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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301
Available online atatwww.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
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Procedia online www.sciencedirect.com
Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301
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ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Engineering properties of concrete with polystyrene granules
Engineering
Manufacturing
Costin Andrei
properties
Engineering Society
Caderea, *,
of concrete
International
Marinela a with polystyrene
BarbutaConference 2017, aMESIC
, Bogdan Rosca
granules
, Adrian2017, 28-30 June
Alexandru
2017,
a Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
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Costin Andrei Cadere Serbanoiu
a, , Andrei
*, Marinela P P0F
Burlacu
Barbuta
P P a , Irina Oancea
, Bogdan P Roscaa, Adrian Alexandru
P
P P
P P
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capacity
Serbanoiu a
optimization
, Andrei
Technical University Burlacu
of Iasi,
P P
a
in Oancea
, Irina
Faculty of Civil Industry
Engineering and Building 4.0:
P P
a
1, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
Services,Trade-off
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acoustical properties [4,5,6,7]. Studies involving concrete-related topics approach different types of building
materials with polystyrene granule, such as mortar, concrete, pavement, etc. Effects of polystyrene granule in
concrete depend on its type (cement-based concrete or polymer-based concrete), dosage and type of polystyrene, etc.
In most cases, increasing of polystyrene dosage will be followed by a decreasing of its mechanical characteristics.
Some experiments showed that the thermal treatment of polystyrene improves the behavior of concrete, respectively
the characteristics that are related to workability, density, thermal conductivity and shrinkage [8]. A different type of
polystyrene treatment consisting in coating the granules was used for obtaining a concrete in which mineral
aggregates were replaced with polystyrene [9,10]. In this case, the authors studied the creep of concrete and found
that it is higher than that of ordinary concrete.
Several studies related to concrete analysis found that when polystyrene granules are used as ingredients in
concrete with natural resin with the increasing of polystyrene, the density, thermal conductivity, compressive and
tensile strength decrease while porosity increases [11]. In the case of polymer addition, compressive and flexural
strength is better than that of concrete with polystyrene without polymer [12]. When fly ash is used as cementitious
material in concrete with polystyrene granules, compressive strength, tensile strength, and secant modulus decrease
with increasing polystyrene dosage [13,14].
Following the above-mentioned results, this paper aims to analyze the influence of polystyrene granules as a
substitute for aggregate, on the mechanical properties of concrete, in which a dosage of 10% of cement was replaced
by fly ash. The replacement of mineral aggregates and cement is used to obtain a lightweight concrete. The use of
lightweight concrete has many advantages such as in the process of producing lightweight floors, walls with an
improved thermal behavior, lightweight prefabricated elements and other-related advantages that can improve
building characteristics and change the current methods of working with concrete.
2. Experimental program
In order to prepare concrete with polystyrene granules, a witness mix (CC1) was used, containing the following
ingredients: cement type CEM II 42.5 [15] in a dosage of 360 kg/m3, river aggregates used in three sorts (sand 0-4
mm: 803 kg/m3, 4-8 mm: 384 kg/m3 and 8-16 mm: 559 kg/m3) and 172 l/m3 of water. Our experimental mixes were
prepared with fly ash (FA) from CET Holboca Iasi, in a dosage of 10%. We used it as replacement of cement and
polystyrene granule, respectively as substitution of aggregate sort 4-8 mm in proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%
and 100% of the volume. All mixes were prepared with additive type Glenium-BASF- a superplasticizer in a dosage
of 1% from the cement dosage.
Method (EDAX) was used for chemical analysis of fly ash. The principal elements contained by fly ash are Si, O,
Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, Mg and depending on the origins there are also small quantities of P, Ti, V, S, P, etc., Table 1.
Table 1. Elements of coal fly ash from thermal power plant Holboca.
Element Wt [%] At [%]
CK 17.15 26.89
NK 01.34 01.80
OK 37.50 44.13
NaK 00.69 00.56
MgK 00.52 00.40
AlK 13.09 09.14
SiK 18.37 12.32
SK 00.70 00.41
KK 01.74 00.84
CaK 03.17 01.49
TiK 01.71 00.67
FeK 04.01 01.35
Matrix Correction ZAF
290 Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293
298 Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301
Note: Wt is mass percentage and At is the atomic number; K represents the layer to which the chemical
properties were determined.
Fly ash is mainly composed of silicate dioxide, alumina, iron dioxide, calcium oxide, etc.
Polystyrene with granules between 4-8 mm was used. The composition was prepared by mixing dry components
first (gravel, sand, cement, fly ash and polystyrene) and then adding water with plus additive.
Experimental mixes were noted from FACCP1 for 20% substitution to FACCP5 for 100% substitution of
aggregate with polystyrene granules and 10% replacement of cement with fly ash.
Mechanical characteristics were experimentally determined after 28 days, on three samples for each
characteristic: compressive strength (f c ) on cube samples of 150 mm sizes, flexural strength (f ti ) on prismatic
samples of 100x100x500 mm sizes and split tensile strength (f td ) on cube samples of 100 mm sizes, according to
standard prescriptions [16,17,18]. In addition, the density of hardened concrete was determined and analyzed as well
[19].
The density of concrete with fly ash and polystyrene granules varies between 1880 and 2131 kg/m3. All values
are smaller than the initial state of control mix that was 2250 kg/m3. Three of five compositions have density of
lightweight concrete, Table 2.
Workability of fresh concrete increases when using a higher polystyrene dosage, even if the granules were not
treated before mixing.
With the increase of polystyrene dosage as a replacement for the mineral aggregate, compressive strength
decreases, in comparison with the control mix, as shown in Fig. 1. The highest values of compressive strength for all
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293 291
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301 299
types of concrete with fly ash and polystyrene were obtained for concrete type FCCP1, but it is smaller than that of
the control mix. The decrease of strength varies between 47.7% for FACCP1 and 75.4% for FACCP5.
Results obtained for f ti underline that all values of concrete with polystyrene are smaller when compared to the
control concrete sample according to the output presented in Fig. 2. The highest value is associated with the use of
concrete with 20% polystyrene (FACCP1) as strength decrease is of 12.6%. The smallest value of f ti is for the mix
with maximum replacement of aggregate as the decrease reaches 44.5%.
292 Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293
300 Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301
In Fig. 3 distribution of polystyrene granules in the concrete mass is not uniform. Therefore, flexural strength
depends on the presence of polystyrene granules in the tested section as granules could have negative influence on
the behavior in flexure.
Fig. 5. Failure surface in split tensile test of concrete with polystyrene granules.
The obtained results for f td indicate that all values for concrete with polystyrene are smaller than that of the
control concrete sample as it is underlined in Fig. 4. The highest value is obtained for concrete that contains 80%
polystyrene (FACCP4) as strength decrease is 14.5%. The smallest value of f td is associated with the scenario when
mixing FACCP2 with 40% replacement of aggregate. In this case, strength decrease is about 44.2%. The smallest
value of f td is close to the other values, but this strength is evidently influenced by the distribution of polystyrene
granules in concrete structure as it is presented in Fig. 5.
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 288–293 293
Costin Andrei Cadere et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 296–301 301
Following the results of the experiment related to mechanical strengths, the highest decrease is noted in
compressive strength. As for tensile characteristics, values are closer to those of the control samples, which indicates
a good behavior in tension. Concrete with a high dosage of aggregate substitution is recommended to be used as
non-structural concrete.
4. Conclusions
Experimental tests were performed based on a case with concrete that contains fly ash and polystyrene granules
as aggregate as substitutes for aggregates, in dosages ranging from 20% to 100% volume. Experimental data
highlights that polystyrene granules influence concrete characteristics. Polystyrene granules improve the workability
of fresh concrete and decrease density. The resulted values in mechanical strength are smaller than those of the
control mix and have a better behavior when in tension. Distribution of polystyrene granules in concrete mass is not
uniform and granules have the tendency to flow, especially for higher dosages.
Use of concrete with polystyrene granules as a lightweight material for non-structural elements reduces the
environment pollution by using waste materials and represents a reliable solution to reduce construction costs.
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