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7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
total energy added can be expressed in
terms of a bulk‐temperature difference by
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7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
heat‐transfer data will be dependent
on the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers
by A power function for each of these
parameters is a simple type of
relation to use, so we assume
where C, m, and n are constants to be
determined from the experimental data
7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
A traditional expression for calculation of
heat transfer in fully developed turbulent
flow in smooth tubes is that recommended
by Dittus and Boelter
0.6 < Pr < 100
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7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
better results expression for calculation of
heat transfer in fully developed turbulent
flow in smooth tubes is that recommended
by Gnielinsk
7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
The deviations from the velocity
profile for isothermal flow as shown in
this figure are a result of the fact that
the viscosity of gases increases with an
increase in temperature, while the
viscosities of liquids decrease with an
increase in temperature.
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7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
In the entrance region the flow is not
developed, and Nusselt recommended the
following equation:
where L is the length of the tube and
d is the tube diameter
7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
Petukhov has developed a more accurate, although more
complicated, expression for fully developed turbulent flow
in smooth tubes
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7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
7‐1: EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW
Hausen presents the following empirical relation for fully
developed laminar flow in tubes at constant wall
temperature:
A some what simpler empirical relation was proposed by
Sieder and Tate for laminar heat transfer in tubes:
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7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Velocity distributions indicating flow
separation on a cylinder in cross
flow.
The drag coefficient for bluff bodies
is defined by
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7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Drag coefficient for
circular cylinders as a
function of the Reynolds
number
7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
The resulting correlation for
average heat‐transfer coefficients
in cross flow over circular cylinders
is:
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7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Interferometer
photograph
showing isotherms
around heated
horizontal cylinders
placed in a
transverse
airstream.
7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Fand has shown that the heat‐transfer
coefficients from liquids to cylinders in
following relations for heat transfer from tubes
in cross flow, based on the extensive study
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7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Still a more comprehensive relation is given by
Churchill and Bernstein that is applicable over
the complete range of available data:
7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Still a more comprehensive relation is given by
Churchill and Bernstein that is applicable over
the complete range of available data:
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7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Still another correlation equation is given by
Whitaker as
All properties are evaluated at the free‐stream
temperature except that μw is at the wall
temperature
7‐2: FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS
Nakai and Okazaki present the following
relation:
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7‐3: FLOW ACROSS NONCIRCULAR CYLINDERS
Jakob has summarized the results of experiments with
heat transfer from noncircular cylinders
7‐4: FLOW ACROSS SPHERES
McAdams recommends the following relation for heat
transfer from spheres to a flowing gas:
Achenbach has obtained relations applicable over a still
wider range of Reynolds numbers for air with Pr =0.71:
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7‐4: FLOW ACROSS SPHERES
Kramers recommends the following relation for heat
transfer from spheres to a flowing liquid:
7‐4: FLOW ACROSS SPHERES
All the above data have been brought together by
Whitaker to develop a single equation for gases and
liquids flowing past spheres:
Properties in a top equation are evaluated at the free‐
stream temperature
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