in which living organisms are
found.
2. Detritus : Dead or partially decomposed
plant and animal matter (i.e., non - living
organic matter)
3. Ecosphere : All the living organisms of
Earth interacting with the physical
environment as a whole
4. Actinomycetes : A kind of filamentous
bacteria.
u Water or Hydrological Cycle : - There
is constant exchange of water between the
air, land and sea and between the living
organisms and their environments. Thus,
there are two overlapping water cycle in
nature. The large global water cycle which
does not involve organisms, and the smaller
biological water cycle.
u Global water cycle : water evaporates
from the hydrosphere (oceans, seas, rivers,
streams, lakes, ponds, moist soil) Under
sun's heat and forms clouds.
Water also evaporates from the snow,
reservoir and ground.
Water vapours, added by evaporation to the
atmosphere form clouds. This completes the
global water cycle.
• It should be noted here that the second
largest global reservoir of water is polar ice
(glacier) and third largest global reservoir of
water is groundwater. Thus a large amount
of water is locked underground and as
perennial snow in the polar regions and on
mountain peaks. This is called locked water.
u Biological water cycle : The organisms
get water from and return it to the global
water cycle. Plants absorb water from the
soil or water reservoir and add it to the air in
vapour from by a process called,
transpiration.
• Animals take water from the water reser-
voir or with food.
• They returns in to the air as vapour by
respiration or to the soil as fluid by
excretion.
u Nitrogen Cycle : It exists in the
molecular form (N2) and in the form of some
oxides in the atmosphere. But aerial
nitrogen, the most abundant components of
an (i.e., 78 percent) is chemically inert and
cannot be used in its pure form by the
majority of organisms. First it needs to be
converted into nitrates (NO3) for the use of
plants. The conversion can be done either by
industrial nitrogen fixation (i.e.,
manufacturing of ammonium salts and urea
or chemical fertilizers) or by some nitrogen
fixing bacteria such as Azotobactor (occurs
freely in soil) and Rhizobium (occurs in
root nodules of leguminous plants as pea,
gram, bean, etc) Which convert the
atmospheric nitrogen into water soluble
nitrates. The process of biofixation of
nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation. During
lightning, nitrogen of atmosphere reacts with
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oxygen to form dilute nitric acid. This acid
comes down to Earth with rainwater.
Nitrates are absorbed by plants into their
system and utilized for making organic
matter (proteins), etc.
• When animals consume plant matter,
they break down the plant's nitrogenous
compounds and use them to form new
animal proteins and other cell components.
After an animal excretes urea or uric acid or
after an animal or plant dies, certain bacteria
carry out ammonification. Ions (NH4)
from nitrogen - containing molecules. Plants
can then assimilate this ammonium ion
themselves or other bacteria can change it to
nitrate (NO3) by nitrification. Plants take in
some of the nitrates produced in this way.
• The process of ammonia formation is
called ammonification Some
Microorganisms (nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter)
Convert ammonia into nitrates. The process
is called nitrification. There are some other
bacteria (decomposers, e.g., Pseudomonas)
Which reduce nitrates back to nitrogen or to
ammonia or to some other oxides. This
process is called denitrification.
• 1. Nitrogen, cycle depends upon at least
four different kinds of bacteria known as the
decay causers, the nitrifiers, the denitrifiers
and the nitrogen fixers and there is a regular
circulation of nitrogen through the air, soil,
plants and animals.
• 2.The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen
(N2) to the ammonium ions (NH4+) is called
nitrogen fixation. The key to biofixation is
the enzyme nitrogenase which catalyzes the
splitting of N2.
• 3.Nitrogen fixing bacterium of root
nodules, Rhizobium leguminosarum, is an aerobic bacterium which needs some oxygen for
its survival. To help it in this way, root nodules of leguminous plants have a haemoglobin
like protein called leg haemoglobin.
• 4. 16 molecules of ATP are needed by the bacterium for each molecule of nitrogen that is
fixed.
• 5. In the soil microorganism Klepbsiella pneumonia a total of 17 genes, called nif genes
are known to be responsible in nitrogen fixation.

Nitrogen Cycle

u Oxygen Cycle :- oxygen is one of the constituents of water and form about 21 per cent.
Oxygen enters the living world through respiration it oxidises the food materials and
produces energy and carbon dioxide.

C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Glucose

The carbon dioxide (CO2) is utilised by the plants to produce food materials during th e
process of photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12 O6+ 6O2
Carbon dioxide water glucose Oxygen

103
• The consequent free oxygen may now be used again in respiration or it may return to
environment as molecular oxygen of atmosphere thus, completing the biogeochemical cycle.

O2 C6H12O6

Co2 H2O

LEVEL - 1 (I)

1. The process of formation of ammonia is done by

1) Rizobium 2) Psuedomonas 3) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter 4) None of these

2. Number of ATP molecules are needed for each molecule of nitrogen fixed
1) 17 ATP 2) 16 ATP 3) 13 ATP 4) 15 ATP

3. Which is deadly poisonous among the following

1) Carbon monoxide 2) carbon dioxide 3) Nitrogen dioxide 4) both 2 & 3

4. Which of the following is not a green house gas ?

1.) Methane 2) Ammonia 3) Carbon dioxide 4) Carbon monoxide
104
5. Which step is not involved in the carbon 1) Detritus 2) Humus
cycle? 3)1 and 2 4) None
1) Photosynthesis 2) Transpiration
3) respiration 4) burning of fossil fuels 15. Nitromonas bacteria convert
1) Nitrate to Nitrite
6. Oxygen is harmful for 2) Ammonia to Nitrate
1) ferns 2) Nitrogen fixing bacteria 3) Ammonia into nitrite 4) None
3) chara 4) mango tree
16. The two forms of oxygen found in the
7. Carbon monoxide and methane formed atmosphere are
due to 1)Water, and ozone
1) In complete decomposition 2) water and oxygen
2) anaerobic decomposition 3) Ozone and oxygen
3) both 1 &2 4) None of these 4) water, carbondioxide

8. The process of bio fixation of Nitrogen is 17. The process of nitrogen – fixation by
called bacteria does not take place in the presence of
1) Nitrogen fixation 1) Molecular form of hydrogen
2) Nitrogen dissociation 2) Elemental form of Oxygen
3) Nitrogen assimilation 4) None 3) Water
4) Elemental form of Nitrogen
9. The third largest reservoir
1) ground water 2) polarise 18. An increase in carbon dioxide contents
3) 1 and 2 4) None in the atmosphere would not cause
1) global warming
10. The biogeochemical cycle are 2) abundance of desert plants
1) Nutrient cycles 2) locomotory cycles 3) increase in photosynthesis in plants
3) 1 and 2 4) None 4) more heat to be retained by the
environment
11. Methane burp contains
1) Methane 2) Methane hydrates 19,Among the given options, which one is
3) CO2 4) None not correct for the use of large amount of
fertilizers and pesticides
12. C6H12O6 is the formula of 1) They are ecofriendly
1) Glucose 2) Sucrose 2) They turn the fields barrens after some
3) 1 and 2 4) Water
time
13. In nitrogen cycle, which bacteria arc 3) They adversely affect the useful
responsible for nitrification component
1) Clostridium 2) Rhizobium 4) They destroy the soil fertility
3) Nitrosomonas
4) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter 20. Which are responsible for nitrogen
fixation?
14. Dead or partially decomposed plant and 1) Nif genes 2) Nef genes
animal matter is called 3) Nifl Nefgenes 4) All of these

105
21. Rhizobium occurs in root nodules of devour the organic carbon compounds that
1) pea 2) gram producers Manufacture. via respiration, both
3) bean 4) all of these consumers and producers return carbon to
the nonliving environment in the form of
22. `Geo' refers to
1) rocks 2) soil carbon dioxide. Some carbon accumulates
3) water 4) All for many years in wood and is eventually
returned to the atmosphere by fixes or
23. Find out the protein of leikunirious through consumption and respiration by
1) haemoglobin 2) leg haemoglobin fungi, bacteria and other detritivores.
3) Globin 4) Globin haemoglobin Volcanic eruption also releases carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, there is
24. The biogeochemicals are
1) Continuously non recycled complete cycling of carbon in the
2) Continuously recycled environment by various living and non-
3) both 1 and 2 living beings.
4) All of the above • The carbon sinks : Some of the cycling
25.Which is not played a global threat ? materials in the physical environment may
1) Carbon monoxide 2) Carbon dioxide pass into a reservoir or sink, and become in
3) Methane 4) None available to organisms for eons. For
example, there are at least three reservoirs
for the carbon :
(1) some carbon passes from organisms into
deposits of peat, coal and oil. There it waits,
SYNOPSIS - 2 perhaps millions of years before
combustion, either natural or human
u Carbon cycle : induced, releases it back into the
atmosphere,
• The carbon is an important constituent
of organic compounds found in all Living 2. Some carbon gets incorporated into
beings in the form of carbohydrates, fats, carbonate rocks, where it is unavailable to
proteins and nucleic acids. Like the water organism for million of years until erosion
cycle, the carbon cycle is linked to energy release it.
flow because producers — including 3. The oceans also acts as carbon sinks.
photosynthetic plants of the forests and Carbon present in ocean water sinks and
oceans and chemosynthetic bacteria of deep- stays deep in the ocean until chance currents
sea vents — require environmental energy bring it back near the surface where it can re
sunlight to trap enter the carbon cycle.
• Carbon into sugars (proteins and fats).
• The two other forms of carbon are
The fiapped carbon comes from carbon
present in the atmosphere in small amounts:
dioxide the surrounding air or water.
carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4).
• As the cycle proceeds, consumers Both arise from the incomplete or
106
or anaerobic decomposition of organic, matter; are oxidized to CO2 in the industry

u Carbon monoxide : An amount of carbon monoxide (CO) equal to that formed by

natural decomposition is injected into the air by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels,
especially in automobile exhaust. Carbon monoxide is a deadly poison to humans. It does
not pose a global threat, but has become a worrisome pollutant in urban areas.

u Methane : Methane (CH4) is a colourless, flammable gas that is produced naturally by

the decomposition of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria, especially in freshwater
wetlands, rice paddies and digestive tracts of ruminants (such as cattle) and termites. It is
also a major component of natural gas, so the geochemical disturbances associated with
mining and drilling for fossil fuels result in the release of methane. Methane has the
potential of increasing its contribution to global warming.

u Global Worming (Green house effect) :- A building mostly made of glass for growing
or sheltering the delicate plants is called a greenhouse. The glass walls of greenhouse allow
sun rays to pass through to the interior. However, reflected back infrared rays are not
allowed to escape through the glass walls. Carbon dioxide gas and water vapours present
inside the glasshouse further trap the heat and make the green house warmer than the outside
air.

107
u GLOBAL WORMING : The atmosphere cover around the Earth, acts similar to the
glass walls of a greenhouse. The air cover allows solar radiations to pass through it to the
Earth's surface, but prevents the long wave infrared radiation (which is reflected back from
Earth) to escape in to the space. Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ozone
(O3), nitrogen oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) are called greenhouse gases
(GHGS). Among them CO2 is the most important green house gas. Burning of fossil fuels i n
homes, industries, automobiles, burning associated with agricultural practices, deforestation,
etc., all such practices are increasing levels of CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere. These
greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide and methane) trap the heat (infrared radiation)
reflected by the Earth. This heating up of the atmosphere leads to an increase in Earth's
temperature. This phenomenon is called global warming or greenhouse effect. These gases
are radiatively active, i.e., they allow the solar radiations to pass through them but reflect
back the long wave radiations.

u Effect of Global Warming : - (I) An increase of as less as 1°C in Earth's temperature

can lead to melting of polar ice caps and consequent rise in sea level.
(ii) Increase in temperature of the Earth ,due to green house effect will cause a change in
weather and precipitation 'patterns o n the Earth.
(iii) One of the danger of continued global warming is "methane burp" which is caused by
the melting of the methane hydrates in permafrost (of polar ice) and on the sea floor.
Methane being a green house gas increases global warming

108
 LEVEL - 2 7.Coal, Oil, Oil shales and natural gas are all
made of ?
1. Approximately how many years are left 1) Oxygen Atoms 2) Hydrocarbons
before we run out of fossil fuels ? 3) Ozone 4) Hydrogen and Oxygen
1) 50-60 yrs 2) 100 - 125 yrs
3) 200 - 250 yrs 4) 500 yrs 8. Choose which of the following best fits
the analogy: Wind is to renewable, as is
2. Approximately how much of the world's ________ is to ________
energy needs are met through the burning of
1) Coal; Alternative
fossil fuels?
2) Natural Gas; Nonrenewable
1) 55% 2) 62%
3) Oil; Electricity 4) Oil Shale; Burning
3) 77% 4) 86%
9. Which of the following are considered
3. Which of the following is NOT true about
nonrenewable?
the formation of fossil fuels?
1) Coal 2) Natural gas
1)Formation of fossil fuels takes millions of
3) Oil 4) All of these
years.
2) Heat and pressure allow organic matter to 10. TRUE or FALSE The rate of fossil fuel
undergo change and carbonization to form burning has been decreasing over the last ten
fossil fuels. years.
3) Coal, oil and natural gas are the remains 1) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
of old, dead, organic matter buried and hasn't changed.
deposited in sedimentary rock. 2) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
4) The formation of fossil fuels is keeping has increased only 1% in last ten years.
up with the current rate of burning of these 3) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
fossil fuels. is increasing about 2% each year.
4) TRUE
4. In carbon cycle, flow of energy is
1) Linear 2) Cyclical 11. Coal, natural gas and oil are forms of
3) Reversible 4) Irreversible 1) Fossil fuels
2) Carbon compounds
5.During respiration, carbon dioxide (Co2) is 3) Nitrogen compounds
1) Produced 2) Released in environment 4) Both 1 & 2
3) Absorbed 4) Depleted
12. How does carbon get into the soil?
6. How are CO2 and other greenhouse gases 1) When the plant dies
believed to be causing the temperature of the 2) When the animal dies
earth to increase? 3) When the human dies
1) They allow more solar radiation to pass 4) All of the above
through to the earth's surface
2) They prevent heat energy from leaving
the earth
3) By absorbing sunlight
4) By reducing photosynthetic rates
109