Formulae and Data

For

Prime Movers and Fluid

Machines
ME F 3 4 1

By

Dr. R. UDAYA KUMAR

Birla Institute of Technology and Science

International Academic city
Dubai, U.A.E
2018 – 2019
 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 2
TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR TEST RIG
FORMULAE:

Head,

 
H  h *  w  1 m of air.
 a 
Actual Volume of air,
ao a p
Q act  C d 2 * g * H m3 /sec
a a
2
p
2
o

Swept volume of compressor,

 N
Qt  * d 2 * L* m3 /sec (Where N = Rpm of Compressor)
4 60

Volumetric Efficiency,

Q act
%  x100
Qt
Shaft Power,
2*  * N * T
ShaftPower  Watt (Where N= Rpm of motor = 1440 *0.8)
60
T W * g* R
Compression Pressure Ratio
Gauge Pressure  Atmospheric Pressure
r
Atmospheric Pressure

Isothermal Power,

Q act * log e r * P a Watt

Isothermal Efficiency,

Isothermal power
 I sothermal 
Shaft power

m = Qact .a

DATA:
Low pressure cylinder I:

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 2

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Bore dia., d = 0.0935 m

Length of stroke, L = 0.078m

Diameter of orifice, do = 0.011 m

Cross- sectional area of orifice, a o = 9.4985 x 10 – 5 m2

Diameter of pipe of the orifice, d P = 0.022 m

Cross – sectional area of pipe of orifice, a p = 3.7994 x 10 – 4 m2

Density of water, m = 1000 kg / m3

Density of air at 30o C i.e. 30 oC, a = 1.165 kg/m3

Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = 0.64

Energy meter constant, E.M.C. = 3200 pulses / kW-hr

Atmospheric pressure, Pa = 1.013 x 105 N /m2

Radius of swinging Field Dynamometer, R = 0.146 m

1 kg / cm2 = 98066.5 N /m2

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 3

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 3
FOUR CYLINDER, FOUR STROKES, PETROL ENGINE
TEST RIG
(WITH EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER AND MORSE TEST ARRANGEMENT)

FORMULAE:
PERFORMANCE TEST

FUEL CONSUMPTION
X *
W f
f
06
kg / sec
t *10

MORSE TEST:

AIR CONSUMPTION (Qa)

Q a C d *a o * 2 * g * H  m3/ sec

h w
H * m
100  a
SWEPT VOLUME

  x D 2 x L x N x Nc  3
V s    m /s
 4 x 60 x n 
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

 Qa 
 vol   x 100%
 Vs 
DATA:
do = Diameter of orifice = 21 mm

ao = Cross-sectional area of orifice = 3.46 x 10 –4 m2

Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.64

a = Density of air at 0o C = 1.293 kg / m 3

m = Density of manometer fluid i.e. water = 1000 kg / m 3

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s 2

1 HP = 746 Watts

Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ / kg °C

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 4
 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Cv = Calorific value of petrol = 44650 kJ / kg

f = Density of petrol = 720 kg / m3

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 5

 Experiment: No: 4
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR CYLINDER, FOUR STROKES,
PETROL ENGINETEST RIG

FORMULAE:

Heat carried away by Engine jacket cooling water (H c w)

H ECW m ecw *C p *(T 2T 1) kW

W ecw
m ecw  kg / sec
3600

% HEcw= (HEcw /Hf ) X 100

Heat carried away by Exhaust gases (Heg)

m CCW xC pw xT 6T 5 
m eg xC peg 
T 3T 4 
Heat lost in radiation and unaccounted losses (H un)

H unH f H exh  H ECW  BP  k W

DATA:
do = Diameter of orifice = 21 mm

ao = Cross-sectional area of orifice = 3.46 x 10 –4 m2

Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.64

a = Density of air at 0o C = 1.293 kg / m 3

m = Density of manometer fluid i.e. water = 1000 kg / m 3

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s 2

1 HP = 746 Watts

Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ / kg °C

Cv = Calorific value of petrol = 44650 kJ / kg

f = Density of petrol = 720 kg / m3

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 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 5
PERFORMANCE & HEAT BALANCE TEST ON TWO CYLINDER
FORMULA:

1. Brake Mean Effective Pressure

 BP x n x 60 x 1000 
p bm    N/m2
 L x A x N x Nc 

(3) Fuel Consumed by Engine

 X x f 
Qf    kg / s
 T x10 
6

(4) Swept Volume

  x D 2 x L x N x Nc  3
V s    m /s
 4 x 60 x n 

DATA
R = 0.165 m
n = 2
L = 0.110 m
D = 0.0875 m
CV = 45300 kJ / kg
Nc = 2
X = 40 ml
Cpw = 4.186 kJ / kg- oC
ρf = 804 kg / m3
ρa = 1.21 kg / m3
ρw = 1000 kg / m3
g = 9.81 m / sec2

 * D2
A =
4
3.14 * 0.08752
=
4
= 6.01 x 10-3 m2.

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 2

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Heat rejected by Exhaust Gases (Hexh)

Heat lost by exhaust gases in calorimeter = Heat gained by cooling water in calorimeter

meg xCpeg xT3 T4  mCCW xCpw xT6 T5 

W CCW
m CCW  kg / sec
3600

m CCW xC pw xT 6  T 5 
m eg xC peg 
T 3  T 4 

H exh meg xCpeg xT 3 T7 

Heat carried by cooling water from Engine jacket (HECW)

H ECW m ECW *C PW *(T 2  T1 ) kW

W ECW
m ECW  kg / sec.
3600

Heat rejected due to radiation or air cooling (Hun)

H un H f H exh H ECW BP  KW

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 3

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 6
PERFORMANCE AND HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A SINGLE-
CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE AT VARYING COMPRESSION RATIO
AT CONSTANT LOAD
FORMULA:
(1) Brake Mean Effective Pressure (Bar):

 BP x 60 
BMEP   
 L x A x N/n x N c x 100 
n = 2 for 4 stroke
n = 1 for 2 stroke
Cpw = 4.186 kJ / kg- oK

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 4

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

F3 = Engine Jacket Water Flow in LPH

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 5

 Experiment: No: 7
PELTON TURBINE TEST RIG

FORMULAE:

Total Head:

H G 10 * P m of water (Gauge Unit)

H = HG +10 m of water (Absolute Unit)
Discharge Velocity:

 
V C v * 2gh *  m  1  (m / sec)
 w 
Output Power:

2 * g *  * N * W * Re
Output Power  Watt
60
W W 1W 2W 3 Kg
D B 2 * D R
Re  m
2

DATA:
D = 54 mm
A = 0.00229 m2
g = 9.81 m/s2
w = 1000 kg/m3
m = 13600 kg/m3
DB = 0.190 m
DR = 0.012 m
Cv = 0.98
Re = 0.107 meter
W3 = 0.40 kg.

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 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 8
FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG

FORMULAE:

1. Total Head,

  P 
H G 10 *  P d   s  m of water (Gauge Unit)
  760
H  H G 1 0 m of water (Absolute Unit)

2. Discharge velocity

 
V  C d * 2 gh *  m  1 (m / sec)
 w 
3. Output Power,

2 * g *  * N * W * Re
Output Power  Watt
60
W W 1W 2W 3 kg

D B 2 * D R
Re  m
2

DATA:
Flow measurement Pitot tube.
D = 0.085 m
A = 0.005675 m2
g = 9.81 m/s2
w = 1000 kg/m3
m = 13600 kg/m3
DB = 0.190 m
Cpitot = 0.98
DR = 12 mm
Re = 0.107 m
W3 = 0.375 Kg

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 2

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 9

KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

FORMULAE:

1. Total Head,

H G 10 * ( P d  P S ) m of water (Gauge Unit)

H  H G10 m of water (Absolute Unit)

2. Discharge (velocity)

 
V  C d * 2 gh *  m  1 (m / sec)
 w 
 
3. Output Power,

2 * g *  * N * W * Re
Output Power  Watt
60
W W 1W 2W 3 kg
D B 2 * D R
Re  m
2

DATA:
Flow measurement: By Pitot tube.
D = 0.162 m
A = 0.020612 m2
g = 9.81 m/s2
w = 1000 kg/m3
m = 13600 kg/m3
DB = 0.300 m
Cpitot = 0.98
DR = 12 mm = 0.012 m
Re = 0.107 m
W3 = 0.5kg

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 3

 Prime Movers and Fluid Machines, Laboratory manual

Experiment: No: 10
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

(WITH D.C. MOTOR, SERIES & PARALLEL SETUP)

FORMULAE:-
1. Electrical input,

P 3600* 1000
Elect. Input  * Watt
tp EMC
2. Shaft output,

Shaft power  Elect. Input * motor Watt

Efficiency of motor = 0.8 (assumed)
1. Discharge,

A* R
Q m3 / sec
t
R1  R 2
R m
100
4. Total Head,

For Pump in Series

  PA  
H G  10 * Pd  s   1 m of water (for Gauge pressure)
  760 
For Pump in Parallel

  PsA  
   PsB  
 
H G  10 * Pd  760   1 m of water (for Gauge pressure)
  2  
 
  

Note- 1 is added in the above formula to calculate head because the pressure gauge is placed 1 m
above the suction of the pump.

H  H G 1 0 m of water (for Absolute pressure)

DATA:
EMC = Energy meter constant = 3200 pulses/kw.hr
A = Area of measuring tank = 0.244 m2
 = Specific weight of water = 9810 kg-m2/sec2.

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BITS Pilani Dubai Campus 4