Basic Concept in the Immune

System: Humoral & Cellular Immunity

References
1. IMMUNOLOGY
I. Roitt, J. Brostoff, D. Male 6th. Edit. 2005
2. BASIC & CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
D.P. Stites, A.I. Terr, T.G. Parslow 8edit. 2002.
2002.
3. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
A.K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman, J.S. Pober. 2005
4. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
J.Brostoff, G.K. Scadding, D. Male. 1995
5. IMMUNOBIOLOGY
C.A. Janeway, Jr, P. Travers, M. Walport cs.4th. Edit. 2008
6. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
B.D. Hames, D.M. Glover 2th edit. 1996
7. ALLERGY
S. T. Holgate, M.K. Church., 1993
8. IMMUNOLOGY, IMMUNOPATHOLOGY, IMMUNITY
S. Sell 6thedit. 2005
9. MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
J. Mestecky, J. R.McGhee et al (Eds)., 2004
10. PRACTICAL IMMUNOLOGY
L.Hudson, F.C. Hay
 Journals (a few, with high impact index)
• Trends in Immunology
• Curr. Opin. Immunol.
• Immunology
• Res. Immunol.
• J. Immunol.
• Infect. Immun
• J. Allergy Immunol.
Fig. Edward Jenner, the ‘founder’ of immunology
Bone marrow-
marrow-derived cells of the
immune system
Bone marrow

Haematopoietic stem cells

Lymphoid progenitor Myeloid progenitor

Bone marrow-derived cells of the immune system
Figure 1-
1-3
General Scope of Immunology
Figure 1-
1-32
Figure 1-
1-4 part 1 of 3
Figure 1-
1-4 part 2 of 3
Figure 1-
1-4 part 3 of 3
Figure 1-
1-6
Figure 2-
2-50 Mechanisms by
which NK cells
distinguish
infected from
healthy--
healthy
uninfected cells

Notice, the presence

or absence of MHC
class I expression
Interplay of the innate and adaptive
immune cells

Biewenga, 2008
Biewenga, 2008
Maturation of Lymphocytes
CD (cluster of differentiation/cluster designation)
molecules
- Surface markers
- Indicate: functional properties, maturation stage, and lineage identity
- Detected by panel of monoclonal antibodies:
- well documented: CD1 – CD247
- examples:
- CD4+: TH; CD8+: CTL (cytolytic T lymphocyte)
- CD2+ : SRBC receptor; CD19+: B cell
- CD56+: NK cell; CD16+
Fc Fcγγ receptor on NK cell
- CD45+RO: memory T cell; CD45+RA: naïve T cell
- CD14+: macrophage
CD molecules on B cell
CD molecules on T cell
 Molecules involved for antigen recognition

• B cell receptor & product

– antibodies (Abs): immunoglobulin (Ig)
• T cell receptor (TCR)
– TCR α/β, γ/δ
• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/HLA
– Class I
– Class II
– Class III
 Immune responses
• Natural/innate/nonspecific
– Humoral:
Humoral: type I IFN (IFN-
(IFN-α/β), lysozyme,
Complement proteins
– Cellular:
Cellular: phagocytes (neutrofil, makrofag), NK cells
• Adaptive/acquired/specific
Humoral: B lymphocytes
Abs: IgM, IgG, IgA,
– Humoral:
IgE, IgD
– Cellular: T lymphocytes: T cells:
cells:
• CD4+ Th, CD8+CTL (cytolytic T lymphocytes)
Antibody molecule: structure of
immunoglobulin
 Adaptive (specific) Immune
Responses
• Beneficial
Depending on:
- the nature of antigens
- phenotype of immune responses
• Harmful
Figure 1-
1-32
Pattern of Antibody responses against T-dependent (protein) antigen
 Lymphoid Organs
• Central/primary lymphoid organs
– Lymphocytes are generated
– Bone marrow, thymus, bursa of Fabricius (birds)
• Peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs
– Lymphocytes are maintained
– Adaptive immune responses are initiated
– Peripheral lymph nodes, incl. MALT (Mucosa-
(Mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue): GALT, BALT, NALT,
OALT, DALT
imunitas mukosa
Peripheral lymph nodes
Spleen
Figure 1-
1-9
MALT (mucosa-
(mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)
• GALT/Peyer’s patch
– Gut-
Gut-assoc. l.t
• BALT
– Bronchus-
Bronchus-assoc lt B
• NALT (Rodents), T
GALT
– Nasal-
Nasal-assoc. lt
– Tonsils (Human)
• OALT
– Omentum-
Omentum-assoc lt
T

• DALT cell

– Ductal-
Ductal-assoc. lt BALT
 Intest.villi

FAE
Dome area

B-cell
follicle

T-cell area

Fig. H-E staining of GALT. Both B-and T cells are stained positively
Innate & Adaptive immunity:
principles
Cell Recognition & Effector functions
The responses to an initial infection:
three phases
Macrophages are activated by pathogens
through different receptors
 Toll--like receptors (TLRs)
Toll
• In Drosophila melanogaster
(fruitfly) : ‘Toll’; mammals:
TLR
• Several TLRs
• Role: activate phagocytes and
tissue dendritic cells (DC)
• Expl.: TLR-
TLR-4. having bound
LPS, CD14 interacts with
TLR

TLR
activation of
transcription factor NFκΒ
NFκΒ
Figure 2-
2-17
 The differentiation of CD4+ T cells
into Th1 or Th2 cells
• determines whether
humoral or cell-
cell-mediated
immunity will
predominate
TH1 vs TH2 cytokine pattern in pregnancy

GM-CSF

IFN-γγ
 Activated macrophages & DC
secrete cytokines/chemokines
• Cytokines: soluble
mediators (proteins)
cells
affect
released by cells

the behavior of other
cells
• Action: pleiotrophism
pleiotrophism,,
redundant,, autocrin,
redundant
paracrin & endocrin
 Cytokine(s)
• Soluble mediator(s):
– natural and adaptive immune responses
• Various names:
– lymphokines, monokines, interleukins (ILs),
interferons, chemokines (chemotactic cytokines),
growth factors/colony stimulating factors (CSF)
Fig. Action of Cytokines in networking
 ADHESION MOLECULES (AM)
Lymphocyte /leukocyte recirculation
@ Normal:
- HEV (high
(high endothelial venules)/HEV
venules)/HEV--like
(lymphoid tissue)
- Afferent lymphatic capillary
(non--lymphoid tissue)
(non
@ Pathology (viz. Inflammation):
- HEV/HEV-
HEV/HEV-like
- capillaries: inducible endothelium:

increased AM expression
 Figure 2-
2-42

Fig. Adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte

interactions
 Concluding remarks
• The immune system
– Innate/natural/non-
Innate/natural/non-specific immunity
– Adaptive/acquired/specific immunity
– Different cells responsible
– Direct & indirect communication (soluble
mediators)
– Various receptors expressed