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Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Engineering properties of concrete with polystyrene granules
Engineering
Manufacturing
Costin Andrei
properties
Engineering Society
Caderea, *,
of concrete
International
Marinela a with polystyrene
BarbutaConference 2017, aMESIC
, Bogdan Rosca
granules
, Adrian2017, 28-30 June
Alexandru
2017,
a Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
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a a
Costin Andrei Cadere Serbanoiu
a, , Andrei
*, Marinela P P0F
Burlacu
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, Bogdan P Roscaa, Adrian Alexandru
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Costing models for


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”Gheorghe Asachi"
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capacity
Serbanoiu a
optimization
, Andrei
Technical University Burlacu
of Iasi,
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a
in Oancea
, Irina
Faculty of Civil Industry
Engineering and Building 4.0:
P P
a
1, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
Services,Trade-off
P

between used capacity and operational efficiency


a
P ”Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services,
P

1, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania

Abstract A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb


In the present study, we aim to find how University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
a
Abstract polystyrene granules and fly ash influence the process of obtaining green concrete. In
this respect, we prepared the concrete by using
b
Unochapecó, 89809-000
aggregates in threeChapecó,
sorts, SC, Brazilfly ash as replacement of 10% cement and
cement,
In the present
polystyrene study, as
granules wereplacement
aim to find ofhow polystyrene
aggregates. granules
Using these and fly ash influence
components, we analyzedthe process
certain of obtaining green
characteristics suchconcrete. In
as density,
this respect, we prepared the concrete by using aggregates in three sorts, cement, fly ash as replacement of
compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength that were experimentally determined. In addition, the influence 10% cement and
polystyrene
of polystyrenegranules
granuleasasreplacement
replacementofofaggregates.
aggregate Using these components,
was analyzed and compared we with
analyzed certain
a control mixcharacteristics suchmain
of concrete. Our as density,
results
Abstract
compressive
underline thatstrength,
effects flexural strengthgranules
of polystyrene and split imply
tensilesmaller
strengthdensities
that werethanexperimentally
that of the determined. In addition,
control concrete, the influence
technical strengths
of polystyrene
decreased granule aswith
in comparison replacement of aggregate
control mix was analyzed
without polystyrene andand compared
values with
of tensile a control
strengths mixcloser
were of concrete. Our
to that of main mix.
control results
Under
underlinethethat
concept
effects of "Industry 4.0",
of polystyrene production
granules processes
imply smaller willthan
densities be that
pushedof theto control
be increasingly interconnected,
concrete, technical strengths
information
decreased
© 2018 The
based on
in Authors.
comparison awith
realcontrol
Published
time basis and,
mix without
by Elsevier
necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
B.V. polystyrene and values of tensile strengths were closer to that of control mix.
goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization,
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the contributing also for
11th International organization’s
Conference profitability
Interdisciplinarity in and value.
©
© 2018
Indeed,
2018 The
The Authors.
leanAuthors. Published
management
Published by
and
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
continuous
B.V. improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of
Engineering.under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Peer-review
maximization.
Peer-review under The study of capacity
responsibility optimization
of the scientific committeeandofcosting
the 11thmodels is anConference
International important Interdisciplinarity
research topic thatin deserves
contributions
Engineering. from granule;
Keywords: Polystyrene both the flypractical and theoretical
ash; compressive perspectives.
strength; flexural This
strength; split paper
tensile presents and discusses a mathematical
strength.
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
Keywords: Polystyrene
developed and it wasgranule;
used tofly analyze
ash; compressive strength;and
idle capacity flexural strength;strategies
to design split tensiletowards
strength. the maximization of organization’s
1. Introduction
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
1. Introduction
Concrete
© 2017 is the most
The Authors. used by
Published material
ElsevierinB.V.
the construction industry and it is also a huge consumer of natural resources.
Use of waste
Peer-review in concrete
under mixofisthe
responsibility beneficial
scientific for the environment
committee protectionEngineering
of the Manufacturing [1,2,3]. Waste such
Society as polystyrene,
International cork,
Conference
tire,Concrete
2017. is the
are often usedmost
as used material
additional in the construction
ingredients in building industry and itbecause
materials is also a they
huge can
consumer
improveof natural resources.
the thermal and
Use of waste in concrete mix is beneficial for the environment protection [1,2,3]. Waste such as polystyrene, cork,
tire, are Cost
Keywords: often usedABC;
Models; as additional
TDABC; Capacityingredients in building
Management; materials
Idle Capacity; because
Operational they can improve the thermal and
Efficiency

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-741-165-133.


1.E-mail
Introduction
address: caderecostin@yahoo.com
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-741-165-133.
The cost
E-mail
2351-9789 of idle
address:
© 2018 capacity is a fundamental
caderecostin@yahoo.com
The Authors. Published by Elsevier information
B.V. for companies and their management of extreme importance
in modern under
Peer-review production systems.
responsibility of theIn general,
scientific it is defined
committee as unused
of the 11th capacity
International or production
Conference potential
Interdisciplinarity and can be measured
in Engineering.
in several©ways:
2351-9789 2018 Thetons of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier B.V.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
Peer-review underTel.:
* Paulo Afonso. responsibility
+351 253of the761;
510 scientific committee
fax: +351 253 604of741
the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
E-mail address: psafonso@dps.uminho.pt

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.


Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.044
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293 289
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301 297

acoustical properties [4,5,6,7]. Studies involving concrete-related topics approach different types of building
materials with polystyrene granule, such as mortar, concrete, pavement, etc. Effects of polystyrene granule in
concrete depend on its type (cement-based concrete or polymer-based concrete), dosage and type of polystyrene, etc.
In most cases, increasing of polystyrene dosage will be followed by a decreasing of its mechanical characteristics.
Some experiments showed that the thermal treatment of polystyrene improves the behavior of concrete, respectively
the characteristics that are related to workability, density, thermal conductivity and shrinkage [8]. A different type of
polystyrene treatment consisting in coating the granules was used for obtaining a concrete in which mineral
aggregates were replaced with polystyrene [9,10]. In this case, the authors studied the creep of concrete and found
that it is higher than that of ordinary concrete.
Several studies related to concrete analysis found that when polystyrene granules are used as ingredients in
concrete with natural resin with the increasing of polystyrene, the density, thermal conductivity, compressive and
tensile strength decrease while porosity increases [11]. In the case of polymer addition, compressive and flexural
strength is better than that of concrete with polystyrene without polymer [12]. When fly ash is used as cementitious
material in concrete with polystyrene granules, compressive strength, tensile strength, and secant modulus decrease
with increasing polystyrene dosage [13,14].
Following the above-mentioned results, this paper aims to analyze the influence of polystyrene granules as a
substitute for aggregate, on the mechanical properties of concrete, in which a dosage of 10% of cement was replaced
by fly ash. The replacement of mineral aggregates and cement is used to obtain a lightweight concrete. The use of
lightweight concrete has many advantages such as in the process of producing lightweight floors, walls with an
improved thermal behavior, lightweight prefabricated elements and other-related advantages that can improve
building characteristics and change the current methods of working with concrete.

2. Experimental program

In order to prepare concrete with polystyrene granules, a witness mix (CC1) was used, containing the following
ingredients: cement type CEM II 42.5 [15] in a dosage of 360 kg/m3, river aggregates used in three sorts (sand 0-4
mm: 803 kg/m3, 4-8 mm: 384 kg/m3 and 8-16 mm: 559 kg/m3) and 172 l/m3 of water. Our experimental mixes were
prepared with fly ash (FA) from CET Holboca Iasi, in a dosage of 10%. We used it as replacement of cement and
polystyrene granule, respectively as substitution of aggregate sort 4-8 mm in proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%
and 100% of the volume. All mixes were prepared with additive type Glenium-BASF- a superplasticizer in a dosage
of 1% from the cement dosage.
Method (EDAX) was used for chemical analysis of fly ash. The principal elements contained by fly ash are Si, O,
Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, Mg and depending on the origins there are also small quantities of P, Ti, V, S, P, etc., Table 1.

Table 1. Elements of coal fly ash from thermal power plant Holboca.
Element Wt [%] At [%]
CK 17.15 26.89
NK 01.34 01.80
OK 37.50 44.13
NaK 00.69 00.56
MgK 00.52 00.40
AlK 13.09 09.14
SiK 18.37 12.32
SK 00.70 00.41
KK 01.74 00.84
CaK 03.17 01.49
TiK 01.71 00.67
FeK 04.01 01.35
Matrix Correction ZAF
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Note: Wt is mass percentage and At is the atomic number; K represents the layer to which the chemical
properties were determined.
Fly ash is mainly composed of silicate dioxide, alumina, iron dioxide, calcium oxide, etc.
Polystyrene with granules between 4-8 mm was used. The composition was prepared by mixing dry components
first (gravel, sand, cement, fly ash and polystyrene) and then adding water with plus additive.
Experimental mixes were noted from FACCP1 for 20% substitution to FACCP5 for 100% substitution of
aggregate with polystyrene granules and 10% replacement of cement with fly ash.
Mechanical characteristics were experimentally determined after 28 days, on three samples for each
characteristic: compressive strength (f c ) on cube samples of 150 mm sizes, flexural strength (f ti ) on prismatic
samples of 100x100x500 mm sizes and split tensile strength (f td ) on cube samples of 100 mm sizes, according to
standard prescriptions [16,17,18]. In addition, the density of hardened concrete was determined and analyzed as well
[19].

3. Results and discussions

The density of concrete with fly ash and polystyrene granules varies between 1880 and 2131 kg/m3. All values
are smaller than the initial state of control mix that was 2250 kg/m3. Three of five compositions have density of
lightweight concrete, Table 2.

Table 2. Density of concrete with polystyrene


Concrete mixes Density [kg/m3]
CC1 2250
FACC1 2134
FACC2 2076
FACC3 1997
FACC4 1942
FACC5 1880

Workability of fresh concrete increases when using a higher polystyrene dosage, even if the granules were not
treated before mixing.

3.1. Compressive strength

Fig. 1. Variation of compressive strength of concrete with polystyrene.

With the increase of polystyrene dosage as a replacement for the mineral aggregate, compressive strength
decreases, in comparison with the control mix, as shown in Fig. 1. The highest values of compressive strength for all
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Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301 299

types of concrete with fly ash and polystyrene were obtained for concrete type FCCP1, but it is smaller than that of
the control mix. The decrease of strength varies between 47.7% for FACCP1 and 75.4% for FACCP5.

3.2. Flexural strength

Fig. 2. Variation of flexural strength of concrete with polystyrene.

a) Failure surface of FACCP1 b) Failure surface of FACCP2 c) Failure surface of FACCP3

d) Failure surface of FACCP4 e) Failure surface of FACCP5

Fig. 3. Failure surface by flexure of concrete with polystyrene granule.

Results obtained for f ti underline that all values of concrete with polystyrene are smaller when compared to the
control concrete sample according to the output presented in Fig. 2. The highest value is associated with the use of
concrete with 20% polystyrene (FACCP1) as strength decrease is of 12.6%. The smallest value of f ti is for the mix
with maximum replacement of aggregate as the decrease reaches 44.5%.
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300 Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301

In Fig. 3 distribution of polystyrene granules in the concrete mass is not uniform. Therefore, flexural strength
depends on the presence of polystyrene granules in the tested section as granules could have negative influence on
the behavior in flexure.

3.3. Split tensile strength

Fig. 4. Variation of split tensile strength of concrete with polystyrene.

a) Failure surface of FACCP1 b) Failure surface of FACCP2

c) Failure surface for FACCP3 d) Failure surface for FACCP4

e) Failure surface for FACCP5

Fig. 5. Failure surface in split tensile test of concrete with polystyrene granules.

The obtained results for f td indicate that all values for concrete with polystyrene are smaller than that of the
control concrete sample as it is underlined in Fig. 4. The highest value is obtained for concrete that contains 80%
polystyrene (FACCP4) as strength decrease is 14.5%. The smallest value of f td is associated with the scenario when
mixing FACCP2 with 40% replacement of aggregate. In this case, strength decrease is about 44.2%. The smallest
value of f td is close to the other values, but this strength is evidently influenced by the distribution of polystyrene
granules in concrete structure as it is presented in Fig. 5.
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Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301 301

Following the results of the experiment related to mechanical strengths, the highest decrease is noted in
compressive strength. As for tensile characteristics, values are closer to those of the control samples, which indicates
a good behavior in tension. Concrete with a high dosage of aggregate substitution is recommended to be used as
non-structural concrete.

4. Conclusions

Experimental tests were performed based on a case with concrete that contains fly ash and polystyrene granules
as aggregate as substitutes for aggregates, in dosages ranging from 20% to 100% volume. Experimental data
highlights that polystyrene granules influence concrete characteristics. Polystyrene granules improve the workability
of fresh concrete and decrease density. The resulted values in mechanical strength are smaller than those of the
control mix and have a better behavior when in tension. Distribution of polystyrene granules in concrete mass is not
uniform and granules have the tendency to flow, especially for higher dosages.
Use of concrete with polystyrene granules as a lightweight material for non-structural elements reduces the
environment pollution by using waste materials and represents a reliable solution to reduce construction costs.

References

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