‘The Fragile Contract University Science and the Federal Government edited by David H. Guston and Kenneth Keniston ‘The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England(age 1994 (01904 Masiachusets Insti of Technology All ights reserved, No patof this book may be repreduced in any form or by aay slecronic or mechanical means (including information storage sd retell without Permission in writing fromm the publisher ‘This book was atin New Baskerville at The MIT Pres and was printed and bound in ‘the United Sates of Ameria Library of Congress Catalogingn Publication Duta ‘The Fragile contract / edited by Dad H. Guston and Kenneth Kenison, ben les bllogeaphieal references ad inden, ISHN 020207161-1.— ISBN 0960971072 (pbk) 1. Retearch—Gorerniment polcy—United States. 2. Sclence and state~Ulted States. "3 Universes and colleges Research United States. 4: Research ineitater “United States Cason, Dard 1°11 Keniston, Kenneth iso.use7s| 994 388.97306—de20 9420557 cir Acknowledgments About the Authors 1 Introduction: The Social Contract for Science David H. Guston and Kenneth Keniston 2. Universities, the Public, and the Government: ‘The State of the Partnership Charles M. Vest 3. On Doing One’s Damnedest: The Evolution of Trust in Scientific Findings Gerald Holton 4 Integrity and Accountability in Research Patricia Woolf 5 The Public Face of Science: What Can We Learn from Disputes? Dovothy Netkin 6 How Large an R&D Enterprise? Daryl E. Chubin 7. Views from the Benches: Funding Biomedical Research and the Physical Sciences Phillip A. Sharp and Daniel Kleppner 8 Financing Science after the Cold War Harvey M. Sapolsky 9 Indirect Costs and the Government University Partnership Peter Likins and Albert H, Teich 42 59 82 101 18 45 159Contents 10 Research in U.S. Universities in a Technologically Competitive World Eugene B. Skolnikoff 11 Conclusion: Constructive Responses to the Changing Social Context of University-Government Relations Dawid Hamburg Index 194 Acknowledgments This volume grew out of a faculty workshop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the relationship between scien- tific research universities and the federal government. The work shop brought a wide range of speakers together with a group of senior MIT faculty members and administrators, many of whom, ‘were charged with negotiating, maintaining, and improving just the sorts of relationships between science and politics that were being addressed. “The format of the workshop wasintended to encourage extensive interaction. Each speaker's talk was distributed to the participants in advance of the meetings, held monthly during academic year 1991-1992, often accompanied by additional readings. The work shops started at5 p.m, Before dinner, the speaker summarized his or her paper, and discussion focused on questions of fact. After dinner, one of the regular workshop participants reopened discus- sion with prepared comments. The ensuing two hours were more like an extended conversation than a formal question-and-answer period, with lively and sometimes heated exchanges with the speaker and among workshop members. A detailed summary of tite discussion was used by the speakers to help prepare the final versions of their papers for this volume. (The papers by Gerald Holton and by Peter Likins and Albert H. Teich were commis: sioned after the workshop.) "The editors have incurred many debts during the preparation of thisvolume. Wegratefully acknowledge thesupportofthe Carnegie