Morgan Stevenson

Unit16 editing research

For P3 Task 1

Software Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end users. These
programs are divided into two classes: system software and application software. While system
software consists of low-level programs that interact with computers at a basic level, application
software resides above system software and includes applications such as database programs, word
processors and spreadsheets. Application software may be bundled with system software or
published alone. Application software may simply be referred to as an application.

The software’s I use are Final Cut pro, Adobe Premiere and Audacity
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4224/application-software

hardware

In information technology, hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and

other devices. The term arose as a way to distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitry and
components of a computer from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to
be known as the software. Hardware implies permanence and invariability. Software or programming
can easily be varied. You can put an entirely new program in the hardware and make it create an
entirely new experience for the user. You can, however, change the modular configurations that most
computers come with by adding new adapters or cards that extend the computer's capabilities.

The hardware I use for editing and audio are the Macs in tech, my MacBook Pro, memory pens/ hard
drives, and apps such as Final Cut pro, Adobe Premiere and Audacity
Adobe premiere has better colour options, but final cut pro is much easier to use and upload videos
directly online. Audacity is the main audio editor I use.

https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/hardware

non-linear
Linear and Nonlinear Editing Systems
Working on a nonlinear editing system is like working with a sophisticated word processor. Using a computer
screen and a mouse you can randomly cut and past segments and move them around until you are satisfied with the
result.
Working on a linear editing system is a bit like using a typewriter to type a term paper; you need to assemble
everything in the proper sequence as you go along. After it's all on paper (or in this case recorded), adding, deleting or
rearranging things can be a major problem.
With nonlinear editing the video and audio segments are not permanently recorded as you go along as they are in
linear editing. The edit decisions exist in computer memory as a series of internal digital markers that tell the computer
where to look for segments on the hard disk.
This means that at any point you can instantly check your work and make adjustments. It also means that you can easily
(and seemingly endlessly!) experiment with audio and video possibilities

http://www.cybercollege.com/tvp056.htm

Editing is computer based and it allows you to change the sequence, make multiple sequences without damaging
the original footage.

Linear editing
Presently video editing software has replaced linear editing. Historically, film editing was done in linear fashion,
where film reels were literally cut into long strips divided by takes and scenes, and then taped back together to
create a logical sequence of film, which took long periods of times to complete.
high definition
Video Formats Information about various video formats and standards.
8mm, Video8, Hi8, Digital8
Beta, Betamax, Betacam, Betacam SP, Betacam SX , Digital Betacam

DV, MiniDV, DVCAM, DVCPRO, DVCPRO50, DVCPRO HD, HDV

DVD, Blu-Ray, HD-DVD, HD-VMD, CH-DVD
HDTV, 1080i, 1080p
Flash
LaserDisc
M, MII
MXF
MPEG, MPEG-4
Quicktime
RealMedia
U-matic
VHS, VHS-C, S-VHS, S-VHS-C, D-VHS
Windows Media
3GP, 3G2
Comparisons
• MiniDV vs Digital8 (D8)
• Blu-Ray vs HD-DVD
• VHS vs Betamax
Common Video Steaming Formats

https://www.mediacollege.com/video/format/

hard disc A hard disk is part of a unit -- often called a disk drive, hard drive or hard disk drive -- that stores and
provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that can contain anywhere from billions to trillions
of bytes of storage.
You can save a file to a location on your computer, like a hard disk drive or a flash drive, or on an
online service, like OneDrive. You can also export files to ...

https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/hard-disk

data transfer rates The data transfer rate (DTR) is the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to
another in a given time. The data transfer rate can be viewed as the speed of travel of a given amount of data
from one place to another. In general, the greater the bandwidth of a given path, the higher the data transfer
rate.

https://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/data-transfer-rate

exporting production file types In common usage, "export" means to send something from your country to a
different country, and "import" means to bring something from a foreign land to your own. Similarly, in
computer terminology, "import" means to bring a file from a different program into the one you're using, and
"export" means to save a file in a way that a different program can use it
https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-export-or-import-a-file

H264 H.264 is a new video codec standard which can achieve high quality video in relatively low bitrates. You
can think it as the "successor" of the existing formats (MPEG2, MPEG-4, DivX, XviD, etc.) as it aims in offering
similar video quality in half the size of the formats mentioned before.
Also known as AVC (Advanced Video Coding, MPEG-4 Part 10), H.264 is actually defined in an identical pair of
standards maintained by different organizations, together known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). While MPEG-4
Part 10 is an ISO/IEC standard, it was developed in cooperation with the ITU, an organization heavily involved
in broadcast television standards. Since the ITU designation for the standard is H.264, you may see MPEG-4
Part 10 video referred to as either AVC or H.264. Both are valid, and refer to the same standard

https://www.winxdvd.com/resource/h264.htm

quick-time Multimedia software developed and disturbed by Apple, Inc. Files created using QuickTime
combined video, sound, and animation into one file. Most multimedia programs developed by Apple, including
iTunes, use the QuickTime program to replay files. QuickTime is used by a number of websites to playback
animations and sounds. Users that do not have a QuickTime player installed on their computers will not be
able to view multimedia files formatted using a QuickTime player. Apple offers both a free and paid version of
the program.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/QuickTime.html

mov MOV may refer to: MOV (x86 instruction), a mnemonic for the copying of data from one location to
another in the x86 assembly language. .mov, filename extension for the QuickTime multimedia file format.
Metal oxide varistor, an electronic component with a significant non-ohmic current-voltage characteristic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOV

avi AVI stands for Audio Video Interleave and is a type of file used by home computers and media players.

https://www.reference.com/technology/avi-mean-21b4cbb6669160d1

flv FLV stands for "Flash Video". It is a format designed for web video playback that offers high rates of
compression and produces high quality video.
Compression

www.answers.com/Q/What_does_flv_mean

Task 2 - Follow Editing process:

use appropriate techniques, such as

seamless Seamless editing is where you put two different pieces of film together to create a neat, smooth
piece of film that runs into each piece of each other easily.
This could be taking two different shots of film from totally different times, yet as the character walks down
the same street and into the same building, you would mirror the image and create a seamless edit

https://ashleighevers.wordpress.com/2012/10/01/seamless-editing/

continuity Continuity editing is the process, in film and video creation, of combining more-or-less related
shots, or different components cut from a single shot, into a sequence so as to direct the viewer's attention to
a pre-existing consistency of story across both time and physical location. Often used in feature films,
continuity editing, or "cutting to continuity", can be contrasted with approaches such as montage, with which
the editor aims to generate, in the mind of the viewer, new associations among the various shots that can then
be of entirely different subjects, or at least of subjects, less closely related, than would be required for the
continuity approach.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_editing
https://www.lynda.com/Final-Cut-Pro-tutorials/Narrative-Scene-Editing-Final-Cut-Pro-X/111783-2.html

motivated Any type of edit in post-production literally breaks continuity, but a motivated edit is the most
discreet and least jarring type of cut. A motivated edit or motivated cut is often cued by necessity - a reaction,
a dialogue or a music cue.

https://www.bing.com/search?q=what+does++motivated+mean+in+editing&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-
1&pq=what+does+motivated+mean+in+editing&sc=0-
35&sk=&cvid=3DE5D3B367CB4D6787C429BB68EB4FCE

montage By definition, a montage is "a single pictorial composition made by juxtaposing or superimposing
many pictures or designs." In filmmaking, a montage is an editing technique in which shots are juxtaposed in
an often fast-paced fashion that compresses time and conveys a lot of information in a relatively short period

http://elementsofcinema.com/editing/montage.html

jump-cutting A jump cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots
are framed in relation to each other. Jump cuts are usually caused by framing which is quite similar.

https://www.mediacollege.com/video/editing/transition/jump-cut.html
 parallel editing conventions Parallel editing (also known as cross-cutting), is a film editing technique of
continuity editing that establishes the relationship between two subjects by cutting from one to the other.
Parallel editing is where the editor crosses between two different shots which is also known as
cross cutting. The idea of parallel editing is to build up suspension to the audience when they are
watching the film it also gives the idea that something is going to happen at the same time as
something else, it builds up tension when you’re watching the film. The two shots will happen
simultaneously but in different locations.

https://www.bing.com/search?q=what+does++parallel+editing+conventions+mean+in+editing&qs=n&form
=QBRE&sp=-1&pq=what+does+parallel+editing+conventions+mean+in+editing&sc=0-
54&sk=&cvid=A2109294A1FF47A1AF297C37FF50C65B

http://filmvideoeditingtechniques.blogspot.com/2012/11/parallelediting-is-where-editor-crosses.html

Task 3 - Apply and use appropriate transitions:

for example

cut In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial film
transition from one sequence to another. It is synonymous with the term edit, though "edit" can imply any
number of transitions or effects. The cut, dissolve and wipe serve as the three primary transitions. The term
refers to the physical action of cutting film or videotape, but also refers to a similar edit performed in
software; it has also become associated with the resulting visual "break".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(transition)

dissolve A dissolve transition between two still images In the post-production process of film editing and video
editing , a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out (also called fade to
black ) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image. This is in contrast to a cut
where there is no such transition
https://www.bing.com/search?q=what+does+dissolve+mean+in+editing&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-
1&pq=what+does+dissolve+mean+in+editing&sc=0-34&sk=&cvid=544B5F52E2B34FB693B14AB2CBE3982C

fade A video fade is when a shot gradually fades to (or from) a single colour, usually black or white. A fade is
different to a crossfade, which is a transition directly between two shots rather than one shot to a colour.
The "fade from black" and "fade to black" are ubiquitous in film and television. They usually signal the
beginning and end of a scene. The timing of the fades indicates the importance of the change in time and/or
location between scenes — a slower fade with more time spent on black indicates a more significant
end/beginning. A fairly quick fade to and from black could indicate a time lapse of a few minutes or hours,
whereas a long drawn-out fade indicates a much bigger change.

https://www.mediacollege.com/video/editing/transition/fade.html

wipes A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the
frame to another or with a special shape. If the wipe proceeds from two opposite edges of the screen toward
the center or vice versa, it is known as a barn door wipe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_(transition)

Task 4 - use appropriate editing conventions:

such as

cutaways Cutaway (filmmaking) In film and video, a cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed
action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cut back to the
first shot, when the cutaway avoids a jump cut.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaway_(filmmaking)

cutting on action Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques
where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action.
A common example is a man walking up to a door and reaching for the knob. Just as his hand touches the
knob, the scene cuts to a shot of the door opening from the other side.
Although the two shots may have been shot hours apart from each other, cutting on action gives the
impression of continuous time when watching the edited film. By having a subject begin an action in one shot
and carry it through to completion in the next, the editor creates a visual bridge, which distracts the viewer
from noticing the cut or noticing any slight continuity error between the two shots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_on_action

creating juxtapositions Juxtaposition is the film editing technique of combining of two or more shots to evoke
an idea or state of mind. A montage can be a juxtaposition of two shots, but commonly refers to the juxtaposition
of multiple shots to depict an event often in stretched or condensed time.

https://hollywoodlexicon.com/montage.html

intercutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time,
and usually in the same place. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action,
which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cutting

pace effectively Pacing is a type of abstract concept that takes practice to learn how to do perfectly.
pacing is anything to do with speed (fast cuts or scenes) or time (length). It’s often assumed that the faster
something is edited, the better the pacing is. But that’s not always correct, Something that is cut fast can be
perfectly paced. Something that’s cut extremely slow can be perfectly paced. It all just depends how
experienced you are.

http://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2233986

convey information effectively To convey information or feelings means to cause them to be known or
understood by someone

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/convey
use sound to create impact Sound effects can be used to add mood or atmosphere to a lm by
creating a soundscape that accents or adds another layer of meaning to the images on the screen.
Pitch, tempo, and volume may be altered to indicate how the filmmaker expects the audience to
respond to a given noise. For instance, high-pitched sounds, including screams or squealing tires,
help to create a sense of anxiety, while low-pitched sounds, including the sounds of waves or the
swinging of a door, can be used to create a sense of calm or mystery.

http://thecinematheque.ca/education/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/LanguageofFilm07.pdf

synchronise sound and vision

mix soundtracks With the rise of the modern home studio, composers are expected to do more and more in the
box, and often from their own small, privately owned, studios. No matter what technical tools a composer uses,
it’s still beneficial to have a second pair of ears on a project. This is where the mix engineer comes in. In
response to dwindling production budgets, Jake Jackson set up his ‘Mix At Yours’ service. Instead of sending
your music off to a mix engineer in another studio and receiving a mixed file, Jake swoops into your home studio
to mix your music. Not only do you save money, but this also let’s you make post-mix adjustments should there
be an inevitable 11th-hour change to the video.

https://www.soundonsound.com/people/mixing-soundtracks-silent-witness

overlap sound Sound is half of your film. Turn off the audio on any film and note how different the effect is. It’s
not just information, dialogue and music that’s missing. It’s the feel of the piece, the atmosphere. Some directors
are particularly attuned to the expressive potential of sound; Alfred Hitchcock, David Lynch. They’ll often
incorporate sound as part of the basic conception of their films.

https://movingimageeducation.org/create-films/post-production/sound-and-music

Task 5 - Employ Post-production tools:

such as on

image editing Image editing refers to modifying or improving digital or traditional photographic images using
different techniques, tools or software

www.techopedia.com/definition/7686/image-editing

audio editing effects to enhance genre style Audio effects are analog or digital devices that are used to
intentionally alter how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. Effects can be subtle or extreme,
and they can be used in live or recording situations. A good example of audio effects are the “stomp boxes”
that many electric guitarists use to achieve their desired sound. By chaining together many different types of
effects, a musician can sculpt a unique tone and enhance their music in many ways. Almost all popular music
benefits from the creative use of effects, especially electronic music which makes liberal use of these devices.
With proper treatment, audio effects can really bring your music to life and take the listener to new sonic
spaces.

http://blog.dubspot.com/understanding-audio-effects-an-overview/