E - Copy of ICCRIP 2018 Book Sustainable Development in Construction Sector PDF

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Sustainable Development in Construction Sector
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Dr. Jonardan Koner

National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR)
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National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR),
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About the National Institute of Construction
Management and Research (NICMAR)
NICMAR Journal of Construction Management
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Editor, NICMAR Journal of Construction Management
its recognition as Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (SIRO) by Department of Scientific
and Industrial Research, Government of India consistently since 1990. NICMAR has undertaken Professor and Dean - Admissions, Research & Publications
sponsored research studies for various organisations including Government of Maharashtra, Govt. of National Institute of Construction Management and Research
India, organisations in public and private sectors, professional associations. The Institute faculty
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directed to make available a professionally competent human resource to carry out the many
challenging jobs that need to be effectively performed in the Institute's chosen areas of concentration.
Chief Editor
Editor
Dr. Jonardan Koner
Co-Editors
Dr. Abhijeet Gandage
Dr. Amit Hiray
Dr. Amol Pawar
Dr. Avinash Purandare
Dr. Dipayan Roy
Dr. Harish Singla
Prof. Priyanka Bendigiri
Dr. Rahul Deshpande
Dr. Smita Patil
Dr. Sudhir Ambekar
Dr. Tushar Jadhav
Dr. Virendra Balon
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Director General, NICMAR
Foreword
We at NICMAR, endeavour to impart quality education and conduct significant research in all
aspects of Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure and Project (CRIP) management. Being the
pioneer institute, we aim to ensure that the CRIP stakeholders comprising professionals at all levels,
academicians, research scholars and students often come together and deliberate over the new
advancements, innovation, technology, emerging practices, policies, and new-age challenges in
CRIP management. It is essential to facilitate knowledge exchange among these key stakeholders
for the holistic development of the CRIP industry.
Our third international conference on Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure and Project
Management (ICCRIP 2018), was one such opportunity provided to the national and international
CRIP stakeholders to collaborate and share their knowledge and research. ICCRIP 2018 covered a
wide range of themes and sub-themes like Construction Management, Project Management, Real
Estate and Infrastructure Development and Management, General Management, and Sustainable
Development. A large number of scholarly research papers were presented during the conference.
I am glad that we are bringing out this book which presents some seminal research articles on the
theme of Sustainable Development in Construction Sector. The articles published in this book deal
with the topics like, performance assessment of green building rating systems, carbon footprint of
transportation sector, genetic algorithms for the sustainability optimization of residential buildings,
living roofs, construction environmental management, GRIHA rating system of buildings for
sustainable construction, and energy optimization in HVAC systems etc. to mention a few.
I am grateful to all the delegates for submitting and presenting their scholarly articles. I am equally
thankful to the reviewers, organizing committee members and colleagues. This book would not
have been a reality without their unflagging enthusiasm, commitment, and determination to make it
a very worthwhile source of reference. I express my gratitude to the Conference Convener,
Dr. Jonardan Koner, Professor and Dean (Admissions, Research & Publications) at NICMAR who
has relentlessly worked towards this book.
I am sure this book will prove to be of immense value to all stakeholders in the CRIP sector.
i
Editor’s Message
The third International Conference on Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure and Project (CRIP)
Management (ICCRIP 2018) was organized on November 23–25, 2018, by National Institute of
Construction Management and Research (NICMAR) in Pune, India. This conference was a
conglomeration of eminent academicians, researchers, industry practitioners and
Engineering/Architecture/Planning students with the aim to promote research and facilitate
knowledge exchange across the broad spectrum of CRIP management.
We received numerous scholarly research papers from academicians, practitioners and students
from India and abroad. The papers dealt with a variety of themes relevant to the areas like
Construction Management, Materials Management in Construction, Project Management, Real
Estate Development and Management, Infrastructure Development and Management, General
Management, Sustainable Development, Smart City Development and Management, Lean
Construction and Critical Chain Project Management, Technological Transformation and
Digitalization in Construction Industry and Advances in Transportation Technology and Systems.
The papers selected for presentation in this conference were evaluated through the 'Blind Review
Process' to ensure their quality and relevance to the conference themes. The selected papers
provided significant insights into a broad range of CRIP sector advances and issues across the
globe.
Considering the wide range of CRIP topics covered in the research papers received and presented
during the conference, we are compiling and publishing multiple theme oriented books. The
present book is a compilation of the research papers specific to the theme of Sustainable
Development in Construction Sector. I am sure this book will benefit all stakeholders of the
construction sector including academicians, professionals and students in improving their
understanding of the ongoing research and current advancements in the sector.
With best wishes,

Dr. Jonardan Koner
Professor and Dean – Admissions, Research & Publications,
ii
Acknowledgement
On the publication of this edited book comprising scholarly research papers presented during the
third International Conference on Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure and Project (CRIP)
Management (ICCRIP 2018), I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those who
significantly contributed to making the conference a great success and also to those who through
their persistent efforts have brought this book to the light of day.
At the outset, I express my heartfelt gratitude to the Chief Patron, Dr. Mangesh G. Korgaonker,
Director General, NICMAR, for his constant support, guidance and encouragement. I am grateful
to the Chief Guests, His Excellency, Honourable, Shri. Tathagata Roy - Governor of Meghalaya and
Mr. S. C. Dixit - Executive Director, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai for cordially
accepting our invitation and gracing the conference with their esteemed presence.
I thank the Keynote Speakers, Dr. Eldho T. I. - Institute Chair Professor & Head, Department of
Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mr. Kaustuv Ghosh - Head of Technical
Services - Residential and Factory Business, Larsen & Toubro Ltd., Mumbai,
Mr. Uday Dharmadhikari - Chairman - Advisory Committee, Indus Strategy Financial Advisors,
Mumbai, Dr. Anoop Sattineni - William A Hunt Associate Professor, McWhorter School of
Building Science, AUBURN University, USA, Prof. Alan Bugg - Assistant Professor, McWhorter
School of Building Science, AUBURN University, USA, Prof. Charles Egbu - Dean, School of The
Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, UK, Mr. Tridip Luson Sarma-
General Manager (HR), Patel Engineering Ltd., Mumbai and Mr. M. P. Naidu - Project Director,
Larsen & Toubro Metro Rail (Hyderabad) Ltd., Hyderabad, for accepting our request to share their
words of wisdom and enlightening the participants with their valuable insights.
I acknowledge the support and cooperation from our sponsors, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co.Pvt. Ltd.;
Larsen & Toubro Ltd. I L & T Construction; A. P. Hospitality Services; HDFC Credila Financial
Services Pvt. Ltd.; ICICI Bank; Bank of Maharashtra; Canara Bank; Janata Sahakari Bank Ltd.;
Saraswat Co-operative Bank Ltd.; M/s. Avaya Construction Company; HDFC Ltd. and Bank of
Baroda without whom the conference would not have been a reality.
I extend a special word of appreciation to the 'Reviewers' for reviewing the papers within the strict
deadlines and giving quality feedback.
I owe special thanks to the Advisory Committee members Dr. Milind Phadtare, Dr. Chandrakant S.
Gokhale, Dr. J. C. Edison, Dr. Seshadri Tirumala, Dr. Indrasen Singh and Dr. Rajesh Goyal for their
guidance.
iii
I appreciate the unwavering zeal and commendable effort of the 'Conference Organizing
Committee', comprising Dr. Sudhir Ambekar, Dr. Amit Hiray, Dr. Dipayan Roy, Dr. Rahul
Deshpande, Dr. Tushar Jadhav, Prof. Priyanka Bendigiri, Dr. Kirti Rajhans, Dr. Avinash Purandare,
Dr. Amol Pawar, Dr. Milind Jagtap and Dr. Soumi Rai, NICMAR, Pune for their active cooperation
in successfully organizing this conference.
I am thankful to the 'Co-Editors' Dr. Abhijeet Gandage, Dr. Amit Hiray, Dr. Amol Pawar,
Dr. Avinash Purandare, Dr. Dipayan Roy, Dr. Harish Singla, Prof. Priyanka Bendigiri, Dr. Rahul
Deshpande, Dr. Smita Patil, Dr. Sudhir Ambekar, Dr. Tushar Jadhav and Dr. Virendra Balon for
editing and compiling research papers in this book.
I am obliged to the academicians, research scholars, industry professionals and students who
wholeheartedly participated and contributed in a meaningful manner to add value to this
conference.
Lastly, I wish to thank all our faculty and staff of NICMAR for their sincere effort and support in
making ICCRIP 2018 a great success.
Dr. Jonardan Koner,

Conference Convener, ICCRIP – 2018,
Professor and Dean – Admissions, Research & Publications,
iv
Contents
Foreword i
Editor’s Message ii
Acknowledgement iii
Sl. Page
Title of the Paper
No. No.
Performance Assessment of Green Building Rating Systems in
1 India 1-8
Raja Sekhar Mamillapalli
Carbon Footprint of Transportation Sector – A Case Study of
2 Pune, India 9-17
Rahul Deshpande
Sustainability Optimisation of Residential Buildings Using
Genetic Algorithms
3 18-30
Yadvindra Luktuke, Sandesh Joshi, Raj Wani and Rishabh
Nahata
ECO Friendly Low Cost Material for Eradicating Water
4 Pollution Problems- Case Study on Pervious Concrete 31-39
Mohini Khopade Pooja Patil and Sunil V. Desale
Comparative Study of a Non-Rated Residential Building and
SVAGRIHA Green Building
5 40-51
Syed Tufeal Ahmed, Shrihari K. Naik and Akshaya Kumar
V.Hanagodimath
Comparative Calculation of Carbon Footprint of Conventional
Self-Compacting Concrete and Green Self-Compacting
6 52-69
Concrete using Dholpur Sandstone Slurry
Prarthita Basu, Ramesh Chandra Gupta and Vinay Agarwal
Living Roofs – The Future is Alive
7 70-81
Mansoor Ali Dhundasi and Anuradha S Tanksali
Necessity of Construction Environmental Management (CEM)
8 Drawing for Sustainable Construction Practices 82-92
Rohit Kumar and Ankit Kumar
Griha Rating System of Buildings for Sustainable Construction
9 93-109
Rahulkumar Patel and Priyanka Bendigiri
v
Sl. Page
Title of the Paper
No. No.
Energy Efficient Application of Sunpipes in Educational
Institutes
10 110-120
Garima Lodha, Het Modi, Abhijeet Panchal, Purva Modi and
Dharmesh Oza
Strategies for Reducing Cooling Load of Buildings
11 121-128
Tushar S. Jadhav
Energy Management Methodologies - A Literature Review
12 129-135
Avadhoot Vidyadhar Dixit
Daylight Simulation of Residential Building to Reduce Energy
13 Demand 136-145
Varsha Chouksey and Ramesh D. Dod
Energy Optimization in HVAC Systems-A Practical Approach
14 146-156
Vishnu Namboodiri V
Estimation of Solar Energy Potential for Regional Energy
15 Planning Using GIS Techniques 157-166
Aditya Sonpipare, G Areendran and Pavan Totla
vi
Performance Assessment of Green Building Rating

Systems in India
Raja Sekhar Mamillapalli1
Abstract
Construction industry in India is rapidly growing which consumes a huge
amount of non-renewable resources. There is a great need to understand the
need of non-renewable resources and their existence in future. This urges for
the development of sustainable buildings has become extreme important. The
sustainable building sector helps in addressing issues, like less usage of fossil
fuel, waste management, water and energy efficiency. There are various rating
systems to certify green buildings like Indian green building council (IGBC)
and Green rating for integrated habitat assessment (GRIHA) but performance is
not assessed, this is an attempt to understand the performance of such rationing
systems. In this paper, assessment of various Green Building Rating Systems
and their performance of different rating system when compared with
conventional educational campus building based on their ratings. The
comparison of educational institute which are GRIHA rated, LEED rated, and
Non-rated are done for certain parameters. The comparison of the buildings is
based on the design, site planning management, sustainable transportation,
water conservation, energy efficiency materials (artificial lighting, heating and
cooling system) and resources management, health and well-being green
education, innovation and design. Based on some statistical tools by collecting
data regarding human comfort at respective buildings comparative statements
are obtained. From the assessment it is observed that GRIHA rated campus is
efficiently working as per its norms and thus contributes to sustainability in all
considered parameters.
Keywords: Green Buildings; GRIHA; IGBC; Rating; Performance Assessment.
1. Introduction
Sustainable development is the buzz word in the industry to reduce the impact
of the process and products on environment. Due to growing population and
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Hyderabad
Email: nitmtech@gmail.com
1
their needs, huge natural resource exploitation is observed. Even with many
technologies and policies and management tools for environment management
to solve the problem, Consideration from the initial phase of construction of any
facility will have a great impact on utility of the facility during its operational
life. So, construction industry has come up with Green Building Concept which
became very popular in very short span of time world across. Many commercial
buildings and even urban infrastructure projects are coming up with the
adoption of the green buildings concepts.
1.1 History of Green Building Movement:
The green building revolution began in early 1990s. A few early milestones in
United States are:
i. American Institute of Architects formed the Committee on the
Environment (1989).
ii. Environmental Resource Guide published by AIA, supported by EPA
(1992).
iii. EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy launched the
ENERGY STAR program (1992).
iv. First local green building program introduced in Austin, Texas (1992).
v. United States Green Building Council (USGBC, 1993).
vi. “Greening of the White House” initiative launched (Clinton
Administration 1993).
vii. USGBC launched Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED 1.0) pilot program (1998).
viii. “The Energy Policy Act of 2005” includes federal building sustainable
performance standards (2005).
ix. 19 federal agencies sign “Federal Leadership in High Performance and
Sustainable Buildings Memorandum of Understanding” at a White
House Summit (2006).
x. Office of Management and Budget unveils a new Environmental
Scorecard - Sustainable Building element (2006).
xi. President Bush signs “Executive Order 13423” - federal goals for
sustainable design and high performance buildings (2007).
Few Agencies for Green Building Rating Globally
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment - GRIHA
1. Indian Green Building Council - IGBC
2. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,
BREEAM–UK
2
3. US Green Building Council - USGBC

4. Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency- CASBE, Japan
5. GREEN GLOBES- US and Canada.
2. Literature Review
(Ihab Elzeyadi, 2017) studied a building which is retrofitted to green and the pre
and post occupants’ analysis done with high concentration of occupants’ health,
well-being and productivity. Indoor environmental quality is taken as all the
qualities of environment are collectively précised and evaluated by its
occupant’s needs, wants and their work. An existing office building of four
storey of total 25,734 sq.m area was retrofitted to be a double platinum rated
office building by LEED. Multi comfort parameters and metrics with the
thermal, visual, acoustical and air quality environment were analyzed before
and after retrofitting. The occupants perspective was collected by employing a
series of structured and open-ended focus group. Lighting distribution metrics,
useful daylight, visual asymmetry and glare were measured for visual comfort
analysis.
In this study of indoor air quality (Anne Steinemann, 2016) ten questions
concerning green buildings are taken. Green building technology was
implemented by various programs and criteria around the world. They
emphasize efficient use of energy and resources to lesser extent. Indoor air
quality (IAQ) very difficult to measure as many criteria are to be considered
and proper equipment is to be used. The criteria like the different pollutants in
the environment indoor, the range of health impacted with the pollutants, lack
of awareness of potential problem and remedies. Green buildings have better
IAQ as it can also be attributed parts to other factors. The majority of available
measurements in green building do show that IAQ, as perceived by building
occupants is improved.
GRIHA rating systems considers only buildings with more than 2,500 Sqm.
These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t
cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so this case study by (Hemanth
Kumar, 2015) focused on providing a rating system for small residential
buildings. Benefits from green buildings are because of the passive architectural
intervention, efficient material consumption and innovative technologies in
design of the building, green buildings consume lesser electricity consumption,
green buildings generate the renewable energy at on-site and utilize its energy
needs, solar panel uses for hot-water generation and can replace the electrical
geyser in buildings fully or partially, water consumption of Green buildings is
3
very less as compared to conventional buildings, green Building utilizes low-

flow faucets, waste-water recycling systems through tertiary treatment, dual
plumbing systems and water conservation techniques like rain-water harvesting
etc. The rating methodology is given on basis of sustainable site planning, water
management, energy optimization.
Case study by (Hema C, 2012) mainly speaks about the techniques which can
make the buildings green like rat – trap bond wall, site planning and design of
green buildings, preserve and protect the vegetation and soil from degradation
during construction, enhance site lighting efficiency and avoid the light
pollution, waste reduction, indoor air quality, energy efficiency, material
efficiency. Also include the benefits over other buildings, occupant’s health and
safety.
(B Kshirsagar, 2003) have done qualitative and quantitative approach studies by
comparative analysis of green building rating systems GRIHA and LEED based
on management, indoor environment quality, water efficiency, energy
efficiency.
In spite of all the favourability of green building it lacks study of proofs to
evidence green building performance.
3. Methodology
Collection of data from 3 educational institutes in Hyderabad based on their
rating, i.e., LEED rated green building, GRIHA rated green building, NON
rated green building. All this institutes are in the same environmental conditions
are they are located in radius of 10 kilometers. As the rest other factors will be
not affecting the performance. A list of parameters which influence the
performance of the building and the human comfort are collected and analyzed.
Table 1 gives the various data of 3 institutes.
4. Data Collection
Table 1: Details of the Educational Institutes
GRIHA Rated LEED Rated Non Rated
Area of the 22 acres 11Acres 12.5 acres
campus
Green Building 5 star GRIHA rated (80- Silver rated in NIL
Rating 100 points) LEED (50-59 (Conventional
points) Building)
Number of 900 1920 500
residents
Build up area 350000 Sqft 78000 sqft 170000 sqft
4

Power 70000kwh / Month 30000 kwh / 41000 kwh /
consumption month month
Solar 18000 units 1500 lts
capacity/day (only
for hot water)
Water 2 lakh Liters /day 1 lakh Liters 1.5 lakhs Liters
consumption /day /day
Recycled water 1.5 lakh Liters /day 20000 lts /day 1 lakh Liters /day
(only for
landscaping)
LED lighting 95% 90% 0%
Landscape Drip irrigation Drip irrigation Sprinkler System
through
5. Data Analysis
The analysis of the above data collected is done by calculating the proportion of
area with respect to the energy consumed, number of people residing to that of
water consumed and few other intangible criteria are visual comfort, Acoustic
Comfort and Radiant temperature. Few assumptions of taking weighted average
for the criteria are taken for better results. Standards are taken with reference to
Indian Standard code of Basic Requirement for water. Weighted averages of
various parameters of 3 institutes are tabulated in Table -2. Human comfort
analysis is shown in fig.1
Table 2: Data Collected and Weightages
Criteria Weighted LEED GRIHA Non Rated
average Rated Rated
Energy (kwH/sqft) 0.40 0.4 0.2 0.35
Water (water consumed / 0.25 80 222.2 300
number of people)
Visual Comfort 0.15 4.26 4.26 3.26
Acoustic Comfort 0.10 4.23 4.31 2.90
Radiant temperature 0.10 3.90 3.56 2.74
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 1: Human Comfort Results

Fig 2 shows the graphical representation of various parameters. Table 3 is about
calculation of the total energy consumed, water consumed and the human
comforts. Energy consumed and water consumed should be minimum where as
human comfort should be maximum. The below analysis show the calculation
in table -3.
0.4 80 Analysis3.5 4.2 3.9
222.2
4.26 4.4 3.56

0.2
300
Campus
0.35
2.9 2.74
2.16
Water (Water
Energy ( Acoustic
consumed/num Visual comfort Radiant Comfort
KwH/sqft) Comfort
ber of people)
LEED Rated 0.4 80 3.5 4.2 3.9
GRIHA Rated 0.2 222.2 4.26 4.4 3.56
NON Rated 0.35 300 2.16 2.9 2.74
Figure 2: Analysis in Graphical Representation
6
Table 3: Calculation Table

Criteria Weighted LEED GRIHA Non Rated
average Rated Rated
Energy (kwH/sqft) 0.40 0.4*0.4 0.2*0.40 0.35*0.40
Water (water 0.25 80*0.25 222.2*0.25 300*0.25
consumed/number of
people)
Visual Comfort 0.15 4.26*0.15 4.26*0.15 3.26*0.15
Acoustic Comfort 0.10 4.23*0.10 4.31*0.10 2.90*0.10
Radiant temperature 0.10 3.90*0.10 3.56*0.10 2.74*0.10
Table 4 and 5 shows the values of few criteria for showcasing the performance
of 3 buildings.
Table 4: Energy and Water Consumption
Criteria LEED Rated GRIHA Rated Non Rated
Energy (kwH/sqft) 0.16 0.08 0.14
Water (water 20 55.55 75
consumed/number of people)
TOTAL 20.16 55.63 75.14
Table 5: Human Comfort

Criteria LEED Rated GRIHA Rated Non Rated
Visual Comfort 0.525 0.639 0.489
Acoustic Comfort 0.423 0.431 0.29
Radiant temperature 0.39 0.356 0.274
TOTAL 1.338 1.426 1.053
6. Conclusion
Performance assessment of green rated building is about assessing the
performance of buildings during operational to cross the expected outcomes that
were considered during construction. Despites each rating system has its goal to
achieve sustainability and to create an environmental balance in the eco system
but they largely differ with each other in their approach.
Green building is not a implementation of green design, techniques & material.
From the data analyses from 03 educational institutes considering the tangible
and intangible parameters interesting observations were made. In human
comfort GRIHA rated Institute of public enterprise scored more than LEED
rated & Non rated whereas the area of location is also as the area of location is
also an important key factor. Visual comfort is similar in both the green rated
7
campus. Radiant temperature, air velocity and humidity are relatively similarly
rated in LEED rated but comparatively more comfortable in GRIHA rated
building.
When compared to areas of in GRIHA rated building maximum reduction of
power consumption in lighting is by using day lighting and ambient lighting
sensors with timer, thus contributes to lower power consumption when
compared to conventional usage. Although GRIHA rated college has more
water consumption than LEED rated but has less than Non-rated building. As
there is no hostels facility in LEED rated thus consumption is less.
Overall GRIHA Rated facility is much better performing than LEED Rated and
Non Rated facility as per the study parameters.
References
Castro-Lacouture, D., Sefair, J. A., Flórez, L., & Medaglia, A. L. (2009).
Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based
green building rating system in Colombia. Building and
environment, 44(6), 1162-1170.
Elzeyadi, I., & II, S. G. (2017) Indoor Environmental Quality Design for
Advanced Occupant’s Comfort–A Pre-post Occupancy Evaluation of a
Green-Certified Office Building. PLEA Conference, Edinburgh - Design
to Thrive, At: Edinburgh – Scotland.
Green, U. S. (2000). Green Building Rating System.
Kumar, H., & Sahu, V. (2015). Performance and rating of residential green
building. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International
Journal (CiVEJ) Vol, 2.
Steinemann, A., Wargocki, P., & Rismanchi, B. (2017). Ten questions
concerning green buildings and indoor air quality. Building and
Environment, 112, 351-358
Yudelson, J. (2008). Green Building Through Integrated Design (GreenSource
Books): LSC LS4 (EDMC) VSXML Ebook Green Building Through
Integrated Design (GreenSource Books). McGraw Hill Professional.
8
Carbon Footprint of Transportation Sector – A Case

Study of Pune, India
Rahul Deshpande1
Abstract
Developing countries are witnessing a sharp rise in the use of personal modes of
motorized transport. Coupled with an equally rapid rise in urban populations,
this has led to severe congestion and associated increase in pollution in urban
areas. The rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) of anthropogenic
origin in the atmosphere are a great cause of concern. There are many studies
which document the ill effects of such rise in GHGs which have led to change
in precipitation levels and increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme
events apart from the usual health effects. On the other side of the picture is
need for growth or economic development in the developing world to bring
people out of poverty and provide a decent standard of living. A wide range of
research work has been done in the field of low carbon growth scenarios and
impact of GHGs. In the proposed research, we specifically focus on
understanding the carbon footprint of the transportation sector with the City of
Pune in India as an example. Based on the findings, suitable mitigation
measures will be developed. Additionally, developing countries also have
different demographics with vast difference in the income levels of populations
in urban areas, where access to a personal vehicle is still out of reach of a
majority of the population. Therefore, there is a need for creating a set of
measures or strategies which will take into account these issues while
introducing the low carbon strategies, keeping in mind the basic principles of
equity, efficiency and public acceptability. In this paper, a path to low carbon
strategies will be presented which can be applied in the context of developing
countries.
Keywords: Carbon Footprint; Low Carbon Transportation; Transportation
Demand Management; Sustainable Transportation; Transportation Systems.
1
Associate Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune,
India. Email: rdeshpande@nicmar.ac.in
9
1. Introduction
The human activity is a significant contributor to the climate change
phenomenon is now established. The rising concentrations of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) of anthropogenic origin in the atmosphere are a great cause of concern.
GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
have increased significantly, since the late 19th century. According to the Third
Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
the increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (for e.g.,
CO2by 29 per cent, CH4 by 150 per cent and N2Oby 15 per cent) in the last 100
years, has resulted in the mean surface temperature rising by 0.4–0.8°C globally
(McCarthy, 2001). It has also lead to variation in precipitation levels as well as
frequency of occurrence of extreme events has increased (Pachauri et al, 2014).
Sharma et al (2006) and Parikh (2012) have discussed the GHG emissions in
India and their sources in great detail in their respective studies. Though India’s
emissions (total as well as per capita basis) are much lower than the world
standards (comparing China and US), it still has a significant impact. Added to
the fact is that India is expected to grow at 8-10% in next few years which
makes it all the more imperative that the country follows a path which will be
one of the lower carbon footprint and in the process creating a model for all
developing world to follow.
There have been many studies on strategies for creating low carbon future.
Some of these studies are sectoral focusing only on say transportation
(Woodock, 2009) or energy (Jiang et al, 2010). Some of the studies are much
more from a developed world perspectives (Burch, 2010 and Feliciano et al,
2011). There have been many studies in the areas of low carbon growth
strategies focused on India alone (Parikh, 2012; Shukla et al, 2008; Ghosh,
2010). The planning commission of India (2014) came up with a detailed report
on low carbon strategies for inclusive growth.
As can be seen from the above, a wide range of research work has been done in
the field of low carbon growth scenarios and impact of GHGs. In our proposed
research we specifically want to focus on the carbon footprint of the
transportation sector, with city of Pune, India as an example. Based on the
findings we wish to develop suitable mitigation measures which can be
developed for creating low carbon cities.
2. Objective
The transportation sector contribution is at about 20% of the total world carbon
emissions in the year 2014 (IEA, 2014). For the year 2014, the carbon
10
emissions from transportation sector in India was at 11.48%. The contribution

by the USA in the same year was 33.39%. The International Energy Agency
(IEA) report in 2009 (Transport Energy, 2009) expects increased share in
carbon emissions from the transportation sector.
The main aim of the study is to identify a way to quantify in simple manner the
GHG emissions for a city such as Pune and then discussing paths in which these
numbers can be affected (i.e. to reduce such emissions)
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1. Identifying transportation activities and growth factors in the city of
Pune
2. Understanding methods for calculations of GHG
3. Identifying actors in low carbon strategies framework
3. Methodology
This study is primarily based on observations from the secondary data which is
available in the public domain. As shown in Figure 1, the three primary steps in
this study will be to observe and determine the contributors to GHGs,
quantifying GHGs and finally recommendations for reducing GHGs.
Secondary Data GHG emissions Recommendations

•Population •Models based on KM of •Actions that can lead to
•Vehicle population travel reduced GHG emissions
•Transportation activities •Limitations of the •Roles and
•Growth factors models responsibilities
•Activity - GHG emissions
Figure 1: Methodology for the Study
11
4. Case study – Pune Area

Pune is the second largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai (the seventh largest
city in India). The Pune Metro region included Pune Municipal Corporation
(PMC) jurisdiction as well as Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation
(PCMC) area. It is often referred as ‘Detroit of India’, as the region is home to
many car manufacturing companies. The city has experienced a long urban
tradition. It was first as an historical centre of pre-colonial urbanism, during the
British rule an important military centre and after independence as a growing
contemporary industrial centre. Pune houses about 600 functional higher
education centers catering to an estimated 5 lakh student population.
In the past couple of decades, the Information Technology sector is contributing
immensely to the growth of the city and prospective employees from all over
India are coming to Pune for jobs. The growth in population of Pune area is
shown in Table 1. It can be seen that in a mere 3 years period, the growth rate is
about 10.5% year-on-year. The population in the year 2031 is expected to be
about 7.5 million (IIT Bombay, 2008). If we consider the trend in vehicle
population, it can be seen that the number of two-wheelers have more than
doubled in a 10 year period while the four wheelers have tripled from the year
2001-2011 (see Table 2). If one looks at the urban trips classification in the city
of Pune, the share of two-wheelers can be seen as dominant (38%). The
percentage share of public transport (bus + train) is 12.5% and bicycles is 8%
(IIT Bombay, 2008).
Table 1: Estimated Population in Pune Area
Region 2008 2011 2021 2031 Change in %
Population 2008
to 2011
PMC 3,372,919 3,756,345 4,807,868 5,443,642 11.36%
PCMC 1,446,142 1,591,873 1,915,320 2,106,123 10.00%
(Source: Pune Metro DPR, 2014)
Table 2: Estimated Number of Vehicles in PMC/PCMC Area
PMC PCMC
Year
Two-wheelers Cars Two-wheelers Cars
2001 653,043 106,027 163,285 18,368
2011 1,467,977 323,255 476,675 70,093
2021 2,099,333 594,597 740,648 161,373
2031 2,434,606 769,605 879,090 248,390
(Source: Pune Metro DPR, 2014)
12
Table 3 presents a comprehensive look at transportation activity (limited to trips

within the city). Table presents assessment based on observations for the year
2008 and then projected data for the year 2031. As can be seen from the table,
all the values such as passenger-kms and time spent travelling are showing a
significant increase. The only thing which is expected to reduce is the average
speed of travel from 18 kmph to 10 kmph. The scenario is based on certain
imagined scenarios in future (such as implementation of new public
transportation etc.). However, one thing is clear from all the data above the
transportation activity is significantly growing in the Pune region. Data also
shows a significant growth in the intercity passenger transport through air and
rail modes in and out of Pune.
The data presented above points to a significant increase in transportation
related GHG emissions in the near future.
Table 3: Trip Characteristics in Pune for Year 2008 and Projected For the
Year 2031
S. No. Trip Characteristics 2008 2031
1. Average network speed 18 km/hr 10 km/hr
2. Average trip length 8.4 km 10.4 km
3. Passenger-km (daily) 40,230,590 km 99, 553, 584 km
4. Passenger-hour (daily 2,235,033 hrs 9,995, 358 hrs
5. Vehicle-km (daily) 17,528,338 veh-km 46, 154, 637 veh-km
6. Vehicle-hour (daily) 937,797 veh-hrs 4, 615, 464 veh-hrs
(Source: Comprehensive Transportation Plan, Pune)
5. Estimating GHG Emissions
The GHGs are emitted due to combustion of fuels in the engines which are in
turn are used to propel the vehicle forward. There are different categories of
vehicles operating in India but almost all of them will use some type of fuel
(petrol, diesel, CNG, etc.) to be burnt for movement of vehicle. The GHG
emissions from a vehicle will depends on many different factors. These factors
include efficiency of engine, type of fuel, vehicle maintenance, traffic, driving
habit, aging fleet, routes, passenger load, cargo load, traffic management, urban
planning, weather condition etc.
Table 4 shows sample fuel emissions (kg CO2/km and in some instances kg
CO2/passenger-km). These values are sourced from India Greenhouse Program,
2015. The report is comprehensive and provides information based on GHG
emissions based on the engine capacities as well as fuel types. The values
shown in Table 4 are average values for a specified class as four wheelers
13
which include engines of various capacities and fuel types. One more thing to
note here is these are the values which are India specific values. These values
are derived not only based on the carbon content of fuel but also the vehicle
activity levels (vehicle-kms) and Indian road conditions.
Singh (2005), has shown the emissions varying greatly depending on the speed
of the vehicle. Vehicles operating at crawling speed due to congestion are likely
to have more than 2 times the emissions than operating at a speed range of 50
kmph. Thus, estimation of GHG emissions is not a very straight forward
process based on per km emissions (Table 4) multiplied by the average vehicle-
km driven (Table 3).
The emission factors do provide a generalized way for the cities to have a rough
estimate depending on projections for future traffic. These will help in scenario
generations and possible mitigation strategies.
Table 4: Fuel Emissions from Various Vehicle Categories – Average Values
S. No. Vehicle Category Average Fuel Emissions for the
category (Kg CO2/km)
1. Two-wheelers 0.03772
2. Three-wheelers 0.11812
3. Four-wheelers 0.18000
4. Light duty vehicle (< 3.5T) 0.3070
5. Medium duty vehicle (< 12T) 0.5928
6. Heavy duty vehicle (> 12T) 0.7375
7. Bus 0.015161*
8. Suburban rail 0.007976*
9. Non-Suburban rail 0.007837*
10. Air transport 0.121*
*kg CO2/passenger-km (Source – India GHG Program, 2015)
6. Discussion
In section number 4 a summary is presented of the transport activities in the city
of Pune and in section 5 a brief GHG emission estimation method is presented
(with limitations). The websites such as aqicn.org / safar.tropmets.res.in provide
real time air quality information which is a sensor based approach. Many of
these sensors are located at busy intersections and can be directly related to
emissions attributed to transportation activities. The real time data available can
be used more as advisory to general public and may result in periodic change in
behaviour of public. Sensor based data gathered over time can show the trend
14
(increase/decrease/peak hours) and may help in formulating few operational

policies (traffic signal settings/staggered working hours).
The question which needs to be answered remains is how such information can
be used to a path towards low carbon future for cities. The answer for the said
question is one which requires participation from a wide range of stakeholder
such as automobile manufacturers, energy companies, government policies, and
general public participation.
The response to tackle the problem has to be multi-disciplinary. The issue to be
addressed remains sustainability/quality of life. Technology is one aspect which
can impact the most. Since early 1900s internal combustion engine is the only
dominant road vehicle propulsion technology with incremental improvements
in efficiency and emissions. Electric vehicles are coming to scene from past
decade but still more research needs to be done on battery technologies.
Technology is still the easy part of the three drivers listed. The second driver is
the availability of resources (capital) for implementing such reforms. Capital
costs are a huge hindrance for implementing such reforms (ex. cash for disposal
of vehicles older than 15 years is still on paper in India). The third driver is the
institutional capacity i.e. the ability of the institutions to recognize the problem
and drive solutions. The general awareness on climate change have made
majority of institutions worried about GHG emissions and are willing to
formulate and implement the reforms.
The one thing which probably the technology aspect needs to address is
evaluating low carbon options. A metro rail is a low carbon option only if it is
sourced from a relatively low emission fuel such as hydro or solar. If thermal
power is running the metro rail, then it is reducing localized emissions but not
global. What is a low carbon option needs to be defined adequately. Merely
shifting from gasoline to CNG will not yield a low carbon future as increase in
number of vehicles will reduce that effect (Singh, 2005).
The city of Pune will soon see metro rail implementation (one which was
envisaged more than a decade earlier). The city of Pune has considerable public
transport network and has suburban rail link to Lonavla and Daund which is
used by a large population. The service standards on these leave a lot to be
desired. The organizational realities aspect addresses the capability aspect,
where organizations need to ascertain a minimum agreed upon level-of-service
that needs to be guaranteed with cleanliness and timeliness.
To summarize, creating a low carbon future will need technology (affordable,
accessible, reliable, and implementable on large scale). It will need capital
investment and finance. Finally, it will need a big push in terms of formulation
of policies and implementation of policies. These policies in many cases may be
15
national (National Transportation Development Policy, 2012) and more

effectively regional (such as Metropolitan Planning Organizations in USA).
7. Conclusion
The negative effects of GHG emissions and their rise is a well documented
phenomenon. In this study we took the example of city of Pune and highlighted
the growth which the city is witnessing and how it is going to continue for the
near future. Approaches to vehicle related emissions were discussed based on
models and sensors. Complexities in terms of estimating city wide emissions
were discussed. An approach was presented needing involvement of
technology, resources and organizations. Generation of low carbon data can be
done is many ways. However when a low carbon future is imagined for the
future cities, a concerted effort needs to come from all the stakeholders such as
automobile companies, energy companies, academics/researchers, governments
and finally general public.
References
Burch, S. (2010). In pursuit of resilient, low carbon communities: an
examination of barriers to action in three Canadian cities. Energy Policy
, 38(12), 7575-7585.
Feliciano, M., & Prosperi, D. C. (2011). Planning for low carbon cities:
Reflection on the case of Broward County, Florida, USA. Cities, 28(6),
505-516.
Ghosh, S. (2010). Examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for
India: a multivariate cointegration approach. Energy Policy, 38(6),
3008-3014.
IIT Bombay (2008). Traffic Forecast for the Proposed Metro Rail Project in
Pune Metropolitan Area. Transportation Systems Engineering Group,
Department of Civil Engineering.
International Energy Agency. (2009). Transport Energy and CO2: Moving
Towards Sustainability. OECD Publishing.
Jiang, B., Sun, Z., & Liu, M. (2010). China's energy development strategy
under the low-carbon economy. Energy, 35(11), 4257-4264.
McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A., Dokken, D. J., & White, K. S.
(Eds.). (2001). Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and
vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Vol. 2).
Cambridge University Press.
16
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R.,
& Dubash, N. K. (2014). Climate change 2014: synthesis report.
Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (p. 151).
IPCC.
Parikh, K. (2012). Sustainable development and low carbon growth strategy for
India. Energy, 40(1), 31-38.
Planning Commission. (2014). Interim report of the expert group on low carbon
strategies for inclusive growth. Planning Commission, Government of
India, New Delhi, India. Available online at http://planningcommission.
nic. in/reports/genrep/Inter_Exp. pdf.
Sharma, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Garg, A. (2006). Greenhouse gas emissions
from India: a perspective. Current science, 326-333
Shukla, P. R., & Chaturvedi, V. (2012). Low carbon and clean energy scenarios
for India: Analysis of targets approach. Energy Economics, 34, S487-
S495.
Woodcock, J., Edwards, P., Tonne, C., Armstrong, B. G., Ashiru, O., Banister,
D., & Franco, O. H. (2009). Public health benefits of strategies to reduce
greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport. The Lancet, 374(9705),
1930-1943.
17
Sustainability Optimisation of Residential Buildings

Using Genetic Algorithms
Yadvindra Luktuke1 , Sandesh Joshi2, Raj Wani3and Rishabh Nahata4
Abstract
The expanding residential building sector is concerned with improving the
social, economic and environmental aspects of the building in recent times. To
overcome the problem of today's resource exhaustion, environmental
deliberations and to address sustainability indicators a model needs to be
present which can address the issue of environmental pollution at the same time
also protect the developer’s investment. The assessment guidelines and Rating
systems present are able to assess the sustainability of the building but do not
suggest measures to attain sustainability. Materials are the main source of
pollution and cost and hence should be closely monitored.
Considering this condition, a model is proposed in the paper to optimise the
sustainability of the building. The model works as a Multi Objective Optimiser
(MOO) optimising the following 3 objective functions: 1) Cost of the Building,
2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions,3) IGBC New Building Rating System
Points ®. These three objectives were chosen to account for each of the
important topics to be considered while selection of materials i.e. Profit to
owner, Damage to environment and adherence to national standards. The
solution space increases by a factor of 2 with each addition of material which
increases computational load significantly and hence there is a need to develop
a model which can find the optimum solution faster without an exhaustive
search. The model developed could assess and give better solutions than ‘All
conventional’ and ‘All Green’ materials. The model obtained an accuracy of 70-
75%. The model can also be appended with constraints and additions of
materials which will further increase the viability of the model.
These capabilities of the developed model are expected to support building
developers and owners to achieve ‘Green Building’ certification from
government authorities and to promote the use of green materials which are
economical, towards the construction of new buildings.
Keywords: Material Optimisation; Genetic Algorithms; Multi-Objective;
Optimisation; Sustainability; Residential Buildings.
1234
Students, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune. Email: yadvindra.luktuke@gmail.com
18
1. Introduction
The Indian real estate market has experienced high growth in recent years with
the increased demand for office as well as residential spaces. It has attracted
investments worth nearly US$ 7 billion in 2017, which are expected to reach to
US$ 10 billion by 2020.
Now more than ever, the construction sector is concerned with improving the
social, economic and environmental aspects and effects of the buildings. To
overcome some of today’s major issues of resource exhaustion, environmental
aspects must be taken into account to address Sustainability. A model needs
however needs to be present which can help the builder or the developer to
address the issue of environmental pollution at the same time also protect his
investment. Though there are many guidelines to judge the sustainability of a
building they do not provide information as to which all methods should be
applied to optimize the sustainability of the building all the while preserving the
Builders interest of profit maximization or cost minimization.
From the above it is evident that the buildings to be constructed have objectives
which have to be satisfied simultaneously, this brings the scope of this model
into a definition. The model aims to build a Multi-Objective Optimization
(MOO) Model using the principles of scalarization to obtain the Pareto optimal
solution for the three objective functions by the variation of the materials used
for construction.
The recent studies undertaken by (Abdallah et al. 2014)show that there is a
need to optimise the sustainability of existing buildings so as to minimize their
negative environmental impacts. They sought to accomplish this suggesting
upgrade measures in existing buildings which could lead to more sustainable
buildings. The paper also presented a multi-objective optimisation model for
achieving the maximum possible sustainability in an existing building by
assessing the trade-offs between the environmental impact and the upgrade cost.
The model was aimed to support the owners or managers in attaining Green
Building certification and with a strategy to achieve a sustainable space at a
minimum upgrade cost.
The model developed however shows that there is limited scope to both
sustainability attainment as well the points attained as per local literature
assessing the sustainability in existing buildings. Hence there is a need to take
into consideration the sustainability indicators and impacting factors at the
planning stage of new buildings.
19
For the above to be developed and used efficiently there is a need to

operationalize the presented optimization process by an appropriate IT-
Tool(Kreiner et al. 1987). He also suggested that building there should be a
systematic approach to certification and the multiple criteria influencing it
should be considered.
Cost of the building serves as a direct indicator of the investment by the builder
and any model aimed to be used by the builder must take into account the cost
incurred. (EPA Fact Sheet 2016) says that the economic impact of the
construction activities on the environment are included to account for the
indirect economic impact of the CO2 released. Moreover, CO2 being one of the
major pollutants and the one of the most potent greenhouses causing global
warming, its emissions is also taken as one of the criteria to assess the building
sustainability. Moreover, as carbon emissions which are a result of construction
activities put a significant load on the environment, and hence one needs to
consider the harm caused to the environment. This can be done using the social
cost of carbon which in essence measures in dollars, what the long-term damage
of the released CO2 as well as the dollar value of avoided damages.
After the selection of the first two optimisation functions there is also a need of
inclusion of local literature evaluating the ‘Greenness’ of the building and
hence the IGBC New Building Rating System ® is taken as one of the aspects
of optimisation. This is a Government of India rating system which analyses the
‘Greenness’ of a building by comparing its characteristics to a given set of
standards. There is a need for compliance with local literature and hence the
IGBC Green New Buildings rating system points® (2014) is selected as the
third objective of optimisation.
After the selection of objective functions there is a need to ascertain which part
of the building construction is to be aimed for it to have a good impact on the
sustainability. Literature that highlights the embodied energy calculation for
residential buildings was studied. In a study by Bardhan (2011) he shows that
the major construction materials account for 98%of the building’s total
embodied energies and that steel and concrete are the main contributors. He has
also said that the erection and assembly account for a mere 2%. Hence the
materials were selected as a primary optimisation target. After the selection of
materials as pointed by Haynes (2013) the energy conversions are to be carried
out to find the amount of CO2 in kg released and to assess its environmental
impact.
The analysis of the current literature and an overview of the prevailing practises
show an immediate need for sustainable building construction and evaluation.
The absence of a simple method to do so provides a gap for the proposed
20
model. Materials were chosen as the key decision variables as most

environmental impacts are highly dependent on the selection of materials and
hence provide a good scope for optimisation.
3. Methodology
3.1 Decision Variables
The multi-objective optimization model developed selects all relevant decision
variables that impact the previously mentioned optimization objectives. The
formulation of the objective functions was followed by analysing the trade-offs
by using scalarization and then checking the performance of the developed
model using a case study of a proposed residential building.
The various materials available and their quantity used in the buildings were
estimated as follows:
1. Three residential buildings were analysed to calculate the quantity constants
per m3 of a residential building.
2. Most essential materials were categorized according to 50% of material cost
criteria, and the primary building materials were considered.
3. Alternatives to these materials were researched.
4. The following aspects of each material were found: -
a) Kg. CO2 produced per quantity of material
b) Cost per quantity of material
c) Transportation distance per quantity of material
Table 1: List of Building Materials Considered and their Alternatives
Volum
EE in Cost Dista EE in Cost Dista
Alternati e
Material CO2 per nce in CO2 per nce in
ve Consta
per kg m3 km per kg m3 km
nt
PCC and Fly ash
0.431 5160 18.6 0.098 1376 9.3 0.0267
RCC cement
Cement 733.
0.412 320 110 Lime 0.4 23.4 0.442
plaster 87
Hollow
0.0053
Brickbat 0.24 3500 282 concrete 0.181 3767 282
24
block
Steel
Steel
Reinforce
Reinforce 0.2311 38 54.8 0.2311 38 54.8 3.1367
ment
ment
Jaisalmer 0.116 862 96 Paver 0.073 430 22.7 0.0061
21
Volum
EE in Cost Dista EE in Cost Dista
Alternati e
Material CO2 per nce in CO2 per nce in
ve Consta
per kg m3 km per kg m3 km
nt
stone blocks
Ceramic Mosaic 0.0302
0.245 400 712 0.073 645 11
Tiles tile 4
Paint 0.0601 2.3 19 Eco-paint 0.0205 5 175 1.8
Aluminiu
Formwor m
0.245 2.5 4 0.443 5.2 4 1.9
k formwor
k
Source:
 Volume constants are calculated from the data of 3 buildings considered
(Stylus (Balewadi), Timescape (Deccan), Sun-Winds (Bavdhan)) by
using the formula (Volume constant=Quantity of material
used/Cubic contents of the Building)
 Cost of Materials taken from DSR 2017-18 or from local inquiry.
 CO2emissions per kg were taken from Embodied Energy values within
Life Analysis of Residential Buildings (Haynes R. 2013).
 For distances, the values have been calculated from nearest provider to
the site taken for a case study which is located in Deccan, Pune. For
application of model to other buildings distances from nearest provider
will have to be updated into the table.
The proposed model solves the MOO by inputting various combination of
alternative building materials to get the solution which is better than all other
solutions in all aspects. Thus, for the ease of coding and the ability to
understand which material is being used between the two the following
denotations were used: -
-Conventional Material
-Alternative Material
*The designation of 0 and 1 was used to ease the code to give the output
in binary form and for the ease of understanding the same.
3.2 Objective Functions
The model was developed to analyse the three objective functions which are the
key indicators of a building's sustainability. They are as follows: -
22
1. Cost of the Building: The construction cost of the building including all
materials, transportation and contractor charges excluding the charges on
land and taxes. Since the Model is aimed at sustainability, the social cost of
carbon dioxide emissions will also be considered.
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions: The CO2 Emissions involved in the
material production as well as the preparation on site and its application
inclusive of the CO2 emissions due to transport. The values for per quantity
constants were obtained from the various literature reviewed.
3. IGBC New Building Rating System Points: The following topics under the
IGBC New Building Rating System were considered as they were the ones
who were affected by the change in materials:
3.1 Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Building Envelope: (3 Points)
3.2 Sustainable Building Materials:
 Materials with Recycled Content: (1-2 Points)
 Local Materials: (1-2 Points)
3.3 Use of Certified Green Building Materials, Products &
Equipment Points: 1-5
3.4 Low-emitting Materials Paints & Coatings: (1 point)
3.5 Water Use Reduction for Construction: (1 point)
3.3 Assumptions
1. There is the complete selection of the material category. No mixing of two
materials of the same category is allowed.
2. Only the IGBC New Building Rating system categories affected by material
selection are used.
3. The rate of the material is not changing over the period of construction.
There is no variation in the rate of material due to change in order quantity.
4. The building is conventional in construction similar to the buildings used for
calculating of volume constants.
3.4 Fitness Function
The model solves the above problem as a Multi-objective optimization problem
analysing the trade-offs between the above-mentioned objective functions. It
finds the Pareto optimal solution on the basis of the weights entered by the
model user. The model uses a fitness function to evaluate the optimality of the
various possible solutions. This feasibility function was derived on the basis of
linear scalarization and to assign the weights a survey of 50 professionals was
done which included site engineers, model managers, developers etc. who were
explained the definition, scope and the need of the model so as to neutralize to a
23
certain extent the singular objectivity of these professionals for profit

maximization. Weights were assigned to the different objective functions from
analysis of the responses given by the professionals.
The following scores were awarded according to the ranks: -
Table 2: Point System According to Ranks Assigned
Rank Points Awarded
1 3
2 2
3 1
Not important 0
The analysis of the various responses to calculate the weights was done as: -
𝑛1 ∗ 3 + 𝑛2 ∗ 2 + 𝑛3 ∗ 1
𝑤𝑖 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
Where,
i Objective function no.
𝑛1 No. of Professionals who ranked ithobjective function Rank 1
n Total no. of responses
From the above-calculated weight, the fitness of the solution was ascertained
using the following equation: -
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖 𝐶𝑂2 𝑖 𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝐺𝐵𝐶 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑖
𝑓= − ∗ 𝑤1 − ∗ 𝑤2 + ∗ 𝑤3
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑂2 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝐺𝐵𝐶 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
Where, f is the fitness of the current solution. The goal is to maximise the
fitness.
*Enter weights into the model as [𝑤2 , 𝑤1 , 𝑤3 ]
*Note: The input data is taken from Table 1.
3. 5 Why Genetic Algorithms
The solution space increases by a factor of 2 with each addition of material
which increases computational load significantly and hence there is a need to
24
develop a model which can find the optimum solution faster without an
exhaustive search. Hence Genetic Algorithms (GAs) were employed to reduce
the computational load required to analyse each of the possible point in the
solution space. As mentioned before a binary representation of the genome is
used for ease of solving. Populations in GA’s are randomly initialised so that
there is no bias created and excessive pre-evaluation analysis is not required.
The correctness of a randomly initialized model once ascertained with test data
can show the accuracy which can be obtained by the use of the model. The
population for this model was initialized with two random possible solutions
(as there are two possible extreme cases). The number of mating’s in each
generation was kept to POP/2, where POP is the size of the current Generation
(This is done to obtain the entire solution space in n generations, where n is the
no of materials considered).
Genetic Algorithms require a Fitness Function to ascertain the better solution about which
has already been discussed in the above sections.
For the GA to proceed there must be mating. The mates are selected through a
process of ‘parent selection’ which then ‘mate’ and produce the next
generation. This is a very crucial step as a good parent must have a higher
chance of steering towards a better solution. However, the diversity of the
population must be maintained to avoid a local optimum, else it may lead to a
premature convergence.
This can be done by using a ‘Fitness Proportionate Selection’. In this, every
individual has a chance of becoming a parent but only with the probability
proportional to its fitness. In this was the fitter individuals can be allowed to
steer towards a better solution all the while keeping room for diversity and
hence avoiding local optimums.
For the process of selection, a Roulette Wheel Selection is applied in which
each possible parent occupies a part of the wheel with respect to how ‘fit’ they
are. Similar to an actual roulette wheel the selection selects a fixed point on the
circumference of the wheel and then the wheel is rotated. When the wheel stops
rotating the part, which lies in front of the fixed point is chosen and the
corresponding parent is chosen. This process is repeated for each parent. Since
the areas of the pie occupied by the individual is proportional to its ‘fitness’ the
fitter individuals have a higher chance of being selected.
After the selection of the parents they must mate to produce the next generation
which is accomplished by the process of Crossover and the child produced
through mating is further passed through a step called Mutation to ensure
diversity in the subsequent generation. A one-point crossover with a crossover
rate of 4 bits is used and a mutation rate of 2 bits to ensure that good genes are
25
forwarded and all the while through mutation diversity if ensured (The
mutation rate is kept as 2 bits as a higher mutation rate may go against the
purpose of preserving the good genes).
For the genetic algorithm to converge a set of termination conditions must be
provided to the GA. In absence of a termination conditions the Genetic
Algorithm may go about infinitely. Hence a termination condition is added to
the GA when the solution reached is close to the optimal. With regard to the
model and conditions the following termination conditions were kept: -
1. When the same individual shows up as the fittest for 4 successive
generations.
2. When we reach a predefined number of generations, which is kept at 10
in the model. 10 is done as we expect all 256 possibilities to form in the
8th Generation in the best-case scenario. The 2 extra Generations are
added to increase search space and account for the remaining solution
space points in case the First termination condition is not satisfied.
3. All the possible points in the solution space have been analysed.
4. Case Study
A 5 storied residential building in central Pune, around the Deccan Gymkhana
area having a plan area of 3500 sq. Meters was considered to check the model
for its correctness of the cost calculated by the model to the actual cost
estimated for the building. Note that all costs for the building were considered
such as the construction cost of the building including all materials,
transportation and contractor charges excluding the charges on land and taxes as
the land rates and taxation is hugely fluctuating and highly dependent on
location which reduces the applicability of the model to local conditions. After
the calculation of cost, the amount of CO2 emitted was calculated to ascertain
the sustainability of the building. Since the Model is aimed at sustainability, the
social cost of carbon dioxide emissions will also be considered. Furthermore,
the chosen materials in the building were analysed from standard literature, i.e.,
IGBC New Building Rating System and points were assigned to the various
alternatives.
Then the responses from the 50 professionals were analysed to ascertain the
weights for each objective function involved in the MOO. The results of this
analysis and calculations have been shown below:
26
Table 3: Results of Survey for Ascertaining Weights of the Objective

Function
Objective No. of No. of No. of No. of Points Weight
No. People People People People
Ranking Ranking Ranking Ranking
1 2 3 not
important
1 48 2 0 0 148 0.529
2 1 10 34 5 57 0.203
3 1 31 10 8 75 0.268
Total No of Points 280
Each set of possible solutions was analysed to find the best solution according
to the defined feasibility function from the weights calculated above.
The analysis of the exhaustive search space in Fig. 6 shows the high variability
of the three parameters of the model i.e. Cost of the Building, Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) Emissions, IGBC New Building Rating System Points, caused due to the
selection of various combinations of materials used. Hence the need for the
model is justified to assess these parameters over the wide range of materials
available and also to assess the trade-offs between the above stated objectives.
Figure 1: The Exhaustive Display of the Solution Space Using the Three
Objective Functions as the Co-Ordinate
27
5. Results
The model obtains the most fit solution according to the discussed feasibility
function and then demonstrated the result in binary as:
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Which shows that the optimum solution for our problem is using the following
set of materials?
Table 4: Results of Application of Model to the Building Considered in the
Case Study
Sr. No. Material
1 Fly ash cement
2 Cement Plaster
3 Hollow Concrete Blocks
4 Steel Reinforcement
5 Paver Blocks
6 Mosaic Tile
7 Eco Paint
8 Wood Formwork
Table 5: Comparison of Model Results to Obtain Information on

Improvement or Trade Offs
Combination of Materials Cost in Rs. CO2 IGBC NB Rating
emissions in System points
(Approx.)
kg obtained
All Conventional 9.65 Crore 150844.5 2
All Green 11.2 Crore 130414.0 12
Model Results 8.20 Crore 121322.2 12
The minimum cost possible from all the possible combinations of materials was
evaluated to be 7.99 Crore rupees. The minimum CO2 emissions were 120560.4
kg and the maximum obtainable IGBC points through all combinations was 12.
However, all these outcomes are not of a single combination of materials and no
combination of materials can satisfy all these three conditions simultaneously to
the fullest. Through the model we were able to propose a combination of
materials which could lead to a 2.63% increase in cost above the minimum
possible cost, a 0.63 % increase in CO2 above the minimum possible CO2, and a
maximum possible IGBC points of 12 out of a 14 available through material
selection which matches the highest possible IGBC points obtainable through
28
the various combinations possible. This increase in cost and CO2 is justified by
the fact that the minimums are not available for a single combination of
materials.
Thus we need to assess trade-offs as a singular solution satisfying all the three
objectives simultaneously does not seem possible Hence our model seems
applicable as it assesses the trade-offs between the three mentioned objective
functions.
The model results are better than the earlier used material selection involving all
conventional materials as it led to an approximately 15.03% reduction in cost,
19.57% reduction in CO2 emissions and an increase in 10 IGBC NB Rating
system points obtained. Similarly, the model results are better than selection of
all Green Materials as there is a 26.79% reduction in cost and a 6.97% reduction
in CO2 emissions all the while obtaining the same no of IGBC points.
The model developed seems to give better results and is highly efficient as it
needed to evaluate only 136 solution space points out of a possible 256 to reach
the optimum. The result obtained is equal to the fittest individual obtained by an
exhaustive search of the solution space with an accuracy of 70-75%. Hence the
accuracy of the model is proven to be high.
The above result shows that by mixing the two materials used, we can obtain
optimization in the building according to the defined feasibility function. The
results of optimization are highly sensitive to the weights assigned by the model
user and a small change in weights can affect the result significantly. The model
thus is highly efficient in planning the materials to be used as by a simple
assigning of weights of 1 to either objective or 0 to the rest of the objectives we
can achieve singular minimization as well. The model is also versatile in its
ability to handle constraints such as if the developer has a budget constraint and
can spend only so many on construction costs the constraint can be entered as a
simple:
Construction cost ≤ Budget
*(In the model the construction cost is as:(cf_1) +(cf_2)+(cf_3).)
6. Conclusion
In a world of immense pollution problems alongside rapid building construction
with the goal of profit maximization, the model proves to be a simple and
economical way of getting optimized results. Thus, the model seems applicable
as it seems to be able to propose a solution satisfying the trade-offs between all
objectives as a combination of materials completely satisfying all objectives at
the same time is not present. Though the model results have an increase in cost
and the CO2, they are still less than the selection of ‘All Conventional
29
materials’ as well as ‘All Green materials’. Thus, the viability of the model can
be established under the given assumptions.
The model remains versatile to the use of constraints and the population of the
materials used which can be increased to accommodate more and more
materials. The further scope is to increase the population of materials used in
the modelling and also the involvement of constraints such as maximum cost
which can be taken up, Minimum IGBC NB Rating System points obtained etc.
Another possible addition to the model is the involvement of the DSR and the
comparison of the rates of various ways to perform a particular item of work.
The same model can be used for this purpose by merely changing the materials
with the ways to do an individual item of work, and the model will give the
same efficiency of results. With a red alert time of pollution looming upon us
the need for such a model is greatly signified by the various pollution control
attempts and this model can help to achieve all the objectives from an
academic-industrial-business standpoint.
References
Abdallah, M., & El-Rayes, K. (2016). Multiobjective optimization model for
maximizing sustainability of existing buildings. Journal of Management
in Engineering, 32(4), 04016003.
Bardhan, S. (2011). Embodied energy analysis of multi storied residential
buildings in urban India. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the
Environment, 143, 411-421.
Haynes, R. (2010). Embodied energy calculations within life cycle analysis of
residential buildings. Etet1812. Staging-Cloud. Netregistry, 1-16.
Indian Green Building Council (2001). Green New Building Rating System
3.0.).
Kreiner, H., Passer, A., Maydl, P., & Wallbaum, H. (2014). Sustainable
building optimization–A systemic approach. World Sustainable
Building, 1-9.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1970). EPA FACT SHEET.
(December-2016), Pg. 1–5.
30
ECO Friendly Low Cost Material for Eradicating

Water Pollution Problems- Case Study on Pervious
Concrete
Mohini Khopade1, Pooja Patil2 and Sunil V. Desale3
Abstract
Alternate building materials are those which can be used economically by
replacing the conventional building materials .Now-a-days we all are aware of
the fact of environment degradation due to use of excessive natural resources in
building construction. Due to this, deterioration of natural eco balance is
disturbed hence forth it is necessary to take a prominent step towards a greener
construction ideology which can be accomplished by use of alternate building
material. The most basic building material for construction of houses is the
conventional burnt clay brick. A significant quantity of fuel is utilized in
making these bricks. Also, continuous removal of upper surface of soil mass
which if the fertilized soil layer is getting depleted, due to which the production
of grains will be largely affected in upcoming years. In producing conventional
bricks, creates environmental problems. A feasibility study has been done on
the comparison of fly ash brick and conventional clay brick. Conventional clay
bricks can be replaced with fly ash bricks, which can reduce the cost of housing.
To prevent runoff of rainwater use of pervious concrete is recommended which
will be used for percolating the rainwater and recharging the groundwater table.
This study also investigates the performance of using waste tire crumb rubber as
an alternative aggregate for concrete pedestrian block. Our aim is to find out
different construction material their optimum uses along with advantages and a
disadvantage has been discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Fly Ash; Building Material; Pervious Concrete; Percolation

Rainwater; Water Logging.
12
Student, Civil Engineering Department, Gangamai College of Engineering Nagaon, Dhule.
Email: mohinikhopade99@gmail.com
3
Professor and Head, Civil Engineering Department, Gangamai College of Engineering
Nagaon, Dhule.
31
1. Introduction
Population explosion in India has created several problems one of them is
housing. Managing the response to the continuous increasing housing needs of
Indian population, has long been a problem for its government. Providing
affordable housing remains a major concern of the government. Housing
shortages have stimulated efforts to develop alternate building materials and
construction methods that use minimal resources because of the increasing
shortage of energy and raw materials.
Due to limited national resources both financial and conventional building
materials, there is a need to use alternative building materials, which are
sustainable and cost effective to meet the Housing demand.
Fly ash can be used as an alternative material for burnt clay bricks, which is one
of the important building materials, used for construction of housing and
buildings. The Fly ash used in concrete, can substitute the conventional building
material like Cement and clay bricks in nearly all applications.
Pervious concrete is one of the leading materials used by the concrete industry
as GREEN industry practices for providing pollution control, storm water
management and sustainable design. The increased interest in pervious concrete
is due to those benefits in storm water management sustainable development.
This paper will provide technical information on application, mixture design
and construction methods of pervious concrete. It will also discuss the
suitability of pervious concrete in tropical countries like India while analysis
environmental and economical benefits.
2. Methodology
New alternative building materials and technology-
1. Fly ash bricks
2. Rain water harvesting concrete
1. Fly Ash as a Sustainable Alternative Building Material
Due to growing environmental concerns and the need for cleaner production,
the management of Fly ash has become an important issue facing the power
generation industry. For that reason, many researchers are actively working to
find new and improved methods of reducing the Fly ash waste disposal
problem, particularly by establishing its useful and economic utilization. The
utilization of Fly ash in concrete as partial replacement of cement is gaining
immense importance today, mainly on the account of improvement in durability
of bricks with its ecological benefits.
32
Even though research and development has shown that Fly ash can be used with
considerable advantages in building construction, the construction industry has
still not taken to the use of Fly ash to any large extent.
Bricks may be made from a number of different kinds of material, but they must
usually possess (can be capable of developing) a certain amount of plasticity.
Fly ash is one of them. Use of Fly ash with soil and firing the bricks with
agricultural waste will reduce the cost of the building material i.e. Clay bricks.
Fly ash is an industrial waste, which is just a burden for the industry we can
take it free of Bricks may be made from a number of different kinds of material,
but they must usually possess (can be capable of developing) a certain amount
of plasticity. Fly ash is one of them. Use of Fly ash with soil and firing the
bricks with agricultural waste will reduce the cost of the building material i.e.
Clay bricks. Fly ash is an industrial waste, which is just a burden for the
industry we can take it free of cost from the industries and can utilize it for the
manufacturing of fly ash bricks.
Environmental benefits of Fly ash:
 Fly ash utilization reduces the requirement of clay, lime in brick
manufacturing and hence conserves natural resources.
 Fly ash utilization reduces the cement requirement and hence carbon-di-
oxide liberation during cement manufacturing is reduced.
 Fly ash utilization reduces the topsoil requirement for land filling / brick
manufacturing and saves agricultural land.
 Fly ash utilization achieves increased strength of the finished brick
product without increasing the brick content.
2. Rain Water Harvesting Concrete
Pervious concrete pavement is unique and effective means to address important
environmental issues and support green, sustainable growth. By capturing storm
water and allowing it to seep into the ground due to its design properties,
pervious concrete is instrumental in recharging ground water, reducing storm
water runoff. In other words we call it as a “rainwater harvesting concrete”.
This pavement technology is helpful in creating more efficient land use by
eliminating the need of water retention bodies, costly storm water drainage and
repair cost, which otherwise would have been incurred due to water
accumulation. In doing so, pervious concrete has the potential to lower overall
project costs thus making it more economical.
33
Figure 1: Rain Water Harvesting Concrete

Benefits of Pervious Concrete:
1) Environmental benefits
 Helps in saving precious water which otherwise goes to drains.
 Helps in keeping earth below wetter, greener and cooler.
 Recharging ground water table.
 Replace costly rain water harvesting system.
 Eliminates use of asphalt which normally causes environmental
pollution.
 Use of fly ash thus reducing pollution.
2) Other benefits
 Eliminates the need of costly water drainage system.
 Rough texture thus avoiding skidding of vehicles.
 Low maintenance cost.
 Stronger and durable for light traffic loads.
 Use of local building material.
 Lower cost compare to other pavement solution.
 Conventional construction practices.
 Use local semi skilled masons or labor.
34
3. Testing of Materials
Following tests are conducted for the ingredients i.e. cement and sand
A. Materials Used
Size of aggregates used: 20mm and 12.5mm.
Cement: Portland Pozzolana Cement. (PPC)
Water: Potable/tap water.
1. Test Results of Cement
Table 1: Test Results of Cement
Sr.
Description Values
No.
1. Specific gravity 3.15
2. Fineness (by sieve analysis) 2%
3. Consistency 31%
4. Initial setting time 120 min
5. Final setting time of cement 330 min
2. Test Results of Coarse Aggregate

Table 2: Test Results of Coarse Aggregate
Sr. No. Description Values
1. Specific gravity 2.01
2. Bulk density 1642.45 Kg/m3
3. Surface moisture 0.08%
4. Water absorption 1%
5. Fineness modulus 6.98
6. Aggregate impact value 24.40%
7. Aggregate crushing value 21.40%
3. Slump Test
The pervious concrete had an extremely high slump caused by the low amount
of Cohesion between the aggregate particles. This particular workability test
appears to be of little use when considering pervious concrete.
35
4. Experimental Results
Totally 78 cubes, 12 cylinders and 12 beam specimens are casted to find out the
compressive strength at 7 days and 28 days, split tensile strength and flexural
strength respectively. The test results are compared and the best
aggregate/cement and water-cement ratio are suggested for various civil
engineering applications. The standard tests such as compressive, flexural and
split tensile tests are carried out after 7 days and 28 days. The detailed results
and the graphical representation of compressive strength for various mix ratios
are given in Table 3, and Figure 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
Table 3: Results
7 days 28 days
Split Flexu
tensile ral
Agg/ Water Compressi Compressiv
Sr.
cement cement ve Density e Density strengt streng
No. h th
ratio ratio strength Kg/m3 strength Kg/m3 N/mm N/mm
N/mm2 N/mm2 2 2
0.35 5.08 2030.21 12.44 1945.67 0.93 0.794
1 5:1 0.40 5.77 2073.18 11.11 2044.44 1.34 0.981
0.45 5.67 2124.34 10.81 2086.02 1.03 2.06
0.35 3.05 2024.98 9.18 1916.04 0.83 1.648
2 6:1 0.40 1.24 1799.30 4.66 1886.41 0.65 1.962
0.45 3.61 1972.53 5.48 1965.42 0.65 0.473
0.35 1.37 1827.35 3.40 1906.16 0.49 0.671
3 7:1 0.40 2.45 1888.88 4.29 1886.41 0.42 0.776
0.45 4.72 1960.29 6.29 1911.10 0.58 0.902
0.35 1.43 1864.19 4.88 1817.28 0.29 0.687
4 8:1 0.40 1.88 1833.67 3.99 1817.28 0.35 0.7848
0.45 1.67 1937.77 5.99 1955.53 0.31 1.294
36
7 days 28 days
14
Compressive Strength 12
10
8
N/mm2
6
4
2
0
0.35 0.4 0.45
Figure 2: Water Cement Ratio 5:1
7 days 28 days
10
Compressive Strength
8
6
N/mm2
4
2
0
0.35 0.4 0.45
7 days 28 days
7
6
5
4
N/mm2
3
2
1
0
0.35 0.4 0.45
37
7 days 28 days
8
N/mm2 6
4
2
0
0.35 0.4 0.45

5. Conclusion
Coal is the main energy source in India and Fly ash results as a by-product of
coal combustion. Dumping of Fly ash poses environmental problems. It has
been proved that the basic properties of Fly ash if used consciously and
precisely it can be turned out to be a successful material. Replacing Cement by
Fly ash in concrete mix will minimize environmental impact. This recycling of
waste material like Fly ash as replacement for cement , provides a large setting
for the disposal of Fly ash in a very efficient, useful and profitable way.
From this study, it is observed that, though no fines concrete has lower strength
values, it has desirable strength values to be used for both structural and non-
structural purposes. It can be concluded that pervious concrete is a viable
material that has the potential tore place the use of traditional concrete
pavements, car parks, residential streets and driveways, cast in-situ walls in
low-rise buildings and low cost housing. It has many positive attributes that
make its use beneficial to society. It provides an energy conserving building and
it does not require too much cement.
Abolishment of fine aggregate from normal concrete mixes lead to higher
porosity desirable strength values, and lower cement requirement. It also saves
the energy required in extraction, transportation of sand. Also no fines concrete
has a lower density and lower normal weight than the traditional concrete
mixes. Since it compacts well due to its self weight, it needs no mechanical
compaction. As it is a light weight concrete, the necessity for stronger
shuttering requirement is not needed.
For structural purpose like low rise building, low cost housing it is
recommended to use the aggregate /cement ratio of 5:1 with water cement ratio
38
either 0.35 or 0.4. For non structural purposes like pavement of low traffic
density, drainer pipes it is recommended to use the aggregate /cement ratio of
5:1 with water cement ratio of 0.35 or aggregate /cement ratio of 6:1 with water
cement ratio 0.35.
Finally it can be concluded that the pervious concrete is viable material for civil
engineering application and also saves cement and energy.
References
Bentz, D. P. (2008). Virtual pervious concrete: microstructure, percolation, and
permeability. ACI Materials Journal, 105(3), 297.
Dan Huffman, (December 2005). Understanding Pervious Concrete. Portland
cement Association.
Journal of Environmental Management (October 2006). University of South
Carolina, Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Tennis, P. D., Leming, M. L., & Akers, D. J. (2004). Pervious concrete
pavements (No. PCA Serial No. 2828). Skokie, IL: Portland Cement
Association.
Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design,
Low Cost Housing an analytical study of the current practices and
techniques, Sangath Ahmedabad, January 1983.
Vivek Kumar, Vidit Gupta, Shivam Sagar, Sushant Singh, Mohd. Haroon, A
Review Study on Alternate Low Cost Construction Materials &
Techniques for Building Design, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology. (IRJET)
39
Comparative Study of a Non-Rated Residential Building

and SVAGRIHA Green Building
Syed Tufeal Ahmed1, Shrihari K. Naik2 and Akshaya Kumar V.Hanagodimath3
Abstract
In today’s world the construction industry consumes a huge amount of energy.
Due to the extreme use, then on-renewable resources are getting constantly
depleted. Construction industry accounts for emission of large quantity of
greenhouse gases which leads to climate change and depletion of the ozone
layer. This adverse effect on the environment triggers the need for sustainable
construction techniques which reduces the total embodied energy and carbon
emissions. Any green building works on the principles like sustainable site plan
which makes sure that the site is planned taking the site topography and local
climatic conditions into consideration, usage of green materials and resources
which have the least embodied energy, water conservation techniques to use as
less water as possible, energy conservation by making use of passive design and
using solar energy and maintaining good indoor air quality by using low-VOC
paints and other less hazardous materials in construction.
The study focused on a conventional building’s cost that was compared with
that of the Green building of same site area after including all the Green criteria
recommended by SVAGRIHA (Small Versatile Affordable Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment) council. It was found that the total construction
cost of the Green building after incorporating 14 criteria recommended by the
council for a five-star rating was 9.05% more than that of the conventional
building. Also, by performing the Cost Benefit analysis the payback period of
the green building was found to be 6.67 years. ECOTECT and DIALUX are
used for the effective design of fenestrations and artificial lighting system
respectively.
Keywords: Green Building; Embodied Energy; SVAGRIHA; ECOTECT;
DIALUX.
1
Student, Department of Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied sciences,
Bengaluru, India.
23
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied
sciences, Bengaluru, India. Email:naikshrihari@gmail.com
40
1. Introduction
The land used by buildings, production of building materials, transportation of
building materials, treatment and disposal of waste etc., from the construction
industry has huge impacts on the environment (Zhiwei,Y et.al 2014). Due to the
large-scale construction throughout the world, the resources like water, sand
etc., are getting constantly depleted and also construction accounts for a huge
amount of greenhouse gases in the environment which leads to climate change
and depletion of the ozone layer. These factors led to the need of construction
techniques which demanded less resources and sustainable method with
minimal use of resources like water, artificial energy etc., and making optimum
use of natural resources like wind and sun. Such techniques are known as green
construction techniques (Abhinaya et.al 2107).
Green buildings help in conservation of perishable non-renewable resources and
also help to keep a check on environmental issues like pollution, water
contamination, ground water depletion, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere etc. Therefore, it becomes the need of the present as well as
the future to promote and implement green techniques in the construction
industry (Gupta, 2017). Any green building works on the following 5 principles
namely sustainable site plan which makes sure that the site is planned taking the
site topography and local climatic conditions into consideration, usage of green
materials and resources which have the least embodied energy, water
conservation techniques to use as less water as possible, energy conservation by
making use of passive design and using natural solar energy and maintaining
good indoor air quality by using low-VOC paints and other less hazardous
materials in construction. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) have
estimated that if green building concepts are adopted in India, 8400MW of
power can be saved annually which will be sufficient to light up 550,000 houses
annually (Abhinaya et.al 2107).
2. Methodology
The usual trend of construction of residential buildings in India has been non-
sustainable due to unavailability of Green building certification for projects of
built-up area less than 2500 sq.m. Therefore, GRIHA (Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment) has developed a Green certification for such
buildings called SVA (Small Versatile Affordable) GRIHA.
The methodology includes finding the cost of a conventional building in
Bengaluru and comparing its cost with a five-star rated building which will be
41
designed for the same built-up area while adopting the Green Criteria provided
by the SVAGRIHA manual.
2.1 Estimation of a Conventional Building
The conventional building which was chosen for the comparative study was a
four storied residential building with a stilt floor. It had a site area of 2400sq.ft
and build up area of about 7208 sq.ft. and has four residences, one in each floor.
The detailed estimation and rate analysis, shown in tables 1, were done for the
items to arrive at the final cost of construction.
2.2 Design of Green Building and Its Parameters
SVAGRIHA divides the green parameters into the following five subgroups
viz., Landscape, Architecture and Energy, Water and waste, Materials,
Lifestyle. There are 14 SVAGRIHA criteria that have to be satisfied to get the
Green certification for buildings less than 2500 sq.m. All the 14 criteria were
satisfied as per the recommendations from TERI (The Energy and Research
Institute) which is a consultancy for green buildings. The methods used to
satisfy the 14 criteria are given below.
2.2.1 Architecture and Energy
The first part of Green construction was to adopt good passive architectural
design strategies. This helped in efficient use of the local wind patterns and
solar energy. The green building was designed considering the wind patterns,
topography of the site and the Sun-path diagram of the area. The building was
planned such that the buffer spaces like toilets, staircase and foyer were located
on the eastern and western sides of the building. The structural analysis and
design of the green building was done using Staad pro. The beams, columns,
slabs, footing and staircase were designed for maximum moments and load
combinations. Figure 1 shows the plan of green building and Figure 2 shows the
Staad pro model and all the units are in meters.
42
Figure 1: Floor Plan of Green Building
Figure 2: StaadPro Model for Green Building

The schedule of openings and its horizontal shading device were designed to
reduce the direct heat gain and glare while maximising daylight penetration.
ECOTECT software was used for the simulation to achieve the minimum
daylight factor mentioned in SP-41. Figure 3 shows the ECOTECT model of a
typical floor plan. The horizontal shading devices were designed such that the
43
openings were shaded from morning 10:00am to evening 4:00pm. The analysis
of daylight for the green building is shown in the Figure 5.
Figure 3: ECOTECT Model of Typical Floor Plan

The artificial lighting system was designed efficiently with DIALUX software
which ensures the overall LPD (Lighting Power Density) levels of the building
are less than the ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) recommended
LPD level. The artificial lighting for a bedroom is shown in Figure 4. At the
same time, the artificial lighting system was designed for the minimum
luminance values given in NBC (National Building Code). The single sheet
output file after the analysis is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 4: Artificial Lighting Analysis in DIALUX
44
All the appliances selected for the building were five-star BEE (Bureau of
Energy Efficiency) label for savings in electricity. 12kW of solar photovoltaic
were estimated for the building, 3kW for each residence. Each 3kW solar panel
system was estimated to produce 13.6 units of energy every day.
Also, the envelope of the building was designed such that it reduces the overall
heating from the atmosphere which was achieved by using materials of lesser
U-value. The material used for the wall was Porotherm blocks having U-value
of 1W/sq.m-K whereas the conventional concrete blocks have U-value of 2
W/sq.m-K. The glass used in the building was Saint-Gobain Antelio glass
having SHGC value of 0.59 and U-value of 2.8 W/sq.m-K whereas the ordinary
glass has U-value of 5.88 W/sq.m-K.
2.2.2 Landscape
The intent was to reduce the exposed hard paved area on site which was the
open area surrounding the building andto encourage the plantation of native
species of trees to maintain the local fauna cover. Adopting this methodology
reduces the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE). As per SVA GRIHA manual,
more than 50% of the total paved area should be soft paved. The total paved
area was calculated as:
Total Paved Area= Site Area- (Building Footprint + Landscape Area)
=60x40 – ((48x33) +(40x7))
=536sq.ft
In the green building design, 100% of this area was soft paved by planting two
coconut trees and combination of Hibiscus and Bougainvillea shrubs which are
native to Bengaluru.
2.2.3 Water and Waste
The overall water demand of the building was reduced by using low-flow
fixtures such as bathroom sink faucets, shower heads, kitchen mixers and toilet
flush. The landscape water demand was reduced by using the native species of
fauna.Rainwater harvesting is an effective method to reuse the water in building
as well as recharge it into the ground aquifer. The design of rain water
harvesting system was done and for the present building it was found that the
catchment area could harvest 1,15,101 litres of rain water. An underground
concrete tank with capacity 54m3 was provided for the storage of rain water.
Recycling and conversion of organic waste into a useful resource helps in
reduction of overall waste generation of a household. Vermicomposting is an
effective process of turning organic debris into worm casting.Worms work
45
effectively both on the soil and the waste matter producing a nutrient-rich, soil
conditioner and an organic fertilizer. Red wiggler is an excellent worm for
vermicomposting. They reproduce quickly and can eat the weight of their own
making them ideal for vermicomposting.
2.2.4 Materials
Embodied energy is the total energy required for the mining/extracting,
processing, manufacturing and delivering the building materials to the
construction site. Energy consumption produces carbon dioxide thereby
increasing the carbon footprint of the building. More the embodied energy,
more is the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The building materials used to reduce the total embodied energy were
pozzolana Portland cement, manufactured sand, recycled steel, Athangudi tiles,
Terrazzo tiles, Porotherm block and Terracotta tiles. Also, low VOC paints
(Volatile Organic Compound) were used for interior painting work to maintain
good indoor air quality.
2.2.5 Lifestyle
Unless and until one adopts a green lifestyle, it is next to impossible to have the
benefits of green building. For example, even if the lighting system is designed
to its optimum, if the lights are left on when not in use, the benefits of green
building is reversed. Therefore, green lifestyle changes must be made by
individuals to obtain maximum benefits from the green buildings. An important
part of sustainable development is equitable distribution of spaces. A key
component of green buildings and green lifestyle is to assess the area assigned
per person in the building. This area should neither be too high or too little and
therefore the area given to a person should be optimal. SVA GRIHA gives
threshold range for optimal space for residential building per capita as
12.5sqm<area under consideration <50 sqm.
Built up area of one residence= 14.94x9.75m=145.665sq.m
Space available per capita = 145.665/5=29.133sq.m
Therefore, the space available per person in the building was neither too high
nor too little and was well within the threshold range. Another component of
green lifestyle is to avoid the maximum use of private vehicles and opt for
public transport as much as possible. The use of private vehicles cannot be
forced on individuals therefore it depends on individuals to opt for a greener
lifestyle. Hence as an alternative, to avoid the excessive use of private vehicles,
key facilities/services such as restaurant, school, hospital, bus stop and super
market were located within the vicinity of the building.
46
To reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to encourage green lifestyle, each
house was provided with one bicycle.
2.3. Estimation and Cost Benefit Analysis of Green Building
2.3.1 Abstract of Cost
The building was designed as stilt plus four stories with a site area of 2400 sq.ft
and built-up area of 6336 sq.ft. The detailed estimation and the rate analysis of
the green building were done and the abstract of cost is shown in Table 2.
2.3.2 Cost Benefit Analysis
Cost benefit analysis was done to find the payback period of the Green
building. Payback period is the time taken for the benefits to repay the cost of
the initial investment. The savings due to the green parameters are shown in the
Table 3.
3. Results and Discussions
The estimation and the rate analysis of the conventional building were carried
out and the final rates for all the jobs were found through final BOQ. Table 1
shows the complete abstract of cost for the conventional building. The total cost
of construction was found to be Rs.9857527.34.
Table 1: Abstract of Cost for Conventional Building
Sl.No. Item Amount (INR)

1 Excavation 84926.23
2 PCC in foundation 76170.53
3 Total RCC 4408509.59
4 Flooring 1665156.05
5 Plastering 488780.56
6 Painting 461074.02
7 Block work 1031893.00
8 Dadoing 181339.86
9 Electrical and sanitary work 1259677.48
10 Front elevation 200000.00
TOTAL 9857527.34
The total built-up area of this building was 7208sq.ft therefore the cost of the
building per sq.ftwas9857527.34/ 7208 = Rs.1367.58/sq.ft.
47
The analysis of building for Daylight in ECOTECT gives the following results
shown in Figure 5 and the Sun path diagram for the window is shown in Figure
6.By optimizing the horizontal sun shade device, the window was shaded from
9:00am to 5:00pm. This reduced the direct heat gain from sunlight into the
building. Also, the average daylight factor was 4.95% which is within the
recommended value of NBC.
(Source: ECOTECT Analysis)

Figure 5: Daylight Analysis in ECOTECT
(Source: ECOTECT Analysis)

Figure 6: Sun Path Diagram
48
The analysis for artificial lighting system in DIALUX resulted in the following
output file; the LPD for the room considered was found to be 2.18 W/m2 which
is less than the maximum LPD prescribed by ECBC. The average luminance
value of the room considered was 154lux which gives good visual comfort to
the occupants. The single sheet output for the room considered was shown in
the Figure 7.
(Source: DIALUX Analysis)

Figure 7: Single Sheet Output from DIALUX
The embodied energy of the conventional building was calculated and was
found to be 2405477.43 MJ which comes up to 333.7 MJ/sq.ft whereas the
embodied energy of the green building was found to be 1700295.73 MJ which
is 268.35 MJ/sq.ft. This shows that the embodied energy of the green building
is significantly reduced by 19.59%.
The detailed estimation and rate analysis of green building were done adopting
all the 14 SVA criteria and the green materials. The total cost of construction
was found to be Rs. 9449276and is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Abstract of Cost for Green Building
Sl. No. Item Amount (INR)
1 Excavation 29365.99
2 PCC in foundation 88045.47
3 Total RCC 3200815.56
4 Flooring (Athangudi tiles, granite, terrazzo 1378343.90
tiles)
5 Plastering(internal) 266454.28
6 Painting(interior) 277161.21
49
Sl. No. Item Amount (INR)

7 Block work 1198912.91
8 Dadoing 209374.33
9 Electrical and sanitary work 1657118.31
10 Solar photovoltaic system 720000
11 Solar hot water system 56000
12 Soft scaping 10000
13 Rain water harvesting 122684.48
14 Vermi-composting 15000
15 Bicycles 40000
10 Front elevation 200000
TOTAL 9449276
(Source: Estimation of Green Building Components)
The total built-up area of this building is 6336sq.ft therefore the cost of the
building per sq.ft will be 9449276/ 6336 = Rs.1491.36/sq.ft
Comparing the construction cost of the conventional building and the green
building, it was found that the increment in the initial cost of the green building
was found to be 9.05%.
The adoption of green components such as solar PV system, solar hot heaters
and rain water harvesting system adopted costed up to Rs.9,63,684.48andthe
amount saved each year due to green parameters is1,44,508and is shown in
Table 3.
Table 3: Savings Due to Green Parameters
Sl.no Description Cost of Units Cost Amount
Installation (Rs) Saved Per saved (Rs)
Year
1 Solar PV 720000 19856 kW 5.5 /unit 1,09,208
system
2 Solar hot water 56000 5600 kW 5.5/unit 30,800
system
3 Rain water 122684.48 1,00,000 45 4,500
harvesting Rs/1000
liters
4 Softscape 10000 -
5 Vermi 15000 -
composting
6 Bicycle 40000 -
Total 9,63,684.48 Total 1,44,508
(Source: Estimation of Green Building Elements)
50
The Cost Benefit analysis of the of the building after using green parameters
was found to be 9,63,684.48/1,44,508 = 6.67 years.
4. Conclusion
It is a known fact that sustainable construction is the need of the hour and it has
to be incorporated at the micro level. Therefore, it is very much necessary to
make the residential sector green as it comprises of most of the construction
industry. This paper gives an insight about the methodology that needs to be
carried out for green building construction. It also compares the cost of green
building to that of a conventional residential building and also gives the
payback period required to recover the initial amount.
It was found that the cost increment for the construction of the green building
was 9.05% and the payback period was 6.67 years. By making use of low
energy materials the overall embodied energy of the construction was reduced
by 19.59%.This work encourages and motivates the people to opt the green
construction by briefing them about the benefits and methods to achieve them.
References
Abhinaya, K. S., Kumar,V. R. P.,Krishnaraj, L., (2017). Assessment and
remodelling of a conventional building into a green building using BIM.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research.1676-1681.
Gupta,A., (2017). Building a green home using local resources andsuistainable
technology in Jammu region- A case study. International Conference-
Alternative and Renewable Energy Quest,AREQ. 59-69.
Jha,K. N., &Vyas,G. S., (2018). What does it cost to convert a non-rated
building into a green building. Suistainable Cities and Society. 107-115.
Leblebici,N., Urur,L. O., (2018). An examination of the LEED green building
certification system in terms of construction costs. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews. 1476-1483.
Ozorhon, B., Aktas, B., (2015). Green building certification process of existing
buildings in developing countries: Case from Turkey. American Society
of Civil Engineers.Volume 10. 1-8.
Joshi,R., Pathak,M., Singh,A. K., (2014). Designing self-energy sufficient
building in India. ISES Solar World Congress. 3110-3119.
Zhiwei,Y., Chen,L.,Bingbing,S., (2014). Application of green construction
technology in construction projects. ICCREM: Smart Construction and
Management in the Context of New Technology. 389-397.
51
Comparative Calculation of Carbon Footprint of

Conventional Self-Compacting Concrete and Green
Self-Compacting Concrete using Dholpur Sandstone
Slurry
Prarthita Basu1, Ramesh Chandra Gupta2 and Vinay Agarwal3
Abstract
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is the new generation concrete, which is used
globally in the concrete sector. The capability of flow in between narrow
reinforcement is the prime reason for its growing popularity. Use of maximum
amount of powder content makes this concrete workable and increases its
usefulness in congested reinforced concrete structures like column, tunnel,
metro, bridges. The primary powder content in SCC is cement. Increasing
demand for cement content is directly proportional to increase in carbon
footprint. Carbon footprint is a stimulant for Assessment of Life Cycle (LCA)
of concrete. Self-compacting concrete may only be accountable as sustainable
concrete, when cement content is decreased up to the minimum requirement as
per grade of concrete. Introducing other alternative powder material will reduce
the cement content along with maintaining fresh properties, strength
characteristics and durability properties. Dimensional stones (Granite, Marble,
Limestone and Sandstone) are the predominant construction materials since
ancient times for plenty of availability from the natural rocks. In different stages
of processing of stone, various by-products are generated. These by-products
are discarded as waste materials which create environmental hazards. Sandstone
slurry waste is used as partial replacement of cement at 5%, 15%,25% and 35%.
In this research, CO2 emission of conventional self-compacting concrete
compared with self-compacting concrete made with Dholpur sandstone slurry.
CO2 emission stages include production of raw material, transportation of
material and production of concrete. In this work authors intends to draw a
comparative calculation of CO2 emission from rich SCC using >550kg/m3
1
PhD Research Scholar, Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur,
India Email: sprarthitas@gmail.com
2
Professor, Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
3
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur,
India
52
cement and green SCC using 380-315 kg/m3 cement with the use of sandstone
slurry waste as partial replacement of cement in Self-Compacting Concrete.
Keywords: Sandstone Slurry; CO2 Emission; Self-Compacting Concrete;
Carbon Footprint.
1. Introduction
1.1 General
As per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC
COP9 Rep. 2004), defined sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs”. Sustainability depends upon three pillars (Social Life Cycle
Assessment, Environment Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Life Cycle
Assessment).Presently, Environment Life Cycle Assessment is one of the
essential issues for sustainability of the construction industry. In recent trend,
Green House Gases (GHG’s) are the main threat towards environmental
sustainability by increasing carbon footprint. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC, 2007 a, b) stated that, Greenhouse gases are classified
to natural and anthropogenic gaseous constituents, which take up and release
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared
radiation emitted by the earth’s surface and atmosphere. It is noticed that, post
industrialization the concentration of greenhouse gas in atmosphere is increased
rapidly. The major GHG’s are Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and F-Gasses (Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons and
Sulphur Hexafluoride).The percentage of CO2 emission from fossil fuel and
industrial processes is about 65%, from forestry and another land use the
emission of carbon is around 11%, the emission of methane, nitrous oxide and
F-gases are respectively 16%, 6% and 2%.
As per, Global Carbon Budget 2017 report, the top carbon dioxides emitters
countries are China (30%), United States (15%), The European Union (9%),
India (7%), Russian Federation (5%), Japan (4%) and Other (30%) respectively.
As per data released by the European Commission, In India per capita, CO2
emission increases from 655461.62 k ton (1990) to 2419637.23 k ton (2015).
India’s CO2 emission increased in the year of 2017 by 4.6% (Figure-1) and
recently our country is the world's fourth largest emitter of CO2.
The following are the most energy-intensive industry in India: Cement,
Aluminium, Fertilizer, Glass, Paper, Iron and Steel as shown in Table-1.As
concrete is the most consumed material after water, with the growing
53
population its demand is also increased. Concrete not only consume raw
materials, but it also consumes electrical energy. The prime binding material in
concrete is cement. The production of Portland cement evolves expenses of
mining limestone, still it is less costly material than steel or other material.
Though, till date we do not have other option rather than concrete due to its
economic advantage. Thus, it will become the mainstay of the construction
industry.
Study shows that in the year 1990, CO2 equivalent emission is 24,510 which is
increased to 102,710 (23%) CO2 equivalent emission. Further investigations
were carried out by various researchers (Kumar et al. 2003; Sharma et al. 2009,
2011) in the year of 2003 to 2011, increment of CO2 equivalent emission was
168,378 & 189,987 noted. From various data analysis, it is calculated that one
ton of cement produces around 0.93 ton of Co2 and a significant amount of
other greenhouse gases (GHG's).The global warming potential (GWP) of
GHG’s indicated in (Table-2) for CO2 e. The only way is to make concrete
more sustainable and try to minimise the CO2 emission
Figure 1: Global CO2 Emission
54
(Source: UNEP Meeting Report, 2003)

Figure 2: Life Cycle Assessment Process
Table 1: Key Source Categories of Emissions

Source Category CO2 Equivalent (Gg) Cumulative Percentage
CO2 of total
Equivalent CO2
(Gg) Equivalent
Electricity Production 7,19,303 7,19,303 35.84
Enteric Fermentation 2,22,804 9,42,107 46.93
Residential 1,30,477 10,72,584 53.43
Road Transport 1,23,434 11,96,018 59.57
Nonspecific Industries 88,231 12,84,249 63.97
Agricultural Soils 70,037 13,54,286 67.45
Rice Cultivation 69,789 14,24,075 70.93
Iron and steel 69,534 14,93,609 74.39
Refinery 67,815 15,61,424 77.76
Cement Production 67,219 16,28,643 81.11
Iron and Steel Production 47,782 16,76,425 83.49
Cement 44,778 17,21,203 85.72
Agricultural/Fisheries 33,445 17,54,648 87.38
Refinery 32,947 17,87,594 88.102
Food and Beverages 27,718 18,15,313 90.4
Domestic Wastewater 22,982 18,38,295 91.55
Industrial Wastewater 22,050 18,60,345 92.65
Chemicals 18,930 18,79,275 93.59
Oil and Natural gas 18,259 18,97,534 94.5
Production of Halocarbons 16,632 19,14,166 95.32
(Source: INCCA. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) [5]
55
Table 2: Global Warming Potential (GWP) of GHGs Used for Co2 e for a
100 Year Time Horizon
Gas GWP
Carbon Dioxide 1
Methane 21
Nitrous Oxide 310
HFC-134a 1300
HFC-23 11700
Tetrafluoromethane 6500
Hexafluoroethane 9200
Sulphur Hexafluoride 23900
(Source: INCCA. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) [5]
In recent scenario, designing process of any structure must include
sustainability factors. Which includes raw material selection, best use of waste,
the technology used, durability, safety and serviceability of the structure.Life
Cycle Assessment (Figure-2),is evolved with raw materials life, processing of
material, manufacturing process of product, transportation of raw material &
product, use of product, repair techniques and disposal or recycling. According
to ISO:14040 and IS:14044 standards, LCA is having four phases as shown in
Figure-2.
In a report by (Kennedy et al., 2009; 2010) stated that, there is a strong need felt
by the governments organizations to minimise emissions of greenhouse gases
from anthropogenic origin, which is typically responsible for global warming
issue. Carbon footprint assessment is the key factor to calculate CO2 emissions
from various industry. As researchers are aware that, minimization of
greenhouse gas emissions may reduce the abrupt climate change, interest has
been developed in this issue. This awareness leads to estimating greenhouse gas
emissions by various organizations and developing strategies to reduce their
emissions.
“Carbon footprint” is defined as a measure of the production of the greenhouse
gas from pre and post industrialization. Andrew (2008) says that, carbon
dioxide equivalent (Co2e) is the total greenhouse gas emissions of an area,
which is the count of the carbon footprint of that area. As per, International
Organization for Standardization report 14064-1 (2006, 2006a, 2006b) stated
that, Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is a measuring unit for comparing the
radiative forcing of a GHG (measure of influence of a climatic factor in
changing the balance of energy radiation in the atmosphere) to that of carbon. It
56
is the amount of carbon dioxide by weight that is emitted into the atmosphere
that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a given weight of
another radiatively active gas.
Carbon dioxide equivalents are calculated by multiplying the weight of the gas
being measured by its respective global warming potential (GWP). It is a
relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It
compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to
the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. As defined by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a GWP is an indicator
that reflects the relative effect of a greenhouse gas in terms of climate change
considering a fixed time, such as 100 years (GWP100). GWP is expressed as a
factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1). Madihally (1999)
says that, GWP depends on factors such as absorption of infrared radiation by a
given species, spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths and the
atmospheric lifetime of the species. The Science of Climate Change: Summary
for Policymakers (1995) showed that (http://unfccc.int/;), The Global warming
potentials of major greenhouse gases over the next 20 years are 1 for CO2, 25
for CH4, 298 for nitrous oxide.
Carbon Trust (2007a, b) report and Bhatia (2008) concluded that, by increasing
awareness regarding global warming, GHG’s emission, thoroughly discussions
about detrimental effect on environment and climate change may leads to
reduce Carbon footprints. It provides valuable information to the policy makers
and the local municipalities for making sustainable planning and construction.
Various industrial by-product and waste products are used at present to make
"green concrete". The most effective way to reduce carbon emission is a
reduction in cement consumption. Cement can be replaced partially with by-
product or waste product, without disturbing the strength & durability
characteristics. Various researches often indicate a reduction in cement content
in concrete is the first step towards making green concrete.
The aim of this paper is to introduce a simple method for calculating and
producing green concrete with the help of alternative material selection. The
inventory data of concrete’s raw materials, transportation process and concrete
production processes are collected through various sources such as cement
companies, aggregate plants, ready-mixed plants and from literature survey.
Methodology for calculating the total CO2 emission in manufacturing process is
proposed based on the obtained data. Example calculations are provided
including by changing the mix proportions or using sandstone slurry.
57
1.2 Self-Compacting Concrete

In the year of 1986, SCC was first proposed by Prof. Okamura at Ouchi
University, Japan. After Japan, this project further investigated by European
concrete society. After several practical experiment, EFNARC was developed
by them, which provides thumb rules of SCC along with fresh concrete test
methods. Mix design are in line with EFNARC (2005) guidelines. The main
constituents of SCC are Cement, Fly ash, Coarse Aggregate, supplementary
cementitious material, filler material, Fine aggregate, Viscosity Modifying
agent, Water along with admixture. Self-Compacting concrete does not require
any vibration. Use of more powder content than cement concrete along with the
use of Viscosity Modifying Agent makes this concrete flow able and useful in
narrow construction.
The main disadvantage of SCC is its requirement of high content of
cementitious material, which increase the value of carbon footprint. Therefore,
a need of an alternative material is required. No other material is found which
may act as cement in such a low cost. So, researchers have proposed a new
method of design where, minimum cement content is used as per grade of
concrete and rest of the powder content filled with waste product from stone
industry.
Table 3: SCC Type as per Powder Content
SCC Type Powder Content (Cement) kg/m3
Rich SCC >550
Regular SCC 550-450
Lean SCC 450-380
Green SCC 380-315
ECO-SCC <315
(Source: Hubert WITKOWSKI [14])
Witkowski (2015) classified SCC in different types based on consumption of
powder content as indicated in Table-3. Although producing ECO-SCC is
difficult due to its binder content is very less for designing higher grade of
concrete, alternative materials are used to achieve this. Making of Green-
Concrete is comparatively easy, and various researchers successfully make it.
Selected aspects of these issues are presented here.
1.3 Dimensional Stone Waste
Granite, Marble, Slate, Sandstone, Limestone and Quartzite are the main stones
produced in India. Previously, these stones are used domestically in India only,
58
but now-a-days, these are exported in overseas also. India positions 3rd in the
world stone exports. The exterior of naturally arose stone is polished by various
abrasive treatment to give the appropriate shape. This procedure comprises
chamfering, cutting and polishing, which produces an enormous quantity of
stone slurry (fig-3).Due to unavailability of dumping yard, stone slurry is
dumped in the open landfill, which decreases the productivity of soil. These
wastes are disposed of by the road sides. When turbulent arises (March-June),
these small particlesget mixed with air and causes severe health damages and
respiratory problems. During rainy season the particles are mixed with water
and it gets contaminated. Which also comes with water-borne diseases? To
resolve the Industrial problem and environmental issue along with economic
benefit, the best way is to use this slurry waste in the construction industry.
(Source: Compiled by authors)

Figure 3: Waste Generation during Cutting, Grinding & Polishing Stage
1.4 Sandstone Slurry
South India, Gujarat and Rajasthan are the important states of stone occurrence
in India. The value production of Sandstone from Rajasthan is more than 99%
of all over the country( Table no.7). Sandstones are supplied in nearby places
of Rajasthan i.e. Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Punjab, Chandigarh for construction use
purpose as well decorative purpose. The demand of sandstone is not only in
India, but it is also exported to UAE, Japan & Canada. Main exploration
activity areas of Sand Stone are Eastern Rajasthan (Dholpur, Karauli, Sawai
Madhopur & Khatu), Western Rajasthan (Jodhpur & Nagaur) and South-East
part of Rajasthan. As per Indian Bureau of Mines (2015) report, Geographical
distribution of sandstone is given in Table-4and Table- 5. Grainsize distribution
is given in Table no-6
59
Table 4: Area wise Sandstone Production

Place of Occurrence Area in Hectare % of Production
Karauli 264 30%
Dholpur 264.05 30%
Jaisalmer 112 13%
Jodhpur 111 13%
Barmer 108 12%
Bhilwara 11 1%
(Source: Book IM. 2015. Indian Minerals Mine Book Vol-III, Indian Bureau of
Mines 2015) [15]
Sandstone is accounted as excellent building material due to its acid and alkali
resistance characteristics. It also possesses thermal resistant characteristics. Due
to this reason, it is widely used in chemical industry. It has uniform particle size
distribution along with regular bedding makes this stone sustainable in
durability aspect also. In this work, dry Sandstone slurry powder from Dholpur
(Eastern Rajasthan) is used. This product is received from the extraction,
grinding & polishing process. Figure-3 indicated detail of slurry production.
Table 5: Exploration Activities of Sandstone
Region of Exploration % Occurrence
Vindhyan and Trans Aravalli 68.64
Eastern Rajasthan 19.6
Western Rajasthan 11.76
Mines 2015)
Table 6: Sandstone Classification as per Grain Size Distribution
Grain Size
Sandstone Types Color
Distribution
Jhalarapatan Sandstone Fine grained White to Buff grey, Red, Cream
Khatu Sandstone Fine grained Creamish white in color
Fine to Medium Purple, Reddish Brown with pale
Lower Bhander sandstone
grained white bands
Fine to Medium
Upper Bhander Sandstone Reddish Brown with cream spots
grained
Medium to Coarse
Jodhpur Sandstone Red and Buff white
Grained
60
Table 7: Quartzite Sandstone Value Production

2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014
India Rajasthan India Rajasthan India Rajasthan
7737267 7113770 7612211 7390220 6529443 6517832
Mines 2015) [15]
2. Inventory Data
2.1 Inventory of GHG Emissions from Various Industries
The database which is used in this work are collected from various
governmental book (Indian Mineral Year Book published by the Ministry of
Mines) and relevant publications, data from other countries and data published
by India private Sectors.As per, Indian, I. N. C. C. Areport,Table-8 shows the
inventory of GHG emissions from various industry.
Table 8: Inventory of GHG Emissions of Anthropogenic Origin by Sources
and Removals by Sinks for the Year 2007 (in Gg; 1 Gg = 1000 Tonnes)
Sector CO2 Emission CH4 N2O CO2 Equivalent
Energy
Fuel combustion activities 12,85,814.30 2,457.22 55.53 13,54,629.04
Energy industries 7,84,367.53 11.22 11.01 7,88,016.99
Electricity production 7,15,829.84 8.08 10.66 7,19,302.73
Refinery 67,643.22 3.14 0.34 67,814.93
Manufacturing of solid fuel 894.47 0.01 0.02 899.33
Manufacturing industries 2,58,101.76 3.8 2.97 2,59,102.38
construction Transport 1,38,984.01 17.89 8.25 1,41,918.47
Commercials/institutional 1,657.00 0.3 0.02 1669.5
Residential 69,427.00 2,420.00 33 1,30,477.00
Agricultural/fisheries 33,277.00 4 0.27 33,444.70
Fugitive emission from fuels 1,603.71 33,677.99
Sub-total 12,85,814.30 4,060.93 55.53 13,88,307.03
(Source: Indian, I. N. C. C. A. "India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007." (2010)

[16]
61
2.2 Raw Materials

2.2.1 Cement
The inventory data of cement from various manufacturers is given in following
section. For this study various cement producing Indian companies have been
analysed. Their emission per tonne of cement produced has been calculated
using the process of shown in the equation below. The average emission is 0.85
tonnes co2e per tonne of cement production. An emission per ton of cement
produced is known as the emission factor.
Efuel + Eelectricity+ E captive + E non-energy+ E Raw = E Total (1)
Emission Factor = ETotal / QCement (2)
2.2.2 Aggregate
In the case of coarse aggregate, the production requires the use of explosions to
blast rock surfaces into boulders and medium sized rocks, and then follows
using diesel excavator and hauler to remove the boulders and dump them in the
electrical crushing and screening machine. Since the actual data from local
producers is currently not available, the data as shown in Table-9 is obtained
from the study of Flower & Sanjayan JG, which the emission factor of coarse
aggregate is calculated based on manufacturing process such as blasting,
crushing, screening and stock piling.
Table 9: Emission Inventory Data of Coarse Aggregate Production
Aggregate Type CO2 Emission Production (kg-CO2/tonne of
Aggregate)
Coarse-Granite 45.9
(Source: Flower DJ) [18]
62
(Source: GHG Inventory & GHG Intensity Ranking Cement sector in India
balance Solutions Pt. Ltd (2010) [17]
Figure: 4: CO2 Emission Inventory Data of Cement from Various
Manufacturers
As for the fine aggregate, most of the fine aggregates used in India are river
sand. The production process is quite simple: retrieving, screening and stock
piling. To retrieving sand from the bottom of the river, sand pumps with 150 up
to 700 hp are used. The diameters of a pipe connect to the sand pump are varied
from 4” to 12” (200 to 300 mm). Depending on the size of the pump and
diameter of the pipe, the average production capacity could vary from 18,000 to
40,000 yd3 (13,743 to 30,542 m3) per month. We have assumed, with average
amount of sand obtained around 22,000 m3 per month and approximate
electricity usage per month of 71,520 kW, the average power used in production
is 3.25 kW/1 m3-sand. Based on data obtained from Electrical Generation
Authority of India & Sukontasukkul P, the average CO2 gas emission per 1 kW
of electricity is equal to 0.545 kg-CO2/kW. Multiplying these two numbers
63
together yields the amount of CO2 emission per 1 m3 of sand equal to 1.77 kg-
CO2/m3-sand. Assuming the specific gravity of sand of 2.6, this amount of CO2
emission per weight of sand can be obtained equal to 4.6 kg-CO2/ton-sand.
Table 10: Emission Inventory Data of Fine Aggregate Production
Aggregate Average Power CO2 Converting SG. CO2 Emission
Type Usage (kW/m3) Factor Electricity Sand (kg-CO 2/ton-
(CO2/kW) sand)
Fine-River 3.25 × 0.545 × 2.6 4.6
Sand
(Source: Sukontasukkul P) [19]
2.2.3 Mixer
Portable mixer Types of portable mixer can be categorized based on the size
(i.e., capacity). There are two types available in the market, 0.1 m3 and 0.2 m3.
In general, each portable mixer is usually equipped with a 3-hp motor. Based on
the data collected from several construction sites and reported by
Sukontasukkul P, a 0.2m3 mixer may be produced 1.0 m3 of concrete per hour
(approximately 12 mins per mix). Using this data and assuming the efficiency at
80%, the amount of CO2 emitted by a 0.2 m3 operated for an hour may be
calculated equal to 1.61 kg-CO2/m3 of concrete (Table-11).
Table 11: Emission Inventory Data of Portable Mixer
Mixer Quantity Power CO2 Converting CO2 from
Capacity (m3) (m3/hr) Usage Factor Electricity Operation (kg-
(KW/hr) (kg-CO2/KWh) CO2/m3-
concrete)
0.2 0.8 2.238 0.575 1.61
(Source: Sukontasukkul P [19])
3. Calculating Method
With all necessary inventory data is determined, to calculate the CO2 Emission
Factor of any concrete with known mix proportion, the following equation is
proposed:
For concrete mix with portable mixer,
EFPortConc= Wcx EFcement + Wcax EFcoarse aggregate + Wfax EFfine aggregate + EFportable
(3)
64
Where,
Wc= Weight of cement per 1 m3 of concrete (kg)
Wca = Weight of coarse aggregate per 1 m3 of concrete (kg)
Wfa= Weight of fine aggregate per 1 m3 of concrete (kg)
EFc= Emission factor-cement (kg-CO2/t-cement)
EFca= Emission factor-coarse aggregate production (kg-CO2/t-aggregate)
EFfa= Emission factor-fine aggregate (kg-CO2/t-fine aggregate)
EFportable= Emission factor from operating portable mixer (kg-CO2/m3 Conc.)
4. Experimental Programme
In this paper, sandstone slurry is partially replaced with cement in the range of
0% to 35% with a consecutive gap of 5%. Following Table-12 shows the
proportion of cement and sandstone slurry.
Table 12: Mix proportion of Powder Content
Total Minimum Cement Cement Used As Sand Stone Slurry Used
Powder for M-30 Grade of Filler As Filler
Content Concrete (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
600 380 220 0
600 380 190 30
600 380 160 60
600 380 130 90
600 380 100 120
600 380 70 150
600 380 40 180
600 380 0 220
CO2 emission from a different type of SCC, based on cement consumption
shows that, for Green SCC, emission of CO2 is less than 30.56% than a rich mix
of SCC, which contain cement content about 570kg/m3. It directly indicates that
more use of cement in concrete is having a detrimental effect on the
environment and it increases the rate of carbon footprint. From the above
calculations, it is noted that the use of lower cement content increases the
requirement of using aggregate in higher proportions. As scarcity of fine
aggregate (sand) is already started in a few areas of India, the alternative
65
material of fine aggregates needs to be used. In this case manufacturing sand,

stone dust, crusher dust shows good results in strength as well as durability.
Table 13: Mix Proportion and CO2 Emission of Concrete (Portable Mixer)
Green- Lean- Regular
S/N Materials Rich SCC
SCC SCC SCC
Cement (kg/m3) 380 450 510 570
Emission Factor
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
1 (kg-CO2/kg)
Total Emission kg-
323 382.5 433.5 484.5
CO2
Sand Stone Slurry
220 150 90 30
(kg/m3)
Emission Factor
2 0.0046 0.0046 0.0046 0.0046
(kg-CO2/kg)
Total Emission kg-
1.012 0.69 0.414 0.138
CO2
Fine
807 807 807 807
Aggregate(kg/m3)
Emission Factor
3 0.0046 0.0046 0.0046 0.0046
(kg- CO2/kg)
Total Emission kg-C
3.7122 3.7122 3.7122 3.7122
CO2
Coarse
776 776 776 776
Aggregate(kg/m3)
Emission Factor
4 0.0459 0.0459 0.0459 0.0459
(kg- CO2/kg)
Total Emission kg-
35.6184 35.6184 35.6184 35.6184
CO2
Portable Mixer (1
5 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61
m3)
Total kg- CO2
Emission for 1 m3 364.9526 424.1306 474.8546 525.5786
concrete making
Above study shows that, total emission in Rich SCC is more than green SCC @
30.56%.
5. Conclusions
Self-Compacting concrete is an advanced technology in the construction
industry, and its use is limited to only commercial projects. It includes various
66
aspects related to sustainability of the concrete with the maximum amount of

cement content used. A much more in-depth combined study is needed to the
analysis of self-compacting concrete, carbon footprint and LCA of the
structures. However, this paper deals only with the carbon footprint and relates
sustainability of different type of SCC concerning cement content. The
conclusions are as follows:
 Cement content is one of the prime constituents of SCC, from the
calculations with CO2 emission coefficient, it is concluded that less
cement content decreases the emission about 30.56% than Rich SCC
(Cement content 570kg/m3).
 The CO2 emission of portable mix concrete may be calculated using
equation provided in calculating method in clause no. 3. For, ready mix
concrete CO2 emission is on lower side rather than portable mix
operation. For ready mix concrete average emission factor for 1m3
concrete is equivalent to 1.23kg-CO2.
 If, lower cement content is used than the higher quantity of aggregate
need to be used. In this case manufactured sand, crushed stone waste,
stone dust and construction-demolition waste may be used.
Supplementary cementitious materials may also used to reduce cement
content.
 Sandstone slurry may also use as filler in self-compacting concrete
attaining minimum requirement of cement content.
Acknowledgments (if applicable):
The data reported in this study in Introduction part is based on information
provided from several research projects. The Authors would like to
acknowledge the contribution made to these by Centre for Development of
Stones (CDOS) (Govt. of Rajasthan, India) & Malaviya National Institute of
Technology, Jaipur, India.
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69
Living Roofs – The Future is Alive

Mansoor Ali Dhundasi1 and Anuradha S Tanksali2
Abstract
Concrete jungle is the newly coined name of the extensively sprawling urban
areas. Tropical countries are getting exposed to various issues due to reduction
in vegetation and scanty rainfall. The eco-friendly concepts tackling these
problems have become inevitable in all the semi-arid urban sectors for their
sustainable development.
We would like to propose one such concept - Living Roof or Green Roof. The
proposal is to have the concrete jungles supported with technically
strengthened, eco-friendly roof vegetation. Along with the healthy protection, it
has an added advantage of reduced temperature, energy consumption, air
pollution, enhanced rain water harvesting and aesthetic appearance.
As an experimental setup, a living roof of 25m2 was established on the roof of a
room on a residential building at Vijayapur, Karnataka. A reduction of 5-15
degree Celsius in the internal room temperature and 60-70 % cost reduction in
cooling charges was noted. Along with this the living roof produces oxygen that
is sufficient for 10 persons a day and reduction of air pollutants like particulate
matter and carbon dioxide, which resulted in the enhancement of air quality.
Keywords: Concrete Jungles; Sustainable Development: Living Roof; Eco-
Friendly; Temperature Reduction.
1. Introduction
Globally mankind is facing numerous issues like air pollution, global warming,
climate change, ozone layer depletion, draughts, famines, acid rain etc. The
causes for such may be Natural or Anthropogenic. It’s nearly impossible to
control the natural causes, so we have to at least try to control the anthropogenic
causes.
But sometimes in many situations it becomes inevitable to control those too and
hence the effects go on increasing day by day causing more and more severe
hazards to both Humans and other living beings. We should also keep in mind
1
Student PGP-PEM, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune
Email: mdhundasi@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, BLDEA’s College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur
70
that we are not just destroying our present environment but also Snatching the
Beautiful Future of our children. It is very necessary that a preventive measure
has to be introduced which should be eco-friendly and reimburse the
atmospheric conditions back to normal.
So in order to control those effects we have to implement a non – hazardous
and eco-friendly measure. Such one measure is the implementation of Living
Roofs. The Pioneer in the installation of Green Roofs was – Sweden and it was
started in the year 1914.
Many developed countries like U.S, Germany, Australia, Greece, Canada etc.
and many other developing countries like UK, France, are already showing
much development and research in the implementation of Green Roofs. Today,
it is estimated that about 10% of all German roofs have been “greened”.
As India is a Tropical Country the major problems mentioned are being faced
regularly. So we would like to introduce the concept of Living Roofs in our
own country and develop its application in a large sense and help in a
sustainable development of both health and growth of the country.
A Living Roof or Green Roof is a Roof of a building that is partially or
completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a
waterproofing membrane.
1.1 Introduction to Site
The current project location is at Vijayapur, near HDFC bank, Solapur road
(16˚15’36”N, 75˚42’30”E). The Living Roof has been installed on the roof of a
room at 2nd floor for an area of 25m2.
(Source: www.pinterest.com)
Figure 1A: Location of Site
71
(Source: Google DigitalGlobe Camera)

Figure 1B: Location of Site
The present site is a residential building which is prone to high temperatures of
45 degrees Celsius in the summer season and major pollutants near that area are
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
Megan Lewis, Tom Lipton et al.
A study in Florida found that the average maximum surface temperature of a
green roof was 30°C while the adjacent light-colored roof was 57°C.
Chicago estimated that its City Hall green roof project provided cooling savings
of approximately 9,270 kWh per year and heating savings of 21,688 kWh. This
translates into annual, building-level energy savings of about 2.5 lakhs.
(Source: Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies Green Roofs

2014)
Figure 2: Temperature Analysis of Chicago City Hall
72
During the winter months it is possible to gain up to an extra 25% insulation in

dry conditions by installing a green roof. It can also raise the outside
temperature of the roof on average by 4.5°C when the weather is cold; and
reduce heat loss due to wind by up to 50% compared to a bare roof. By keeping
the roof of your property covered in this way less heat is lost from the inside
meaning you won’t have to spend as much money to stay warm.2
In the summertime a green roof has the ability to keep properties cooler than
bare roofs by average of 15°C. It is not uncommon for homes and businesses to
spend more on air conditioning in a year than heating. Given the amount the
temperature outside of a building can affect the inside, installing a green roof
covering can reduce the need for artificial cooling systems by doing it naturally
for you.
Amy Moran, Dr. Bill hunt, and Dr. Greg Jennings
Water retention data and peak flow reduction data was gathered at the WCC
Greenroof in Goldsboro, NC for nine consecutive months from April 2003 to
December 2003. Due to technical problems at the research site, water retention
data and peak flow reduction data was gathered for only four months at the
Nature Center Greenroof in Kinston, NC. Kinston data is available for July
(only a portion of July is available), August, November, and December 2003.
Table 1 displays a summary of the results for each greenroof research site.
Water retention was calculated for each individual rain event by subtracting the
depth of greenroof runoff (mm) from the depth of rainfall (mm) of each rain
event. The term “retention” refers to the amount of precipitation that is
temporarily stored within the system and then lost due to evapotranspiration.
Runoff data for either control roof was not used due to technical problems and
unreliable data.
Table 1: Summary of Water Retention Data & Peak Flow Reduction Data
73
Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn

In the year 2003 study was carried out on the concept of Living roofs with an
objective of - Public and private benefits of Green Roofs at the Mountain
Equipment Co-op, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They installed the vegetation of
wild flower meadow mix of sun flower seeds and perennial plants like lavender,
sedums etc. for an area of about 903 sqm. The research resulted with the
conclusion that a grass roof with 2,000 m2 of unmown grass (100 m2 of leaf
surface per m2 of roof) could cleanse 4,000 kg of dirt from the air per year (2 kg
per m2 of roof).
Ryan Bell, Robert Berghage, Hitesh Doshi et al.
Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies describes the causes
and impacts of summertime urban heat islands and promotes strategies for
lowering temperatures in U.S. communities. Green roof of 2 million Sqm.
would annually reduce about 6.0 tons of O3 and almost 6 tons of PM of less
than 10 microns. Researchers estimated that a 93 m2 green roof can remove
about 40 pounds of PM from the air in a year, while also producing oxygen and
removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. 40 Pounds of PM is
roughly how much 15 passenger cars will emit in a year of typical driving.
Umang Bedi, Sanchita Chauhan.
Different air pollutants have been described, differing in their chemical
composition, reaction properties, emission rates, persistence in the environment,
an ability to be transported over long or short distances and their eventual
impacts on human and animal health [6]. Pollutants are basically categorised as
a primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are those constituents
which are directly released from sources into the atmosphere.
The major primary pollutants which cause harm to living organism and natural
environment include carbon compounds (CO, CO2, CH4 and VOCs), nitrogen
compounds (NO, N2O and NH3), sulphur compounds (H2S and SO2), halogen
compounds and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) at high concentrations.
Secondary pollutants are not directly released into the atmosphere but by
reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. The major secondary
pollutants which cause harm to the environment include NO2, HNO3, and
Ozone (O3), sulphuric acid, nitric acid and organic aerosols
Nature and concentration of emissions from vehicles depend on the different
factors such as type of fuel, type of combustion engine, emission mitigation
techniques, maintenance procedures and vehicle age. Major air pollutants CO2,
74
CO, NOx, N2O, SO2, VOC, PM, and HC released as exhaust from road
transport from different types of vehicles per year are shown in Table 2 below
Table 2: For Emission Values of Pollutants by Different Vehicles (5)
CO2 CO NOx SO2 PM HC
Categories
g/km/year
Bus 28748.16 207.26 679.73 79.24 31.36 51.72
Omni Buses 8508.42 60.94 200.53 23.45 9.28 15.11
2-Wheeler 8701.08 719.64 62.15 4.25 16.36 464.5
LMV(Passenger) 4378.10 370.29 92.93 2.11 14.52 10.16
LMV(Goods) 44654.58 442.04 110.94 123.02 17.33 12.13
Cars and Jeep 23901.22 212.30 22.14 5.67 3.22 38.01
Taxi 2367.08 10.23 5.68 117.05 .80 1.48
Others 5705.22 57.41 64.54 32.19 3.98 8.96
(Source: Air pollution from vehicles: Health effects and emission control)
3. Objectives
To introduce vegetation in the concrete jungles and make them habitual for both
humans & animals. The following objectives are considered for present work.
A. To assess the Temperature differences between the outside atmosphere,
inside the room with Living Roof and a room without Living Roof.
B. To enhance the amount of oxygen in air and reduce the amount of air
pollutants such as Carbon dioxide, particulate matter etc.
C. To Harvest Rain Water.
D. To assess the reduction in amount of electricity consumed by electrical
appliances inside a room with living roof.
E. To increase the durability of roof, efficiency and aesthetical appearance.
4. Methodology
The concept, of construction of green roofs, can be implemented in already
constructed and to be constructed roofs. This concept not only helps in
establishing green roofs but also helps in storm water conservation. It is also an
efficient way of generation & conservation of electricity as it reduces the
internal temperature of the structure and hence saves the power consumption of
electrical appliances such as air conditioners, fans etc. Solar power generation
can also be included as a part of green roof concept.
75

Figure 3: Methodology
The method involved in installation of proposed Living Roof involves
1. Installation of different layers of Living Roofs.
2. Growing of the vegetation over the installed layers of Living Roofs.
3. Measurement of temperature variations between a room with Living Roof
and a room without Living Roof. (Note: Room 1- room with Living Roof,
Room 2- Room without Living Roof)
(Source: Compiled by Authors)

Figure 4: Measurement of Temperature by Thermometer
4. Calculation of amount of carbon dioxide consumed and oxygen liberated via
vegetation (grass).
5. Calculation of amount of rain water harvested in Living Roof.
6. Assessing the amount of electricity conserved after installation of Living
Roof (considering regular AC as case study).
76
7. Maintenance involves watering the plants.

Figure 5: Layers of Living Roof
5. Results
5.1 Temperature Analysis (Note: LR – Living Roof)

Figure 6: Graph Showing Temperature Analysis in the Morning at 10 A.M.
77

Figure 7: Graph Showing Temperature Analysis in the Afternoon at p.m.

Figure 8: Graph Showing Temperature Analysis in the Evening at 6 p.m
The graphs show the temperature analysis between the outside temperature
(red), inside temperature of room without living roof(yellow) and inside
temperature of room with living roof(green) at morning, afternoon and evening
resp. for one month during April 2018. It was observed that the inside
temperature of roof with living roof was between 27.2 – 30.3 ˚C which is
habitual temperature.
78

Figure 9 A: Roof of Room with Living Roof Figure 9 B: Roof of Room
without Living Roof
5.2 Enhancement of Quantity of Oxygen in the Atmosphere
It is estimated that 25sqft i.e. 2.32sqm of Living Roof produces oxygen of about
628kgs which is sufficient for one person a day (6). The present living roof has
an area of 25sqm. Hence it produces oxygen of about 6767kgs which is
sufficient for 10-11 persons a day.
5.3 Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
Assuming the owner of the house on the roof of which Living roof has been
established own one 2 wheeler and one car, the emission of particulate matter
from those vehicles for is calculated, the living roof consumed almost more
particulate matter than that of produced by those vehicles and also reduced
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide combined together in the form of carbon
absorption.
5.4 Quantity of Rain Water Harvested
Quantity of Rain water that can be harvested was calculated and it was found
for the present condition, the total rain water that can harvested was about 4.5
million liters approximately.
79
5.5 Analysis of Reduction in Electrical Energy Consumption for Cooling

Considering the room on which the Living Roof was established, the total
savings in consumption of electrical power to reduce the temperature from 40 C
to 25˚C was about 66.67% per month during summer.
6. Conclusions
The use of Living Roof is very helpful in
1. Application of Living roof reduces internal temperature of a room by 10-12
degree Celsius in the afternoon, hence provides a habitual temperature
inside the building.
2. It also reduces the costs of electrical appliances utilized for cooling up to
66.67%, hence making the building more Energy Efficient.
3. Application of Living Roof reduces the pollution caused by the vehicles to a
wide range, especially Particulate matter emission and Carbon emissions.
4. It increases the Quality of air by producing large amount of oxygen.
5. The living roof increases the Quantity of Rain water harvesting.
6. It increases the Lifespan of a roof and hence increases the Efficiency of the
roof.
7. Provides good Aesthetical appearance on the roof and Eco-friendly habitat
for both humans and other living beings.
Limitations
1. The cost of the Living Roof appears to be more, but its cost reduces if it
is constructed during the construction of the Roof. Comparing to the
benefits this cost expense can be compensated.
2. The maintenance of the living roof is less but the filter membrane has to
be changed after every few years as its life span is between 3-5 years.
And the grass has to be mown regularly to keep the aesthetical
appearance good
References
Bedi, U., & Chauhan, S. (2017). Air pollution from vehicles: Health effects and
emission control.
Mohammadi, R. (2016). Evaluation on the quality of green roof runoff based on
nutrients: Case study Jokimaa, Lahti.
Moran, A., Hunt, B., & Jennings, G. (2003). A North Carolina field study to
evaluate greenroof runoff quantity, runoff quality, and plant growth.
In World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2003 (pp. 1-10).
80
ÖNDER, S. (2014). Advances of Green Roofs for Environment in Urban

Areas. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri, 7(7), 2068-2074.
Peck, S. W., & Kuhn, M. (2003). Design guidelines for green roofs. Ontario
Association of Architects.
Website: Green roofs and insulation-EnviroMat, available at https://www.envir
omat.co.uk/green-roof-insulation
Website: OPEI: Absorbing Carbon Dioxide, available at http://opei.org/stewar
dship/absorbing-carbon-dioxide/
Wong, E., Akbari, H., Bell, R., & Cole, D. (2011). Reducing urban heat islands:
compendium of strategies. Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved
May, 12, 2011.
81
Necessity of Construction Environmental Management

(CEM) Drawing for Sustainable Construction Practices
Rohit Kumar1 and Ankit Kumar2
Abstract
Construction activity stands first in any development, which gives form to the
future built environment. Specifically, green building projects need various
strategies to be involved during construction stage to achieve better rating. The
best execution of these strategies can only be through construction
environmental management drawing of the project site. It directly impacts on
efficient use of material, recycle and reuse of waste, soil erosion control, air
quality, existing green cover, noise pollution reduction, natural drainage pattern,
on-site traffic movement and worker safety. CEM drawing ensures that the
various activities managed properly along with that it serves as a tool to support
sustainable aspects on site.
The research focuses to identify the positive impacts of CEM drawing during
construction stage according to green building guidelines and to analyse its
impact post occupancy, if any. It will also help to identify loopholes in existing
CEM practices to enhance it for the better sustainable construction activities.
Research methodology includes reviews of various green building assessment
methods across the world, study of research papers and case studies of existing
green development. Research outcome will be in the form of drawing as an
example of proposed CEM practices to achieve sustainability goal.
Keywords: Construction Environmental Management Drawing; Green
Building; Planning, Sustainability; Green Rating Parameters.
1. Introduction
Buildings, in their entire lifespan, have greater impacts on the environment and
are responsible for many geographical as well as other natural changes to the
environment. Construction is a major and initial phase of any development that
transforms the existing conditions as well as the behaviour of a land mass,
therefore, it becomes essential to develop and adopt certain
1 2
Student, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonipat,
India. Email: rohitkdesign@gmail.com
82
benchmarks/measures to reduce the negative impact on the environment due to

construction activities.
Construction environmental management site plan is a type of technical
drawing followed by project managers during all stages of construction and is
generally developed by sustainability consultants to achieve the prospective
green rating or environmental clearances. It performs as a guide for allocation
of spaces for all the onsite activities and commonly consists predefined
vehicular movement, waste collection & segregation areas, the location of
storage and material stacking, hap-hazard materials, space for topsoil
preservation along with a defined boundary for construction activities to
preserve highly dense green cover and other existing natural features on site.
Green rating authorities supervise the execution and ensure, through inspections
at various stages of construction that guidelines or parameters given in the
assessment method are being followed properly. In the case of large-scale
developments, it becomes imperative to prepare a proper schedule of activities
to reduce the complexity and CEM drawing is highly recommended for such
developments as it not only helps to make sustainable practices more effective
but also simplifies the execution of various unmanageable activities on site.
2. Research Methodology
Entire research has been completed by keeping in mind the basic requirements
of major Indian green building rating systems and other environmental
legislations related to construction activities in order to enhance existing CEM
drawing practices. The analytical approach has been adopted in three steps to
make research more applicable and to examine the part of sustainable exercises
over the construction site. In the first step, the contribution of green rating
assessment in construction management is analyzed to understand the
importance given to sustainable construction management practices in various
rating systems across the world. The second step explores the sustainable
management strategies. Various strategies in practice, are defined on the basis
of categories (existing natural features, water demand, pollution control, social
responsibility, and waste management) in order to interpret the role of CEM
drawing for execution of proposed directives. The final step is to find out the
scope of further improvement in existing practices in order to make CEM
drawing more effective to achieve sustainability goals beyond predefined limits
set by the green rating systems.
The source of construction management guidelines is taken from volume 2, part
7: construction management, practices and safety, National Building Code
2016. The study is primarily based on GRIHA (Green rating for integrated
83
habitat assessment) and the directives from GRIHA, version 2015, section -
construction management, criterion 5, 6 and 7 are considered as the principle
and fundamental basis of sustainability measurement as GRIHA guidelines are
developed for Indian context and are found to have maximum weightage in
comparative analysis. (See fig. 01)
3. Sustainable Construction Management and Green Rating
Systems
Worldwide, various agencies have developed their green building assessment
tools on single or multiple attribute bases to scale the impact of development on
the environment. These assessment tools consist of certain parameters with
'construction environment management' being one of the very common
parameters. Generally, in comparison to others fewer credits are given to this
parameter but that does not make it any lesser than the others as it encourages
safe, environmental as well as socially responsible construction practices.
Comparative analysis shows the contribution of sustainability-conscious
construction applications in various rating systems worldwide.(See Fig 01).
LEED: V4 BDC (Leadership in energy and environmental design version 4,
Building design and construction), GRIHA: V 2015 (Green rating for integrated
habitat assessment version 2015) and the Pearl rating system for Estidama
(Building rating system design and construction version 1.0) are analyzed
thoroughly and are found to have mandatory guidelines for construction
management along with optional requirements.
Weightage Percentage of Construction Management

Criterions in Major Green Rating Systems
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
IGBC Green star Estidama GRIHA LEED (NC)
Series1 9.0% 3.6% 3.4% 10.0% 3.6%

Figure 1: Construction Management Credits Percentage in Various Green
Rating Systems
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LEED is an international rating system and the projects from almost 150
countries are registered under LEED while GRIHA and IGBC are green rating
systems developed in consideration with Indian context and Indian building
practices. Green Star and The pearl rating system for Estidama are developed in
consideration with the context of Australia and United Arab Emirates
respectively.
4. Sustainable Construction Management Strategies
Sustainable strategies given in green assessment methods are collection of
directives given in national building code for best construction practices
specifically concerned with the environment. These strategies are executed on
site with the help of CEM drawing developed according to green building
guidelines. Compliance with maximum green criterions means achieving better
rating. Green rating agencies conduct audit visits on construction sites to
supervise and ensure the best implementation of the given guidelines. These
strategies can be categories on the following basis:
4.1 Minimize Disturbance to Existing Natural Features
 Top soil preservation
 Preservation of high density green cover
 Preservation of existing water bodies and natural drainage pattern
 Defined construction activity
4.2 Reduce Water Demand During Construction
 Use of pre- mixed concrete to prevent water loss during mixing.
 Reduce water consumption in curing by various strategies i.e. ponding
over flat slab, wet Jute bags covering over columns, mixing of curing
reducing agent in concrete.
 Use of collected rain water/ treated grey water/ waste water
 Storm water and sediment control.
4.3 Pollution Control
 High barricading around the site
 Sprinkling water on dusty areas.
 Heighted exhaust chimney of diesel generator set
 Spill prevention of hazardous materials
4.4 Social Responsibility
 Habitable accommodation for labour
 Crèche, if workers stay at construction site.
 Basic healthcare and medical emergency vehicle.
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4.5 Waste Management

 Allocation of waste segregation areas
 Minimize land fill by reducing construction waste.
 Allocation of material stacking.

Figure 2: Indicative Drawing of Construction Environmental Management
Plan
86
5. Current Practices and Strategies Implementation through

CEM Drawing
The fig. 02 shows indicative 'construction management plan. The conventional
practices suggested by Green rating system such as storm water collection,
material stacking, batching, preservation of heavily dense green cover, wheel
washing facility, marking of vehicular movement pattern, waste segregation and
recycling etc. have been followed with allocation of dedicated spaces for each
and every activity. Even though the plan follows the various the directives and
strategies suggested in Green ratings systems still there is still a lot more scope
for improvement in terms of sustainability. The intent of the study is to explore
these strategies to enhance sustainability of CEM drawings.
6. Finding the Scope of Improvement
CEM drawing can be developed in a manner to strengthen the sustainable
conscious practices. Generally, specific measures are shown on site level
drawing, which are to be further executed on construction sites. Extensive
analysis is necessary for every aspect to match with the sustainability targets
and to find out the innovative solutions to be executed through CEM drawing.
Current practices of CEM drawing development ignore some of the
sustainability measures due to lack of standard document for drawing evolution.
The analysis is based on reviews of research papers and guidelines developed
by various green building organisations. The whole study is based on four
sections i.e. water, resource recovery, pollution control, maintaining natural
features.
6.1 Water Resource
Water is relatively cheap and heavily consumed natural source on a
construction site and is one of the essential element for almost every activity,
including temporary accommodation, brick work, mortar preparing, grouting
and drilling, hydro-demolition, testing, etc. on a construction site. But some
activities can be easily identified that wastes good amount of water. As per the
report 'An action plan for reducing water usage on construction sites' (Waylen,
2011) following activities wastes more water.
 Dust suppression, wheel washing and suppression of roads.
 Lorry washing and washing of ready mix concrete vehicle.
 Site cleaning
 High pressure cleaning
87
Keeping in mind the water demand of various activities, site management team
should adopt strategies accordingly. Following recommendations might show
the potential to be adopted on site through CEM drawing:
 Water use activities can be defined according to the quality of water
required. At each point where water is used, it should be collected in an
underground water tank through sedimentation tank so that the same
water can be reused or transferred to another point for different activity.
 For the large scale project SuDS (Sustainable drainage system)
strategies (stone boulders in drainage swale, reed bed zone treatment,
etc.) can be adopted so that better quality storm water can be collected
at the lowest point of site. Now collected storm water can be used for
various construction activities, all the activities should be shown in
CEM drawing.
 Generally, it is observed that the undefined vehicular movement on
large scale project leads toward dusty environment and it needs a huge
amount of water to settle down the dusty air. Defined paved pathway
with water sprinkling system can become a very good solution to be
incorporated through CEM drawing.
6.2 Resource Recovery
Construction waste management is an integral part of 'material sustainability' in
green rating assessment. The three major steps of waste management which
lead the project towards sustainability are elimination of waste generation, reuse
of waste and recycle as maximum as possible. As suggested in GRIHA v 2015,
appraisals 7.1.4, criterion 07: construction management practices may
implement construction waste management plan for waste segregation, safe
storage and off site/ on site recycling (The Energy and Resourses, 2016).
Project management team also need to follow minimalistic approach and
develop innovative strategies to reuse the salvage construction materials i.e.
barricading with empty cement bags, brick blast can be use as in storm water
swales as a cleaning media or in the paving base, concrete can also be used for
road base, pavement aggregate, crushed waste wood can be used as mulch over
the preserved top soil, etc.
Following are some of the possible innovative strategies that can be the part of
CEM drawing.
 CEM drawing should reflect waste management work flow in the plan
to make handling and processing smooth.
 Multiple waste sorting areas should be allocated according to the waste
type and storage for reuse of the same.
88
6.3 Pollution Control

6.3.1 Air Pollution
Activities like demolition, land clearing, excavation, use of diesel engine, toxic
chemicals and burning etc. majorly contribute to the air pollution on
construction site. High quantity of dust comes in the air from cement, stone,
concrete and land soil. This construction dust is classified as PM10 (Particulate
matter less than 10 microns in diameter) and can severely damage the
respiratory system. Usage of diesel generator is also liable for emissions of
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Which are
again having worst impact on the health of site workers.
Various government agencies has developed guidelines to mitigate or minimize
negative effects of construction activities responsible for pollution. In this
analysis, we are taking reference of "Air pollution control at construction sites
(construction guidelines air)" developed by Swiss agency for the environment,
forests and landscape (Staubli & Kropf, 2004) Construction sites should be
categorized in A or B section on the basis of site environment and specific
emissions. Measures for abutment of emissions should be according to the
category.
CEMP drawing specific findings from the guidelines for the
enhancement of existing practices should include the followings:
 Wind studies to locate material stacking to minimize dust spreading
due to air flow.
 Restrict vehicular speed limit up to 30 km/h. Speed barriers can be
marked in the drawing.
 Pulverisers with dust trap should be on construction site.
 Tillage in windward side greatly reduce erosion through wind flow.
6.3.2 Water Pollution
Toxic chemicals, paints & sealants with volatile organic compounds,
diesel and bitumen are the major contaminants of natural water ways and
soil on a construction site. These pollutants can also soak in to the ground
and pollute the ground water source. It will create very bad impact on the
future inhabitants and cause water borne diseases. following are some of
the recommendations:
 Step by step reduction in contaminants (dirty soil & sediments) from
run off before drain out to city sewer line should be done through
SuDS.
89
 Diesel and other chemical yard, waste collection and segregation

areas should be away from storm water drainage channels.

Figure 3: CEM Drawing with Incorporation of Proposed Solutions
6.3.3 Noise Pollution
Noise pollution on construction site is a common problem for contractor, site
managers and workers, as it is erratic and difficult to manage in a specific
time schedule. At the initial stage of construction management plan
90
development following recommendations can reduce noise level up to a

certain level:
 Noise perimeter zone should be defined so that people within that
perimeter must wear hearing protection.
 Temporary enclosures/ barriers (e.g. plywood with sound absorbing
materials) can reduce noise level significantly and relatively
inexpensive.
7. Conclusion
As drawings or graphics communicate the complex information simply in
comparison to text. So construction management drawing can become a very
effective document to achieve better sustainability goals than the suggested by
any green rating guidelines. Unobstructed workflow and allocation of spaces
make it necessary for the resource efficient development. This can become a
common document that compiles the directives of any environmental or
sustainability governing authority.
CEM drawing can become an independent practice from green rating systems
and national building code that includes guidelines for developments of CEM
drawing in order to strengthen sustainable conscious practices executed on
construction site. Building code recommendations will help site management
team to develop a very effective drawing as a tool to meet sustainability
projections given in environmental impact assessment and green building rating
system.
Fig. – 03 shows the final CEM drawing with proposed solutions to enhance the
sustainable measures for same problem mentioned in fig. 02
References
Council, A. D. U. P. (2011). The Pearl Rating System for Estidama, Building
Rating System; Design & Construction, Version 1.0. Retrieved
November, 5, 2011 Available at https://www.upc.gov.ae [Accessed 17
October 2018] .
BCA Green Mark (2015). Green mark for non-residential buildings NRB: 2015.
Singapore. Available at: https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark [Accessed
10 October 2018].
Bureau of Indian Standards (2016). National Building Code of India 2016
volume 1 & 2. New Delhi, BIS.
GRIHA Council (2015). Green rating for integrate d habitat assessment version
2015 abridged document. New Delhi, Teri press. Available at:
http://www.grihaindia.org [Accessed 02 October 2018].
91
Indian Green Building Council (2016). IGBC Green New buildings rating
system version 3.0 Abridged reference guide. Hyderabad, Available at:
https://www.igbc.in [Accessed 17 October 2018].
Jennifer Grey (2018). Pollution from construction Sustainable build 6
November. Available from :<http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk
/pollution fromconstruction.html> (Accessed 15 October 2018).
Staubli, A. and Kropf, R. (2004). Guideline: Air pollution control on sites.
Berne, Swiss agency for the environment, forest and landscape.
Available at: http://www.buwalshop.ch [Accessed 10 October 2018].
Tom Napier (2016). Construction waste management WBDG National Institute
of Building Science, 17 October. Available at: https://www.wbdg.org
/resources/construction-waste-management (Accessed 15 October 2018)
Thornback, J. and Waylen, C. and Garrett, J. (2008) Water: An action plan for
reducing water usage on construction sites. Strategic forum for
construction, Available at: https://www.greenconstructionboard.org
/otherdocs/SCTG09-WaterActionPlanFinalCopy.pdf [Accessed 10
October 2018].
USGBC (2018). Leadership in energy and environmental design version 4 for
building design and construction. Available at: https://www.usgbc.org
[Accessed 17 October 2018] .
92
Griha Rating System of Buildings for Sustainable

Construction
Rahulkumar Patel1 and Priyanka Bendigiri2
Abstract
The current scenario of built environment in India is of concern. There is a need
of green and sustainable development to mitigate the crisis of increasing carbon
emissions from buildings, increased temperature inside the built environment
and exhaustive use of resources like cement, sand etc. During construction and
post construction, there is plenty of pollution generated because of use of
certain resources that can prove hazardous to those associated with the
construction industry. To tackle this problem, government has taken initiative
for betterment of human life by establishing green building councils or societies
for more development of green and sustainable structures. Councils or societies
such as United States Green Building Council (USGBC), Indian Green Building
Council (IGBC), United Kingdom Green Building Council (UKGBC), Green
Building Council of Australia (GBCA) and many more exist as of today that are
trying to propose various methods for betterment of built environment. The
present paper studies the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) parameters for green buildings. After getting all the information of
GRIHA, the authors visited the GRIHA rated buildings around Pune and
collected the data of buildings on various parameters. A comparison was done
between a conventional building and a GRIHA rated building from all
perspectives with the help of Microsoft Project (MSP) software. The authors,
through the present paper, outline the benefits of GRIHA rating system for
establishing a green building and how the users of such buildings can get
benefits of a GRIHA rated building.
Keywords: GRIHA; MSP; IGBC; Conventional Building.
1
Student, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune
Email: rahulpatel12309@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune
93
1. Introduction of the Project Work

The construction sector poses a major challenge to the environment. Globally,
buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use. An estimated 42% of
the global water consumption and 50% of the global consumption of raw
materials is consumed by buildings when considering the manufacture,
construction, and operational period of buildings. In addition, building activities
contribute an estimated 50% of the world’s air pollution, 42% of its greenhouse
gases, 50% of all water pollution, 48% of all solid wastes and 50% of all CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) to the environment(GRIHA Manual Volume 1, 2012).So,
to reduce air pollution, water pollution, environmental pollution etc. due to
construction activity, the Government of India and The Energy Research
Institute (TERI) have formed a new rating system for Indiacalled theGreen
Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment(GRIHA)(GRIHA, 2016). There are
different types of rating system worldwide as follows:
Table 1: Country Rating System
Country Rating System
United States 1. Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED-
United States
2. The Green Globe Rating System
Canada 1. Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design — Canada
(LEED-Canada)
Australia 1.Green Star
2.Australia Greenhouse Building Rating (AGBR)
United Kingdom 1. Building Research Environment Assessment Method
Consultancy (BREEAM)
India 1.GRIHA
2.Indian Green Building Council
(Source: Compiled by the Authors)
Majorly, worldwide LEED certification is well-known. Country wise there are
different rating system for rating the buildings. Some of them are as shown in
Table No. 1. As per a report published by India Brand Equity Foundation
(IBEF) (IBEF February, 2018) around 10 million people migrate to cities every
year. It also reports that the number of Indians living in urban areas will reach
to about 600 million by 2031 against what was 434 million in 2015.
Consequently, the demand for residential properties is likely to increase due to
increase in urbanization, migration and rise in household income. To mitigate
this, the Government of India (GOI) has recently launched the ‘Housing for all
94
by 2022’ scheme. This scheme is being implemented with an aim to provide

large numbers of rural and urban housing to the people. To overcome the
impacts of such a mass construction exercise, the Government of India can
follow the green building principles while constructing the dwellings in rural
and urban regions of India. Green building is an energy efficient building which
reduces an indoor as well as an outdoor pollution. Green buildings are believed
to use sustainable and ecofriendly materials. Their designs are also eco-
sensitive and they reduce energy usage. It aims to utilize resources efficiently,
maximizes the use of renewable resources, prefers local materials, ensures the
well-being of each person in the building, produces less waste and controls
pollution.
GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. It is
the National Rating System of India which rates buildings for being green and
sustainable. GRIHA manual published in 2016 states that GRIHA is a guiding
and green building performance-oriented system where points are earned for
meeting the design and performance intent of the criteria and attempts to
quantify aspects, such as energy consumption, waste generation, renewable
energy adoption, etc., so as to manage, control, and optimize the same to the
best possible extent. It is a rating tool that helps people assesses the
performance of their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks.
GRIHA evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over
its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard of what constitutes a
‘green building’ (GRIHA 2016).
The present research paper identifies one of the many ways to give rating
system to a real life project. After studying the GRIHA parameters, the authors
have compared the GRIHA rated building and a conventional building with the
help of Microsoft Project software (MSP). The MSP software is used for all
these things such as, planning, scheduling, resource allocation, resource
leveling, keeping track of ongoing project work, etc. MSP software also gives
an idea about the estimated project duration and estimated cost of the project
such that the developers can manage their costs well in advance. The MSP
software is user-friendly and easily produces reports.
Extensive literature review has been done in the field of green buildings and
rating them as well. The benefits associated with the green buildings have been
presented by many authors over a long period. Vineet S Jadhavet.al. (2015) had
analysed the tangible benefits, premium cost, operation and maintenance cost of
a green building against the benefits such as energy savings, water savings and
95
financial incentives offered by the government bodies for going with the
construction of green building. They had developed a hypothetical model based
on a case study, which showed the minimum GRIHA rating required for
premium cost benefits to developers. This hypothetical model showed the
relationship between factors like GRIHA Rating Star, Minimum Premium Cost,
% Cost (with respect to Project Cost), Cost per built up area (Cost in Rs/sq m or
Rs/sq ft). They observed that GRIHA had created a vision of designing smart
buildings that are environmental friendly which can lead us to enter into the
new era of making our environment sustainable. Raghavendra V et.al. (2015)
concentrated their study on using renewable energy sources and recycling the
used resources to meet the need of the present generation without depleting the
resources meant for the future generation. The various benefits offered by a
green building apart from some tips to modify our houses into a simple green
building are explained in detail in their work. The comforts provided by a green
building and its helps in retaining the natural environment from depletion and
destruction are also discussed. Traditional buildings consume more of the
energy resources than necessary and generate a variety of emissions, waste and
it also harmful to our health. The solution to overcome these problems will be
to build building green and smart way. Hemant Kumar et.al.(2015)had analysed
that due to passive architectural intervention, efficient material consumption
and innovative technologies in design of the green building, green buildings
consume lesser electricity as compared to conventional buildings because of the
design of houses. Solar panel used for hot-water generation can replace the
electrical and gas geyser in buildings fully or at least partially. Solar PV panels
can also be used to generate electricity which will ultimately reduce the
buildings dependency on the grid power so that generation of electricity burden
of government will be reduced upto some extent. Water consumption of green
buildings is very less as compared to conventional buildings because water
fixtures are mandatory in green buildings. The proper storage and usage of
construction materials, measures to prevent air, water and noise pollution during
construction activities etc. ensures reduced impact on the environment. During
construction and while operation, green buildings ensure safety, health and
sanitation facilities for the labourers too. Nowadays green buildings are in
demand and can be leased and sold out at higher price as compared to
conventional buildings.SrikantMisraet.al.(2016) had compared the conventional
buildings with green buildings. A green building always represents the most
efficient and least troublesome way of using land, water, and energy resources
while ensuring the healthiest likely environment for the occupants of the
building. In this paper, they had figured out how the green building materials
96
are superior to the conventional buildings materials in terms of overall energy

saving criteria as well as eco-friendly nature of the materials. Green buildings
use key assets like energy, water, materials and land more economically than
conventional buildings. Conventional buildings cannot integrate these efficient
strategies of green buildings to decrease the impact upon environment.Nibedita
Panigrahiet.al.(May 2016) had mostly focused on the impact of GRIHA
parameters on designing of green buildings. They had analyzed that in order to
have energy efficient buildings, firstly, a sustainable site planning has to be
done and then energy has to be conserved by using renewable energy sources.
For this, the architectural design of the building has to be such that all the
resources like sun rays, wind direction and water bodies are available
thoroughly inside the building areas. In order to save energy during daytime, the
windows should be designed such that the day light reaches all the spaces of the
rooms. Anshul P. Gujarathi et.al. (2016) had analyzed green certification and
rating programs that define the greenness for a project with their predefined
parameters. These parameters and their standards can be linked directly for their
cost impact. The overall study has been divided in two parts majorly. The first
part of the study was the identification of the criteria or the variables of the cost
parameters for conventional against green buildings, while the second part was
the actual set of certified buildings that are studied for the impacted cost. Here
the detailed checklist for both rating systems is analyzed for the first cost
impact that is probable for both the conventional and green buildings. Green
buildings can be made cost neutral and time savings without compromising the
quality of the buildings and with the right implementation of strategy at the
correct aspect. NushratShabrinet.al. (Feb 2017)had done a study on a
comprehensive cost analysis of green buildings and discussed the economic and
social benefits of green buildings. Strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threat (SWOT) analysis, Life-cycle cost calculation for green building,
economic analysis, and the total monetary and non-monetary cost of green
building were analyzed in their research paper. The conclusion of the study was
that the cost of green building is in excess of 0-10%.Sachin Nalawade et.al.
(May 2017) did a research on a review of GRIHA certification with real life
project considering a case study of The Polite Precis a Building in Pune, India
by considering GRIHA points and parameters. The authors analyzed how
GRIHA criteria had used in this particular project for getting GRIHA rating
certification.
From the literature review, it is safe to conclude that green building is efficient
in terms of cost savings and it is environmentally friendly too. Moreover, in
most of the cases it is myth that green buildings cost more as compare to
97
conventional building. If the strategy used for the construction of green

buildings is good, then we can easily control the excess cost.
3. Problem Statement
During the construction phase, there is lot of air pollution, soil pollution and
water pollution generated on construction sites. To overcome this problem, one
can go with the green building concepts. To develop new methods of green
building construction at a more economic cost, new researches and
technological developments need to be inculcated in everyday construction
methods. Establishment of new research institutes leading to the researches in
field of economic green buildings will attract more builders and stakeholders
putting a footstep towards greener habitat which may also enhance economic
conditions of country’s infrastructure. The main aim of GRIHA is that we have
to construct our project by using recycled materials, maximum use of non-
conventional resources, minimum use of ODP (ozone depleting potential)
substances, etc.
4. Need for Green Building
Buildings have major environmental imprints during their life. Haphazard
construction growth leads to the advancement of pollution. After possession of
the buildings, the residents contribute to increased pollution due to the use of
electrical appliances and other gadgets which emit greenhouse affecting the
human health. To diminish this pollution, there is a demand of green and
sustainable development. A Green building saves energy and water and also
reduces waste thereby reducing the load on the local authority for supply of
water, solid waste disposal, etc. There are many environmental, economic and
social benefits associated with green buildings.
5. Objectives
The objective of this research paper is firstly to study different criteria for
GRIHA certification and then compare a GRIHA rated building with a
conventional building in all the aspects using MSP software. This paper will
help the developers in the construction sector to understand the pros and cons of
a GRIHA rated building and a conventional building in many aspects. By
studying the comparative analysis, the developers can be encouraged to opt for
a GRIHA rated building for their upcoming projects.
98
6. Scope and Limitations of the work

The focus of this research paper is to construct a building under GRIHA rating
system in an economical way with the maximum use of non-conventional
energy (solar energy, wind energy, etc.). The present study will give a clear idea
to developers and builders about advantages of GRIHA certification leading to
most of the buildings having GRIHA certification which will lead to
environmental benefits at large. The study is based on the primary information
and data collection. The limitation of this research work is that because of not
having adequate GRIHA rated final certified residential building, the exact
nature of the benefits in premium given to the developers and property tax
given to the habitants is not clearly known.
7. Methodology
Study of Different Rating System
Selection of Griha Rating System
Study of Griha Rating System
Study of Conventional Study of Griha Rated

Building Building
Data Collection
Comparison of Griha And Conventional Building Using Msp
Report Generated From Msp
Figure 1: Flow Chart
99
In India, there are mainly two types of rating system used i.e. GRIHA and
IGBC, which are used to rate a building as per the implementation of different
parameters in construction site. The authors have chosen to compare a GRIHA
rated building with conventional building for which the GRIHA criteria were
studied. After getting all the detailed information of GRIHA, the authors had
visited the GRIHA rated buildings around Pune for better understanding of the
implementation of different parameters in construction which were 31 in
number and later compared a conventional building with a GRIHA rated
building in all the aspects using MSP software. In MSP software, both the
buildings have been compared in terms of task, resources, materials cost rate,
total budget of the project, total duration of project, etc.
Table 2: GRIHA Rating
(Source: http://www.grihaindia.org)
Table 3: Evaluation Systems of GRIHA Criteria
Sr. No. Description Points
Criterion 1 Site Selection 1
Criterion 2 Low-impact design 4
Criterion 3 Design to mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) 2
Criterion 4 Site Imperviousness Factor 1
Criterion 5 Air and water pollution control 1
Criterion 6 Preserve and protect landscape during construction 4
Criterion 7 Construction Management Practices 4
Criterion 8 Energy efficiency 13
100
Sr. No. Description Points

Criterion 9 Renewable energy utilization 7
Criterion 10 Zero ODP materials 0
Criterion 11 Achieving indoor comfort requirements 6
(visual/thermal/acoustic)
Criterion 12 Maintaining good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 4
Criterion 13 Use of low-VOC paints and other compounds in 2
building interiors
Criterion 14 Use of low-flow fixtures and systems 4
Criterion 15 Reducing landscape water demand 4
Criterion 16 Water Quality 2
Criterion 17 On-site water reuse 5
Criterion 18 Rainwater Recharge 2
Criterion 19 Utilization of BIS recommended waste materials in 6
building structure
Criterion 20 Reduction in embodied energy of building structure 4

Criterion 21 Use of low-environmental impact materials in 4
building interiors
Criterion 22 Avoided post-construction landfill 4
Criterion 23 Treat organic waste on site 2
Criterion 24 Labour safety and sanitation 1
Criterion 25 Design for Universal Accessibility 2
Criterion 26 Dedicated facilities for service staff 2
Criterion 27 Increase in environmental awareness 1
Criterion 28 Smart metering and monitoring 8
Criterion 29 Operation& Maintenance Protocols 0
Criterion 30 Performance Assessment for Final Rating 0
Criterion 31 Innovation 4
Total 100
(Source: GRIHA 2016)
101
Table 4: Comparison of GRIHA and Conventional Building with the help

of GRIHA criteria
Sr. No. Description GRIHA Conventional
1 Site Selection Land use, Near services Partially done
(grocery store, pharmacy,
bank/ATM, etc.)
2 Low-impact design Control annual heat gain Not done
through favourable orientation
and design of facades
3 Design to mitigate Site surfaces must be visible to Not done
Urban Heat Island sky
Effect (UHIE)
4 Site Imperviousness Reduce overall site Partially done
Factor imperviousness
5 Air and water pollution Minimize the impact of Not done
control dustand control the wasting of
curing water
6 Preserve and protect Protect existing landscape, Partially done
landscape during protect degradation, conserve
construction top soil
7 Construction Use of treated waste Partially done
Management Practices water/captured storm water,
use of additives to reduce
water requirements during
curing
8 Energy efficiency BEE star rated electric Not done
appliances must be used
9 Renewable energy Usage of renewable forms of Not done
utilization energy
10 Zero ODP materials Mandatory to use CFC free Not done
equipments
11 Achieving indoor Indoor noise level must be Not done
comfort requirements within the acceptable limit,
(visual/thermal/acoustic) adequate light must be reached
into the room area
12 Maintaining good Proper ventilation facility Partially done
Indoor Air Quality must be provided
(IAQ)
13 Use of low-VOC paints Use zero/low VOC and lead- Not done
and other compounds in free interior paints
building interiors
102

14 Use of low-flow fixtures At least 30% water has to be Partially done
and systems reduced with the help of low-
flow fixtures
15 Reducing landscape Water requirement is reduced Partially done
water demand by using natural plants in the
gardening area
16 Water Quality Water must be checked before Not done
using for daily activities
17 On-site water reuse Recycle and reuse of waste Not done
water on site
18 Rainwater Recharge Recharge rainwater through Not done
appropriate filtration method
19 Utilization of BIS Use OPC cement with fly ash, Not done
recommended waste blast furnace slag, etc.
materials in building
structure
20 Reduction in embodied Use low-embodied energy Not done

energy of building materials in the building
structure structure
21 Use of low- Use materials whose impact is Not done
environmental impact low in the environment
materials in building
interiors
22 Avoided post- Segregate waste at home itself Partially done
construction landfill and put it in different coloured
dustbin
23 Treat organic waste on Treat all organic waste on-site Not done
site and make it bio-gas, manure,
etc.
24 Labour safety and Provide proper hygienic Partially done
sanitation working and living conditions
at site to the labours
25 Design for Universal Access to disabled persons Partially done
Accessibility
26 Dedicated facilities for Provide resting room and Partially done
service staff toilets for the service staff on-
site
27 Increase in Use CFC free equipment Not done
environmental
awareness
103

28 Smart metering and Provide smart metering system Not done
monitoring for monitoring of energy and
water consumption
29 Operation& Mandatory, once residents live Not done
Maintenance Protocols in the building
30 Performance Assessment of Criteria no. Not done
Assessment for Final 3,9,11, and 31
Rating
31 Innovation Adoption of new innovative Not done
technique
8. Software used - MSP (Microsoft Project)
In construction work, time and money are crucial resources. To manage them
both, software such as MSP, Primavera etc. are being effectively used at the
beginning of the actual start of the project work. MSP is a project management
software program and it is user friendly. Proper scheduling, planning,
budgeting, etc. can be done well in advance using MSP.
8.1 Analysis and use of MSP
MSP is generally used for preparation for scheduling and calculation of cost. In
this research paper the authors have used MSP only for the calculations of
approximate duration as well as cost. MSP is more efficient and time saving
software in the calculation of duration as well as cost. In this research paper, the
MSP has been used for comparison of the GRIHA rated building and
conventional building in all the aspects, such as total duration, budget of the
projects, material cost, resource allocation, etc. In table no. 5 and table no. 6 the
separate approximate duration and cost has shown.
Table 5: Conventional Building Report
ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Cost (Approx.) in
₹
1 Mobilization 9 days 02-01-13 11-01-13 761,238.00
2 Excavation 20 days 11-01-13 02-02-13 682,880.00
3 Centre Line 1 day 04-02-13 04-02-13 33,244.00
4 PCC 2 days 05-02-13 06-02-13 623,718.00
5 Foundation 26 days 07-02-13 08-03-13 1,485,774.00
104

₹
6 Shear wall 18 days 09-03-13 29-03-13 1,310,266.87
erection
7 Filling 7 days 30-03-13 06-04-13 1,191,408.00
8 Plinth level 1 day 08-04-13 08-04-13 3,944.00
checking
9 Plinth slab 23 days 09-04-13 06-05-13 2,352,206.00
10 RCC slabs 421 days 07-05-13 20-09-14 37,197,090.00
11 Water tank+ 15 days 22-09-14 08-10-14 657,860.00
Clean grey
water tank
12 Brick 208 days 12-02-14 13-10-14 12,285,996.00
Masonry +
Internal
Plastering
13 Electric 26 days 14-10-14 18-11-14 3,684,864.00
wiring
14 Water 26 days 19-11-14 18-12-14 1,020,664.00
proofing
15 Sanitary 26 days 19-12-14 19-01-15 6,972,464.00
Fitting
16 Flooring 52 days 20-01-15 20-03-15 8,353,178.00
17 Window + 26 days 21-03-15 20-04-15 8,709,209.00
Door fitting
18 External 26 days 21-04-15 21-05-15 808,134.00
Plastering
19 Outer pipe 12 days 22-05-15 04-06-15 464,168.00
fitting
20 Painting work 26 days 05-06-15 04-07-15 3,088,064.00
21 China Mosaic 12 days 06-07-15 18-07-15 254,228.00
at Terrace
22 Solar heater 5 days 19-07-15 24-07-15 592,320.00
fitting
23 Lift 26 days 25-07-15 24-08-15 3,214,864.00
Installation
24 Fire Fighting 7 days 25-08-15 01-09-15 2,247,848.00
Installation
25 Drainage 6 days 02-09-15 08-09-15 736,784.00
105

₹
26 Grey water 52 days 09-09-15 07-11-15 978,508.00
treatment
plant
27 Parking 5 days 09-11-15 20-11-15 789,300.00
Blocks
28 RCC Road 8 days 21-11-15 30-11-15 670,934.00
29 Water Meter + 4 days 01-12-15 04-12-15 145,016.00
Water
connection
30 Garbage 12 days 05-12-15 18-12-15 589,168.00
System
31 Staircase 26 days 11-08-15 09-09-15 1,818,834.00
Granite
32 Light meter 12 days 07-11-15 27-11-15 2,338,168.00
installation
33 Generator 6 days 19-12-15 25-12-15 919,584.00
Installation
Total Conventional Building Cost (Approx.) (in ₹)= 106,981,925.87

Table 6: GRIHA Building Report
ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Cost (Approx.) In ₹
1 Mobilization 14 days 02-01-13 17-01-13 1,086,350.00
2 Excavation 20 days 18-01-13 09-02-13 736,320.00
3 Centre line 1 days 11-02-13 11-02-13 33,194.00
4 PCC 2 days 12-02-13 13-02-13 634,038.00
5 Foundation 26 days 14-02-13 15-03-13 1,590,314.00
6 Shear wall 28 days 16-03-13 17-04-13 1,695,326.00
erection
7 Filling with waste 3 days 18-04-13 20-04-13 38,152.00
concrete material
8 Plinth level 1 day 22-04-13 22-04-13 3,944.00
checking
9 Site visit by 1 day 23-04-13 23-04-13 9,264.00
GRIHA members
10 Plinth Slab 34 days 24-04-13 03-06-13 2,201,026.00
106
ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Cost (Approx.) In ₹

11 Material Approved 2 months 07-06-13 19-08-13 874,000.00
from GRIHA
consultancy
12 RCC Work 419 days 04-06-13 15-10-14 35,250,695.00
13 Masonry work by 182 days 21-04-14 26-11-14 11,533,590.00
using AAC block
14 Internal Plastering 64 days 10-09-14 29-11-14 1,409,788.62
15 Electric Wiring 26 days 29-11-14 30-12-14 3,685,464.00
16 Water Proofing 26 days 02-01-15 31-01-15 1,000,864.00
17 Sanitary Fitting 26 days 31-01-15 03-03-15 5,686,864.00
18 Flooring 52 days 04-03-15 04-05-15 7,911,728.00
19 Window + Door 15 days 05-05-15 21-05-15 8,560,805.00
Fitting
20 External Plastering 26 days 22-05-15 20-06-15 556,894.00
21 Outer Pipe Fitting 12 days 22-06-15 04-07-15 289,168.00
22 Painting Work 26 days 06-07-15 04-08-15 3,371,364.00
23 China Mosaic at 24 days 05-08-15 01-09-15 275,808.00
Terrace
24 Solar Fitting 10 days 02-09-15 12-09-15 1,732,640.00
25 Lift Installation 26 days 13-09-15 13-10-15 3,319,864.00
26 Fire Fighting 7 days 14-10-15 21-10-15 2,147,848.00
27 Drainage 6 days 22-10-15 28-10-15 699,584.00
28 Sewage Treatment 26 days 29-10-15 04-12-15 719,864.00
Plant
29 Parking tiles 4 days 05-12-15 09-12-15 763,056.00
30 Green Pavers on 6 days 10-12-15 16-12-15 519,584.00
Road
31 Meter + Water 4 days 17-12-15 21-12-15 157,516.00
connection
32 Garbage System 12 days 22-12-15 05-01-16 539,168.00
33 Staircase Granite 28 days 27-11-14 29-12-14 1,816,334.00
34 Light meter 12 days 30-12-14 13-01-15 2,239,168.00
installation
35 Site visit by 1 day 06-01-16 06-01-16 27,264.00
GRIHA members
Total GRIHA Building Cost (Approx.) (in₹)= 103,116,850.62
(Source: Compiled By the Authors)
107
9. Conclusion
After studying the different green rating systems and understanding the
implementation of green parameters and their benefits in real life project, the
present paper vouches for implementing the green construction parameters. It is
a known fact that habitants of green buildings get benefit in their property tax
upto 10% and developers get the benefit in their next project in terms of
premium amount of building permission charges upto 50%. By using green
materials in the project, the problems of indoor air pollution, waste generation,
water consumption, energy consumption, health problems, etc.; are reduced.
Table 7: Discount in Premium to the Developer
Rating Discount in Premium
1 Star 10 %
2 Star 20%
3 Star 30 %
4 Star 40 %
5 Star 50 %
(Source: http://www.grihaindia.org)
In comparison, of conventional building and GRIHA building it has come to
light that material cost as well as labour costs approximately varies by 1 % to 2
%. Thus, instead of conventional buildings, developers should adopt GRIHA
rating system and construction methods as there will be negligible cost
variation, duration variation and change in construction methodology. The work
breakdown structure in Microsoft project consists of 174 activities of
Conventional building and 185 activities of GRIHA buildings as shown in table
5 and table 6. After assigning resources (material and labour), the following
results have been obtained.
Table 8: Outcome of Microsoft Project
Conventional Building GRIHA Building
Project duration 909 days 918 days
Project construction cost ₹ 106,981,925.87 /- ₹ 103,116,850.62 /-
Material cost % 92% 91%
Labour cost % 8% 9%
108
References
Gujarathi, A. P., & Gokhale, V. (2016). Economic Parameters and Efficiency of
Green Residential Buildings in Pune, India. International Journal of
Structural and Civil Engineering Research, 5(4), 315-322.
Jadhav, V. S.,& Pataskar S.V. (2015). Analysis of Financial Feasibility of a
Residential Project as Green Building Using, GRIHA Rating System.
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Science
& Engineering, 2(Special Issue), 482-490.
Kumar, H.,& Sahu V.(2015).Performance and Rating of Residential Green
Building. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International
Journal, 2(2), 47-53.
Misra, S., Prasad G.R.K.DS., Kumar N., Sah S. K., Kumar S., Maurya R.
(2016). Comparison analysis of Green building materials and
conventional materials in energy efficiency performance. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 03(5), 80-84.
Nalawade, S., Patel R., Tank M., Tank H., Patel N., &Patel G. (2017).A Review
of GRIHA Certification with Real Life Project. International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology,4(5), 427-430.
Panigrahi, N., Prasad G.R.K.D. S., Pandey V., Choubey G., Singh R., & Nayak
P. (2016). Impact of GRIHA parameters on Designing of Green
Buildings: Field investigation analysis. International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology, 3(5), 69-72.
Raghavendra, V. (2015).Green trends in civil engineering for feasible
implementation in buildings. SSRG International Journal of Civil
Engineering, 2(2), 1-4.
Shabrin, N., & Kashem S. B.A. (February,2017) A comprehensive cost benefit
analysis of green building, The IIER International Conference:
Proceedings of 94th, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 7-15.
Websites
www.grihaindia.org
www.igbc.in/igbc/
www.worldgbc.org
www.youtube.com/microsoftproject2013
Parliamentary and Legal Material
GRIHA Manual Volume 1
GRIHA V- 2015 Abridged Document, May 2016
India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) in February, 2018
109
Energy Efficient Application of Sunpipes in Educational

Institutes
Garima Lodha1, Het Modi2, Abhijeet Panchal3, Purva Modi4 and Dharmesh
Oza5
Abstract
Schools and colleges are constantly faced with optimizing limited budgets to
ensure maximum facilities. Electricity constitutes a majority of this expense,
with lighting costs contributing to 30% of the same.
Sunpipes provide natural lighting even in urban towns with a congested
population. Not only this but also a majority of schools in our country do not
even have electricity connections (18 states show statistics (2013-14) lower than
50% for primary school electricity connections) resulting in improper lighting
conditions, which in turn affects the quality of education.
Sunpipe (patented technology)a tube or pipe for transportation of light to
another location, minimizes the loss of light thus serves as an effective
solution by completely eliminating the need of electricity and incorporating
daylight elements as well. India, being a tropical country, provides climate
completely favourable to the installation of sunpipes.
Also, the use of sunpipes makes the institutional building Green as it employs a
renewable source of energy. At the same time, it would inculcate in the
students, from a tender age, the importance of conserving energy and making a
sustainable environment.
The present paper would illustrate the energy and economy efficient application
of sunpipes in the concrete laboratory of L.D. College of Engineering,
Ahmedabad with a view to extend the same to all such institutes.
Keywords: Sunpipes; Green Building; Solar Energy; Educational Institutes;
Daylight.
1234
Students, Civil Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
Email: mail.hmodi@gmail.com
5
Assistant Professor, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
110
1. Introduction
Daylight has been acknowledged as a desirable architectural element to be
incorporated in structures. With the rising global warming and greenhouse
concerns, tubular daylighting devices are becoming important by the hour. Even
in educational institutes, lighting accounts for about 35% of the total electricity
consumption. Hence by showcasing the cost and energy saving benefits of
installing sunpipes in Concrete Laboratory of L.D.C.E, the main aim of paper
remains to propose the use of these devices in educational institutes across
India.
1.1 Literature Review
To reduce carbon emissions and to improve the efficiency of energy utilization
in schools, there is a grave requirement to introduce daylighting components.
In the year 2000, the UK government started an initiative named “Building
schools for the future”. Following requirements were also stated by the
initiative:
 Reduction in the carbon emissions by at least 60% compared to the
schools constructed in 2002
 Zero carbon schools by 2016
 BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment method ) rating of at least very good
All of the above requirements are fulfilled to a great extent by the use of tubular
daylighting devices. As per a report (www.newindianexpress.com, 2016),
electricity deficit in India is expected to grow to 5.6% in the year 2022 from
2.2% in 2016. Thus the use of tubular daylighting devices would help reduce
the energy loads to a great extent while ensuring the growth in country‟s
infrastructure.
Various schools around the world have already used these devices on their
campuses such as Oxley Park Combined School in Milton Keynes and Haute
Vallee School in St Helier, Jersey.
Tubular daylighting device also referred to as solatube or sunpipes is not a new
invention. It was employed by the Egyptians even 4000 years ago using light
shafts and mirrors. However, the modern-day tubular daylighting device
employs even more sophisticated technology as well as material. Originally, the
patent for tubular daylighting device was granted to a British inventor, Stephen
M Sutton on November 22nd, 1988 under the patent numberUS5099622A.
111
1.2 Functioning of Tubular Daylighting Devices

The main concept behind the use of tubular daylighting devices is daylight
harvesting which is the controlled admission of natural sunlight into space with
the intention of reducing or eliminating electric lighting. Thus, Tubular
daylighting devices maximize the concept of renewable energy by reflecting
and intensifying sunlight and even normal daylight, down through a pure tube.
The main principle behind the working of tubular daylighting device is Total
Internal Reflection.
They mainly consist of three components namely: The light collector, the
transfer system and the diffuser (as can be seen in Figure 1)
(Source: Monodraught® Sunpipes)

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Tubular Daylighting Device
The Light collector: This is the component of tubular daylighting device
installed over the roof with the purpose of collecting light. It is a reflective,
generally south-facing, grid located on top of the sun pipe which captures
sunrays and redirects them into the inside of the duct. Shape and design of the
grid will determinate the efficiency of the whole sun pipe, keeping enough light
levels in winter and at the same time avoiding excessive heat in summer.
(www.espaciosolar.net)
The top dome comes in different shapes and sizes but generally, they are
classified either as a flat dome or as a diamond dome. Top Domes are available
in UV stabilized unbreakable polycarbonate as standard or are supplied in
impact resistant modified acrylic (ICI Perspex), where Tubular daylighting
devices are to be used in a harsh UV prone environment. (Monodraught, 2006)
Transfer System: The transfer system is a silverised PVD coated mirror finished
aluminium tube which is highly reflective and reflects about 98% light passing
112
through it. They come in two distinctive designs namely: rigid and flexible. The
tubes or the ducts can be extended up to 20 meters in length. With every bend in
the tube, there is a reduction of 12% light output for every 45° bends used and
there is a 6% reduction in light transmission for every meter of tubular
daylighting device. In order to have nighttime lighting integrated solar panels
inside the duct may also be provided (www.solartube.com )
Light Diffuser: At the bottom of the tubular daylighting device (in the ceiling of
the room) it is recommended to insert a light diffuser so that the light is
distributed thoroughly in the room instead of just illuminating the area beneath
it. The light diffuser comes with a varied type of fixtures and often improves the
aesthetic appearance of the room.
Wall Mounted Tubular daylighting device (refer figure 2) is another type of
tubular daylighting device which is highly suitable for basement application as
it transmits light horizontally. This type of tubular daylighting device can be
carried vertically downwards through an adjacent flat roof area and suitably
bent at an angle of 90⸰ by using mirror finished elbows.
(Source: Delta Pyramax Engineering ltd.)

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of Wall Mounted Tubular Daylighting
Device
2. Problem Identification
Lack of infrastructure in educational institutions is a huge problem faced in
India, especially the lack of proper lighting conditions which inhibits a proper
learning environment. An educational institute consumes electricity for various
purposes out of which the majority consumption is for lighting and ventilation.
According to the annual Ministry of Power (MoP) report 2004-05, “the demand
for energy is growing manifold and the energy sources are becoming scarce and
costlier. In particular electric consumption directly indicates economic growth.
113
Energy conservation and energy efficiency are part of the government‟s strategy
to decouple economic growth from growth in energy consumption and reduce
the energy intensity of the economy”
Thus it is necessary to have a solution which incorporates proper lighting within
the institution and at the same time reduces the electricity consumption.
The lack of proper lighting in the educational system is prevalent mainly due to
two reasons
 Obstruction of sunlight due to adjacent structures ( in heavily dense
areas (urban areas) with higher FSI)
 Lack of Electricity connection in a majority of the educational institutes
across the country (rural areas)
According to a recent article (TOI, Aug 4 2017) over 37% of schools in India
did not have electricity connection till March 2017.The graph below (see, figure
has been plotted with the help of the data provided on Open government data
platform India and it clearly indicates that 18 states show statistics (2013-14)
lower than 50% for primary school electricity connection.
120.00
100.00
80.00
percentage of schools having
60.00
electricity connection
40.00
20.00
0.00
(Source: compiled by authors)

Figure 3: Percentage of School Having Electricity Connection
Hence, Tubular daylighting devices by incorporating daylight can considerably
reduce the energy consumption due to artificial lighting and at the same time
improve indoor visual comfort. Also, it would inculcate in the students the
need for a greener environment and the importance of renewable sources of
energy, thereby promoting sustainable development.
114
3. Proposal for Use of Tubular Daylighting Device in L.D.C.E,

Ahmedabad
The aim of this study is to find the utility of tubular lighting devices in L.D.
College of Engineering (L.D.C.E.) Ahmedabad, and thereby illustrating its cost
and energy efficiency.
L.D.C.E seems like the correct institution to incorporate daylight elements
because it contains a lot of laboratories, drawing halls and classrooms wherein
the artificial light is required even during the day.
In this proposal, we will explain the cost and energy efficiency in the concrete
laboratory of L.D.C.E and thereby establish that these devices would be an apt
solution for the entire institute.
Our methodology is as follows:
(Source: compiled by authors)

Figure 4: Flowchart of Methodology
The AutoCad plan of the laboratory through which the light calculation was
done is given under:
(Source: L.D.C.E. Archives)

Figure 5: Plan of the Concrete Laboratory
115
The dimension of the lab is 29m x 17 m and area under the plan is about 490
m2. The laboratory consists of a truss structure which consists of a pitched roof
of Sintex SIP 1001 which is 30 mm thick. The height of the false ceiling from
the floor is 12 feet and the roof is 6 feet above the false ceiling. The lab is
provided with 30 units of LED panels (36 watts) and 28 units of Tube LED (20
watts).
Now in order to find out the number and location of tubular devices required we
corresponded with Solatube® India which suggested the following layout:
(Source: E-mail correspondence with Solatube)

Figure 6: Reflected Ceiling Plan of Concrete Lab
The layout (figure 6) suggested by Solatube® consisted of installing 9 tubular
devices of 530 mm diameter (Solatube 330 DS) at distances as specified in the
layout which provided the following light contour (figure 7).
(Source: Email correspondence with Solatube ®)

Figure 7: Sunpipe Contour
116
The colour coding is as follows

Purple – 100 lux; Blue – 360 lux; Green – 620 lux; Yellow – 880 lux; Red –
1400 lux
3.1 Cost Comparison
Following table depicts (see, table 1) the cost comparison of using artificial
daylighting against Tubular daylighting device and establishes the payback
period. The price per unit of the Solatube 330 DS used is inclusive of the
installation charges. Also, in order to compensate for cloudy (overcast days) 15
% of the electricity cost was added to the cost of tubular devices. The LED‟s
were assumed to be working for 10 hours per day for the given year.
As can be seen in the table above, the initial fixed cost for tubular daylighting
devices is higher. However, its recurring electricity cost is very less in
comparison. Thus its payback period comes out to be around 6 years. Assuming
a design life of 25 years, installation of Tubular daylighting devices would lead
to a saving of ₹ 4.83 lakhs.
117
3.2 Installation and Safety

The installation process of the tubular daylighting device is easier in
comparison to installation of LED lighting because it does not involve the
hassle of lying of complicated network of electric wire and eliminates the issues
related to voltage drop. A trained person can install this device in less than two
hours for a pitched roof with slate or tile. As per the specifications formulated
by Research design and Standards organization, Lucknow, during installation
utmost care should be taken in deciding the type of roof flashing in order to
prevent dust ingress and water leakage which may happen at the junction of the
pipe and roof. Detailed guidelines provided by the manufacturer for installation
should be followed closely. After the installation of the initial unit, field tests
should be conducted to determine the quality of installation. Water test should
be conducted in the presence of either the owner or the architect and corrections
if needed should be incorporated before the installation of subsequent units.
Various standards and codes for surface burning characteristics and fire test of
roof covering should be referred.
Since the maximum weight of the sunpipes is 15kgs, planning permission is not
required for the installation of same. However, if the property is located in a
conservation area then the Listed Building officer should be consulted.
4. Advantages of Daylighting over Artificial Lighting
 Daylighting improves the student performance. In October 2003, a study
found that of the many variables studied (including classroom type, HVAC
type, operable window etc) only daylighting showed a strong and
consistent correlation to improved learning. (Integrated energy system,
2003)
 Daylighting is credited with creating a healthy environment. It promotes
Vitamin D generation and circadian regulation.
 Daylighting promotes sustainable building design. By using tubular
daylighting device over 75% of the electricity consumed during the
daytime can be saved and carbon emission due to the production of
electrical energy can be reduced.
 The maintenance cost for Tubular daylighting devices is almost negligible
in comparison to the maintenance of artificial lighting.
 There is 10-12% saving in electricity costs towards air-conditioning as
tubular daylighting do not add to the heat gain in the building.
118
 Tubular daylighting devices offer a far greater warranty as well as design

life. Generally, they have a design life of about 25 years and within 5-6
years the break-even condition is met with.
5. Other Applications
Tubular Daylighting devices have versatile application. Other than the proposed
use in educational institutes, it could also find its use in domestic rooms and
bathrooms. It can also be used for horizontal application and basements up to 4
meters.
However the most compelling of all usage would be in the Industrial Sector.
Tubular devices can be used up to a great extent in warehouses, arenas, and
stations.
The largest daylight harvesting project in the world is located in the rail coach
factory at Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh, India. The factory floor area is 65,760
square meters and it employed 864 units of tubular daylighting devices.
6. Conclusion
Having established the need for proper lighting in educational institutes, the
application of Tubular daylighting devices has been proposed and analyzed in
the paper. As can be seen through the cost comparison done, the use of daylight
devices turns out to be more economical in the longer run and also promotes
sustainable development. Thus we can conclude that the application of tubular
lighting devices leads to energy efficiency and the same should be suggested by
the education ministry.
References
Deplo Sun by Espacio solar. Barcelona Spain. Available from: https:// espa
ciosolar.net/sun-pipes/tubular-skylight-components/ (Accessed 15 July
2018).
Ians. (2016). India‟s power deficit may reach 5.6% in 2021-22: Study. The
Indian Express. (Accessed 29 July 2018).
India. Ministry of Power (2004-05) „Annual report‟ Chapter 9 P 23
India. Ministry of Railways. „Functional requirement specification for daylight
pipe, diffuser and associated items for indoor illumination in railway
buildings'. Lucknow. Research Design & Standards Organization
Available at: http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/ File
/090511%20frs%20daylight%20pipe (1).pdf. (Accessed 29 July 2018).
119
Integrated Energy System: Productivity and building science. Report prepared

for the California commission Public Interest Energy Research Program
by the New Building Institute Inc. October 2003.
Narayan M (2017). Over 37% off schools in India have no electricity. Times of
India. (Accessed 04 August 2018).
Solatube. United Kingdom. Available from: http://www.solatube.com/ resident
ial/daylighting/decorative-fixtures models.
State-wise Percentage of Schools having Electricity Connection - DISE: Flash
Statistics. Open government data platform India. Available from:
https://data.gov.in/catalog/state-wise-percentage-schools-having-
electricity-connection-dise-flash-statistics.
Sunpipe- where windows can‟t reach; www.monodrought.com; (May 2006).
Sutton, S. M. (1992). U.S. Patent No. 5,099,622. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent
and Trademark Office.
120
Strategies for Reducing Cooling Load of Buildings

Tushar S. Jadhav1
Abstract
One of the significant parameters in developing smart cities is to understand the
mechanism to reduce the air conditioning load of buildings. The present study
deals with various options available to reduce the cooling load of buildings. In
majority of cases, the traditional way of designing air conditioning for buildings
was using rule of thumb such as 100 to 150 square feet per ton of refrigeration.
Today buildings are built and operated successfully with air conditioning usage
of 600 to 700 square feet per ton of refrigeration. This systematic and scientific
approach has resulted in drastic reduction in air conditioning load of buildings,
contributing towards huge savings in the overall cost of air conditioning system.
The present study addresses key areas for reducing the building cooling load.
The outcomes of this study will help the architects, consultants, engineers and
building owners to effectively design air conditioning system for buildings.
Keywords: Smart Cities; Buildings; Air Conditioning.
1. Introduction
In today’s era of low carbon cities, it is important to implement policies,
techniques and technologies that will result in energy efficient systems. Though
there are several drivers of energy consumption in a commercial building, it is
argued that the major consumers of energy are heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems. This highlights the importance of strong
measures that need to be incorporated to reduce the energy demand and carbon
emissions for HVAC applications. One of the significant parameters in
developing smart cities is to understand the mechanism to reduce the air
conditioning load of buildings. The present study deals with various options
available to reduce the cooling load of buildings.
Dong et al. (2014) investigated the possible reduction of heating and cooling
loads in a hypothetical uninsulated rammed earth wall house, located in three
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune.
Email: tjadhav@nicmar.ac.in
121
different climate zones in Australia. The investigation comprised of simulating

the energy load with different building parameters such as glazed area, window
type, shading, ventilation and wall thickness. Nazi et al. (2015) observed that a
standard building can be altered into a low energy office building, by applying
heat gain reduction methodologies drawn from heat balance analysis. The
authors performed this study on an office building located in Malaysia using
design builder software. A comparative study of passive methods for reducing
cooling load was performed by Venkiteswaran et al. (2017). The authors
recommended wall insulation as the most suitable cooling reduction method
since it had second highest temperature reduction and was also found to be the
most cost effective method. Tale b(2014) observed that the total annual energy
consumption of a residential building in Dubai may be reduced by up to 23.6%,
when a building uses passive cooling strategies. Jenkins (2009) highlighted the
importance of office internal heat gains in reducing cooling loads in a changing
climate. Rijksen (2010) presented general guidelines for the required cooling
capacity of an entire office building using thermally activated building systems.
The author recommended reducing the peak load by activating the thermal mass
of the building, using pipes embedded in the floor. The combination of high
reflective roofing sheet and high thermal insulation was found to be more
effective to reduce the annual thermal load (Yuan et al., 2017). McHugh et al.
(1998) presented a novel daylighting design that utilized beam radiation,
thereby avoiding the classic problem of overheating.
3. Methodology
The strategies for reducing the cooling load of building are explained in the
following section. The emphasis in the subsequent discussion is for Indian
climatic conditions.
3.1 Building Envelope
The ‘U’ (overall heat transfer coefficient) values of building construction
materials such as glass, walls and roof play a significant role in reducing the
cooling load of building. In Indian context, the purpose of Energy Conservation
Building Code (ECBC) is to provide minimum requirements for the energy-
efficient design and construction of buildings. ECBC was developed by Bureau
of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for new commercial buildings in May 2007. ECBC
is applicable to buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of
100 kW or greater or a contract demand of 120 kVA or greater and are intended
to be used for commercial purposes. ECBC 2017 is one of the first building
energy codes to recognize beyond code performance. There are now three levels
122
of energy performance standards in the code. In ascending order of efficiency,

these are ECBC, ECBC Plus and Super ECBC. About 22 states in India are in
the process of implementation of the code with few states and union territories
(Rajasthan, Odisha, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and UT of Puducherry) being notified and have adopted the code.
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) classifies Indian climatic
zones into five categories viz., Hot and Dry (e.g. Ahmedabad, Jodhpur etc),
Warm and Humid (e.g. Mumbai, Chennai etc), Composite (e.g. Nagpur, Jaipur
etc), Cold (e.g. Shillong etc) and Temperate (e.g. Bengaluru etc).
Table 1 gives an indication towards the amount of reduction in building cooling
load due to ECBC compliance. The ‘U’ values specified in Table 1 are for hot
and dry, warm and humid and composite Indian climatic zones. Additional
information on the prescribed ‘U’ values is available in ECBC (2017).
Table 1: Reduction in Building Cooling Load
Non ECBC
ECBC % Reduction in
Category Compliant
Compliant Building Cooling Load
Building
U value glass,
2 7 3.00 57 %
W/m K
U value roof, W/m2K 3 0.33 89 %
U value wall, W/m2K 2 0.63 69 %
SHGC (glass) 0.8 0.27 66 %
(Source: ECBC, 2017)
The specimen construction material for building envelope of energy efficient
building is summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Building Envelope for Energy Efficient Building
Element Details
Glass Double glazing
(Manufacturer: Saint Gobain, Colour shade: Misty blue)
U – value: 1.8 W/m2K
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): 0.25
Roof 150 mm thick RCC slab with insulated and shaded roof
(using insulation such as Polyurethane foam, glass wool, mineral
wool etc)
U value: 0.33 W/m2K
123
Element Details
Wall Cavity wall with insulation such as extruded polystyrene or use
of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks etc
U value: 0.6 W/m2K
(Source: ECBC, 2017; ICEEB, 2015)

3.2 Energy Recovery Devices
Energy recovery (sensible, latent or both) is important in maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) as well as reducing cooling requirement for
a particular application. The comparative analysis of various energy recovery
devices is available in ASHRAE (2008). Jadhav and Lele (2015, 2016) have
investigated the benefits of heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) as energy
recovery devices in air conditioning systems for Indian climatic zones. Figure 1
shows the use of HPHX for energy recovery in air conditioning.
(Source: Jadhav and Lele, 2015)

Figure 1: Energy Recovery Using HPHX
A reduction of 5 C temperature in 1 m3/s of outdoor air (using energy recovery
o
device) results in saving of 1.7 ton of refrigeration (TR).

3.3 Other Techniques
3.3.1 White Roofs
One of the ways to reduce the heat gain through roof is by using high albedo
paints with solar reflectance index (SRI) greater than 0.75. Use of such paints
results in reducing the temperature of roof’s surface up to 10 oC.
124
(Source: Sastry, 2016)

Figure 2: White Roofs
3.3.2 Thermal Adaptation of Occupants
The indoor temperature and relative humidity can be maintained at slightly
higher levels than that prescribed in ASHRAE standard 55. This is possible in
some situations, especially for comfort air conditioning applications. This
methodology can also help to reduce the cooling requirement of buildings.
3.3.3 Reducing Infiltration and Minimizing Duct Leakages
The building cooling load also needs to account for miscellaneous factors such
as infiltration and duct leakages. The allowances for these elements can be
reduced by minimizing infiltration and duct leakages, thereby reducing the
building cooling load.
3.3.4 Reducing Internal Gains through Lighting and Equipments
The internal gains in a building can also be reduced by selection of energy
efficient lighting systems and other equipments.
4. Case Study
The various strategies implemented by Infosys (2011) for their SDB – 5
building located in Mysore are summarized in Table 3. Table 3 shows a
significant reduction of 36 % in the building cooling load due to
implementation of various measures as discussed in the preceding section. Sr.
No. 1 to 6 in Table 3 indicates the strategies to reduce building cooling load
whereas Sr. No. 7 to 10 are techniques used to reduce the operating cost of the
air conditioning system.
125
Table 3: Reduction in Building Cooling Load

Sr. Description Chiller Annual Energy Maximum
No. Capacity Consumption Electrical
Required (kWhr) Load (kW)
(TR)
1. Conventional building 622 32,44,284 1,052
envelope
2. Efficient building envelope 530 30,30,908 968
3. Efficient lighting design 510 27,13,390 882
4. Efficient computers 486 23,58,776 778
5. Variable air volume system 486 20,80,462 754
for air conditioning
6. Heat recovery wheels for 400 20,15,430 662
air conditioning
7. Ultra high efficiency 400 19,92,156 650
chillers
8. Efficient chilled water 400 19,60,898 640
system design
9. High efficient cooling 400 19,46,532 632
tower
10. Lighting controls 400 17,75,706 600
(Source: www.greenbuildingcongress.com, 2014)
Energy performance index (EPI) is considered to be an important aspect in
efficient building design.
The EPI reduction for few projects in India which are ECBC compliant is
summarized through Fig. 3 and 4.
(Source: UNDP, 2011)

Figure 3: Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE) at
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur
126
(Source: UNDP, 2011)

Figure 4: Fortis Hospital, New Delhi
5. Conclusion
The present study addresses several important aspects that can significantly
reduce cooling load of buildings. In majority of cases, the traditional way of
designing air conditioning for buildings was using rule of thumb such as 100 to
150 square feet per ton of refrigeration. Today buildings are built and operated
successfully with air conditioning usage of 600 to 700 square feet per ton of
refrigeration. This methodology is extremely necessary in the framework for
smart cities especially in India, where the requirements of comfort and process
cooling are huge. The outcomes of this study will help the architects,
consultants, engineers and building owners to effectively design air
conditioning system for buildings.
References
Dong, X., Soebarto, V. and Griffith, M. (2014). Strategies for reducing heating
and cooling loads of uninsulated rammed earth wall houses. Energy and
Buildings, 77, 323-331.
Energy Conservation Building Code. (2017). Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
Green building experiences of Infosys (2014) from: <http://www.green
buildingcongress.com/> [Accessed 2 July 2018]
GuruprakashSastry (2016). Infosys: Front-runner in energy efficiency- A Case
Study. Energetica India, Jan – Feb 2016, 4-6.
127
Jenkins, D.P. (2009). The importance of office internal heat gains in reducing
cooling loads in a changing climate. International Journal of Low-
Carbon Technologies, 4 (3), 134-140.
McHugh, J., Burns, P.J. and Hittle, D.C. (1998).The energy impact of
daylighting. ASHRAE Journal, 40 (5), 31.
Nazi, W.I.W., Wang, Y.D. and Roskilly, T. (2015). Methodologies to reduce
cooling load using heat balance analysis: a case study in an office
building in a tropical country. Energy Procedia, 75, 1269-1274.
Rijksen, D.O., Wisse, C.J. and Van Schijndel, A.W.M. (2010). Reducing peak
requirements for cooling by using thermally activated building
systems. Energy and buildings, 42 (3), 298-304.
Saswati Chetia, Prashant Bhanware, Kira Cusack, Pierre Jaboyedoff, Sameer
Maithel(2015). Taleb, H.M. (2014). Using passive cooling strategies to
improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of
residential buildings in UAE buildings. Frontiers of Architectural
Research, 3(2), 154-165.
UNDP, GEF. (2011). Energy efficiency improvements in Commercial
buildings, 10 - 11.
Venkiteswaran, V.K., Liman, J. and Alkaff, S.A. (2017).Comparative Study of
Passive Methods for Reducing Cooling Load. Energy Procedia, 142,
2689-2697.
Yuan, J., Emura, K., & Farnham, C. (2017). Effect of highly reflective roofing
sheet on building thermal loads for a school in Osaka. In MATEC Web
of Conferences (Vol. 119, p. 01056). EDP Sciences.
128
Energy Management Methodologies - A Literature

Review
Avadhoot Vidyadhar Dixit1
Abstract
Availability and reliability of Electrical Energy plays important role in
developing countries like India. The nature of electricity differs from that of
other commodities since electricity cannot be stored and there have been
significant seasonal and daily variations of demand. Power shortage particularly
peak load shortages have an adverse effect on the overall economy. The
uncertainty, randomness, seasonality and non-stationary related to electricity
market sometimes make it difficult to take appropriate business decisions.
Energy availability decides socioeconomic behaviour of any urban
development. Indian electrical grid have deficit of nearly 5% during peak hours.
Indian government have planned to develop 100 cities in near future.21st
century will see horizontal and vertical growth of the city. Water distribution
system demands electrical energy to supply water in high rise building.
How to mitigate the peak hour demand becomes the key issue throughout the
Indian continent. Demand Side Management (DSM), Time of Day (TOD),
Efficiency Improvement, Renewable energy utilisation and many other options
are available. By clubbing the two and more energy management techniques
Indian Electricity Grid can handle the peak load demand.
Energy Management Methodologies offers the largest and most cost effective
opportunity for developing nations to limit the enormous financial, health, and
environmental costs associated with burning fossil fuels.
Keywords: Energy Management; TOD; Urban Areas; Peak Demand.
1. Introduction
Electricity consumption in India has grown from 1641 PETA joules in 2006-07
to 3604 PETA Joules in 2015-16.(MOSPI 2017).It can clearly be inferred that
the electricity consumption is on the increase in Indian cities. Much of this
electricity usage can be attributed to the use of electrical gadgets that are now
affordable to the common people owing to their increased income levels and
reduced prices of electrical gadgets. Ghosh (2000) observes that, growth in
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune
Email:adixit@nicmar.ac.in
129
income is responsible for high level of electricity consumption. Apart from

households, increase in electricity consumption can be attributed to the ever
expanding commercial and industrial sectors. It is, thereby, essential to provide
for increased electricity production. Considering the conventional
methodologies of electricity production, the future of such methodologies does
not guarantee a sustainable development. Hence, it is imperative to find out
alternative sources of electricity production or reduce the consumption that can
be entailed as demand side management.
Renewable Energy is the call of the day for mitigating increased energy
demand. It is the most sustainable forms of energy generation and its usage
guarantees a low carbon footprint for the development. Countries such as India,
who are on the ever increasing trend of energy consumption, will benefit a lot
form the use of renewable resources of energy. Figure 1 shows the trend of
electricity consumption in India from the year 2006 to 2016. Although,
electricity consumption in India has grown from 1641 PETA joules in 2006-07
to 3604 PETA Joules in 2015-16, the trend of growth of electricity consumption
is seen declining after 2012-13 (See Figure 2). This can be due to propagation
of energy efficiency and energy conservation measures implemented across the
country.
Electricity Consumption in Peta Joules

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Electricity
1000 Consumption in
500 Peta Joules
0
(Source: MOSPI, 2017)

Figure 1: Electricity Consumption in India
130
Percentage Growth of Electricity Consumption in India

14
12
10
8
6
% growth of electricity
4 consumption
2
0
(Source: MOSPI, 2017)

Figure 2: Percentage Growth of Electricity Consumption in India
Extensive literature can be cited in areas of energy demand and management
.The present paper cites some of the bests reviews on the said topic and
summarises their conclusions. Some of the methodologies of managing energy
demand are pricing structure, use of energy efficient equipment, time of the
day, demand side management, renewable energy usage, creating awareness
etc. also by forecasting methodologies one can analyse the future requirement,
so Forecasting methodologies are essential part and parcel of Energy Demand
side management.
Filippini et al (2002) observe that the demand in quantity will only be little
affected by increasing the pricing and hence present pricing policy alone cannot
be a measure of curbing demand in future. Figure 3: shows that the contribution
of coal thermal power plant for generation of electricity is the highest in India.
Thus, a constant and reliable supply of coal is needed for thermal power station
to run effectively. Therefore, it is essential to have security of reliable and
alternative sources for having energy security. Naik et al (2003) observe that the
security problem involves a supply risk and a price risk governed by certain
internal and external consequences. Sustainable energy resource allocation can
be a preferred method to bring in energy security in India. There are many
131
methods to do this, yet, the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method
has been observed to be the most preferred and popular (Pohekar et al, 2003).
.
(Source: https://powermin.nic.in)
Figure 3: Installed Electricity Generation Capacity in India
Aggregate Technical and Commercial Losses (AT&C) are 23.98 % as recorded
in 2015-2016 (Power Finance Corporation Ltd., 2016). By generating electricity
at demand side, the transmission and distribution losses can be reduced.
Bhattacharya (2004) has analysed the Electricity Act 2003 and concluded that
the act has given an impetus to the captive power generation and bringing in a
better regulatory approach to help mitigate demand side management and power
crisis in the country.
Apart from this, the use of renewable resources in captive power generation has
a bright future. Asif et al (2005) speculate that the renewable could reach up to
50% of the total share of mid-21st century with appropriate policies and new
technology developments. Srisaen et al (2006) have observed that Solar
Photovoltaic (PV), as a part of renewable energy sector, its installation
techniques, location of installations and a large magnitude of the PV generation
have affected the electricity distribution system in a positive manner by
bringing in a resilient system. There should be adequate investments in the
renewable energy sector by the government and private investors alike. Ghosh
(2009) propagates that regulatory impediments of any should be removed by the
policy makers to increase the investments in this sector. The gap between
132
supply and demand should be narrowed so that electricity companies can gain a
control over the billing and losses incurred by them. This can be done
effectively by the curtailing illegal connections, bringing in smart systems of
surveillance and installing smart meters. Ghosh (2009) also observes that
planning and policy decisions should be put in place by thorough research in
this regard.
Many countries across the globe have encouraged the use of renewable
resources for mitigating their demand and supply crisis. A few select examples
are presented in this paper from Spain, Bangladesh and France.
Ordonez et al (2010), in a study conducted in Spain, have concluded that
78.89% of all residential energy requirements can be mitigated by Solar PV
systems and that dependence on external energy can be reduced to 21.02%.
Mondal et al (2011) have worked on the cost implications of using clean
mechanisms. They concluded that if clean development mechanisms, carbon
tax, and oil price increase are considered, the unit cost would be lower than the
grid connected fuel-oil based power generation. Hubert et al (2012) have
analysed the renewable electricity potential for France; concluding their study
by stating that both solar and wind energies can suffice for the entire energy
demand for France.
Shaleen Khurana et al(2002) have collected data of 1Mt per annum working
cement plant, waste heat was estimated at 35%of energy input, retrofit steam
cycle was suggested and resulted into 10% improvement in primary energy
efficiency of the plant. Indu R. Pillai et al (2007) has worked on the
methodology to penetrate solar water heating target, methodology gives micro
simulation for each end use. The created framework is generic in nature and
useful for energy planners and policy makers for tracking and promotion of
solar water heater system. Goran Strbac (2008) , writes well about the relatively
low utilisation of generation and networks in United Kingdom(of about 50%)
means that there is significant scope for Demand Side Management (DSM) to
contribute to increasing the efficiency of the system investment. the author
specifically noted the reasons behind slow uptake of Demand Side Management
as lack of understanding of benefits of DSM, problems with the
competitiveness of DSM when compared with traditional approaches, an
increase in complexity of system operation and inappropriate market incentives
,these are the particular reasons identified.
Mel George and Rangan Banerjee, (2009) studied evaluation of potential base
and peak load savings by the installation of wind power for this they have
considered annual load duration curve methodology.
133
A Load Duration Curve (LDC) illustrates the relationship between generation

capacity requirements and capacity utilization. This new methodology is very
much useful for energy planners for the assessment of future impacts of
increasing wind capacity in Indian grids.
Patrick E. McSharry et al (2005), have analysed by using probabilistic forecasts
provides a means of assessing the uncertainty in the forecasts and can lead to
improved decision making and better risk management. Forecasts of the
magnitude of the peak demand are useful for both capacity planning and
investment decisions. In addition, the ability to forecast the timing of the peak
demand is important for maintenance planning.
Qian Zhao et al (2011), has deeply studied and stated that the renewable
generation is assumed to have the priority of being consumed over conventional
generation. Time variant nature of renewable generation has been considered in
analysis. It has been seen that benefit brings by renewable generation in power
market operation.
Considering the Indian Subcontinent, it is thus very right to say that with
enough solar and wind energy available, the use of renewable for energy
generation is the right path to mitigate the issues of supply and demand crisis.
The literature studied infers that clean energy mechanisms can offset a large
carbon footprint in India. By opting for captive generation, the losses in
transmission and distribution can be curbed as well. India being a tropical
country has immense potential for use of both solar and wind power generation
which can be stated basis the case study of France considered in the literature
review.
The present paper concludes that with right regulatory policies in place, the use
of renewable sources of energy will see a good future in India with the
increasing demand for energy for industries, commercial and residential areas
alike.
References
Asif, M., & Muneer, T. (2007). Energy supply, its demand and security issues
for developed and emerging economies. Renewable and Sustainable
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Banerjee, R. (2006). Comparison of options for distributed generation in
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135
Daylight Simulation of Residential Building to Reduce

Energy Demand
Varsha Chouksey1 and Ramesh D. Dod2
Abstract
Sustainability is the essential requirement of building envelope in today’s
developing scenario. Efficient daylight, ventilation, glazing system and
insulation create the more sustainable living environment inside building
envelope and improve occupant’s satisfaction. The essential focus of the study
is to daylight analysis of a residential building at the design and pre-
construction stage to provide visual comfort to the residents. Computer-based
software simulation methodology has been used for analysis. The strategy is
helpful to examine natural light level inside the building. The case study is
represented to illustrate the amount of daylight absorption by the interior spaces
of the building, which are especially oriented towards south facade. The effect
of different glazing unit within the living spaces is shown to reduce demand of
artificial lighting system, subsequently to reduce energy demand. The case
study assists for optimization of energy consumption.
Keywords: Daylight Simulation; Daylight Illumination Level; Daylight Factor;
Glazing Unit; Energy Demand.
1. Introduction
Visual and thermal comfort is effective parameters to make building energy
efficient. The appropriate amount of radiation into the building is also
considered as an energy saving option which doesn't need artificial light during
daytime. It is essential to improve daylight within the building to make healthier
indoor environment. As per the previous studies, South facade of the building
gains maximum solar radiation during the daytime, especially in summer,
which increases the level of visual discomfort of the occupants. The main focus
of the study is to improve the daylight of the building envelope at the design
and pre-construction stage. Daylight simulation strategy is performed in the
1
Student, Civil Engineering Department (Construction & Management), Maharashtra Institute
of Technology, Pune. Email: varshachouksey.aj12@gmail.com
2
Professor, Civil Engineering Department (Construction & Management), Maharashtra Institute
of Technology, Pune
136
study to improve daylight illumination level within the living spaces while
designing the building. The evaluation is carried out as a computer simulation
study, run in software Ecotect in conjunction with Radiance. The computer
simulation is a feasible concept for daylight analysis to reduce energy
consumption. The strategy is effective in controlling and minimizing the
excessive use of artificial light within the residence. Three different types of
glazing unit have been analyzed in the study to minimize the impact of daylight
reaching interior spaces of the building.
2. Literature Study
Aslihan Karatas et al. (2014) developed an optimization model to generate
optimal solutions for affordable housing units to maximize occupant comfort.
Ehsan Mostavi et al (2016) developed a model which is capable to determine
occupants’ lighting level of satisfaction. They have calculated the daylight
factor for different locations of the living spaces as an indicator of daylight gain
level by assuming daylight gain is one of the main contributors in occupants’
satisfaction perception.
A. Galatioto et al. (2016) have provided a critical review of the fundamental
aspects of daylighting indices with the aim to provide a broad overview of
methods and indices available to assess daylighting from varying points of view
like indoor visual comfort assessment, building simulation, energy saving and
sustainable building design. Daylight factor is one of the most cited indices in
the current literature.
Younju Yoon et al. (2016) have developed an annual daylight simulation
method (ADSM) to predict daylight illuminance under diverse sky conditions.
The ADSM simulation results were validated by comparing them with
Radiance software simulation results and field measurements. Annual daylight
simulations haven been proposed on the basis of two different methods. One is
based on a daylight coefficient approach, which considers luminance from sky
surfaces, and the other is based on interpolation between clear and overcast
skies based on sky cover, hourly effective sunshine probability, cloud cover,
sky clearness, and brightness.
Cristina Baglivo et al. (2017) have proposed a case study of sizing of daylight
devices for zenith light, which enables the designer to have preliminary
information to size such devices in rooms with similar characteristics. Daylight
provides an agreeable and pleasant indoor environment that can foster higher
productivity and performance. On the contrary, it is important not exceed and
oversize the daylight devices of the room in order to prevent risks of glare and
overheating.
137
Bernard Paule et al. (2017) have represented a new effective way to quickly
quantify the potential of electrochromic (EC) glazings regarding energy,
daylight and comfort targets. The approach is analysed through the DIAL+
software for optimization of building envelope. DIAL+ evaluates the
performance of dynamic systems such as EC glazings from the early design
phase.
Jingting Sun et al. (2017) have presented a concise parametric study to
investigate the influence of external obstruction on the evaluation of daylight
utilization during design stage. Different combination of obstruction angle, road
width between the building and obstruction height has been added to a generic
building floor model to deploy a parametric analysis.
Doris A. Chi et al. (2018) presented a study approach to establish relationships
between the Daylight Availability (DAv) and the predicted annual energy
consumption for lighting, heating, cooling and total consumption. They have
proved that the specific amount of daylight sufficiency within a space to
balance daylighting with energy concerns should neither be too low; nor should
it be excessive.
3. Methodology
3D model geometry has been drafted in Ecotect based on actual data for design
and location of the building. Input parameters for building envelope material,
glazing details, internal finishes etc. have been put into simulation. Various
software such as, Ecotect, Radiance, IES, DIALUX and so on may be used for
natural light analysis. In the study, Daylight simulation has been done for
various spaces placed in south façade as per the daylight guidelines using
Radiance Software. Simulation output results are provided in the form of image
based on which Daylight Factor has been calculated. Available daylight level
has been compared with respect to Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment (GRIHA) requirement.
It is observed that the lowermost level receives lesser illumination as compared
to the higher levels. Hence, flats at lowermost level i.e. at the first floor have
been selected as a representative flats to analyse daylight factor. Simulation
results provided in the form of illumination levels (Lux) have been converted
into Daylight Factor considering formula as mentioned below:
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
Where,
DF: Daylight Factor
Ei: Illumination indoors at the point of observation (lux)
138
Eo: Illumination outdoors from an unobstructed sky hemisphere (lux); In case of

Pune's climate, it is 9000 Lux
Hence, Daylight Factor has been calculated based on following formula for all
living spaces,
DF = (Ei / 9000) x 100%
4. Case Study
Multi-storey residential building (Parking+ 16 storey) located in Pune region is
taken as the case study. Pune comes under Warm and humid climatic zone, as
conferred in National Building Code. The building is at the initial stage of
construction, is taken for natural light analysis.
Site Location: The building is going to construct at the location shown in the
Map below:
Figure 1: Building Site Location

The first floor habitable rooms located in southern façade of the building are
simulated to analyze daylight illumination level. There are two flats from the
first floor located in south façade of the building are considered for simulation
and each flat have three bedrooms. Total five essential living spaces of each flat
have been simulated, which are living room, kitchen and three bedrooms.
Orientation and area of each selected room is shown in the table 1 below:
139
Table 1: Building Envelope Living Spaces Selected for Analysis

Flat Room Type Facing Area Respective Total
(Sq.m) Window Window
Type Area (Sq.m.)
Bedroom 1 South-East Corner 18.101 SD1, W4 6.03
Bedroom 2 East 18.459 W1, W4 5.67
Bedroom 3 South 15.926 SD 5.75
Flat I
Living South 33.599 SD, W3 9.32
Room
Kitchen Intermediate Space 10.675 - -
Bedroom 1 South-West Corner 18.101 SD1, W4 6.03
Bedroom 2 West 18.459 W1, W4 5.67
Bedroom 3 South 15.926 SD 5.75
Flat II
Living South 33.599 SD, W3 9.32
Room
Kitchen Intermediate Space 10.675 - -
Where SD= Sliding Door, W= Window
5. Analysis
Building conceptual model created in the Ecotect software for simulation, on
the basis of collected design data of the building show below in figure 2:
Figure 2: Ecotect Building Conceptual Model

Ecotect building conceptual and visualize model is presented in the image
above. Building is oriented towards north as indicated in the figure III. The
rooms visible in the front view of the image are the south façade rooms.
140
The analysis is performed by considering three different glass materials of

space windows of the building envelope. Then, daylight illumination level has
been determined for all three type of glazing unit, in which single glazed unit
have coated film at the outside surface and double glazed unit have 6 mm thick
cavity between two plates.
Glazing details required to calculate average daylight illuminance value of a
room are given below in table II:
Table 2: Glazing Units Specifications
Glazing Unit Glazing Unit Type Specification
No.
Type-I Single Glazed Unit U Value- 5.747 W/m2K
(SGU) Visual Light Transmittance (VLT)-
0.28
Outside Reflectance- 0.27
Inside Reflectance- 0.09
Glazing Unit Glazing Unit Type Specification
No.
Type-II Clear Float Glass U Value- 5.692 W/m2K
Visual Light Transmittance (VLT)-
0.78
Type-III Double Glazed Unit U Value- 1.374 W/m2K
(DGU) Visual Light Transmittance (VLT)-
0.39
Clear Float Glass is the basic glazing unit which is assumed for baseline
building design model. The analysis is also done by considering single glazed
and double glazed glass units which have difference in U value and visual light
transmittance value. Building envelope and glazing details are entered in the
software for daylight analysis of each room.
The Ecotect software in conjunction with Radiance is used for natural light
analysis. Conceptual model created in Ecotect is simulated through Radiance.
Simulation results are drawn from Radiance software by setting constant
illuminance value range between 50 lux – 1500 lux for analysis of each room.
Image based daylight illumination level for each room generated from
RADIANCE software is shown below in figure 3:
141
Output results of natural light illumination level of living spaces by taking

Single Glazing Unit in to account exhibited for Flat-I:
Figure 3: Daylight Illumination Level of Living Spaces

Output results of natural light illumination level of living spaces by taking
Single Glazing Unit in to account exhibited for Flat-II:
Similarly, the output results are generated by assuming clear float glass and
double glazed Unit. The output daylight illumination level impersonated for
each selected room.
142
Illumination value range band is also visible at the right corner above for both
type of flat, which indicates the colour variation at different lux level i.e. colour
variation from 50 lux to 1500 lux.
Table 3: Average Illumination Value of Living Areas
Flat Room Type Illuminance Value Range: 50-1500 Lux
Glazing Type I Glazing Type II Glazing Type II
Single Glazed Unit Clear Glass Double Glazed
Unit
Average illuminance Value
(Lux)
Bedroom 1 1501.01 1699.68 724.98
Bedroom 2 1162.82 1303.62 554
Flat I Bedroom 3 613.82 783.57 157.26
Living Room 909.58 1099.23 415.71
Kitchen 168 128.59 151.52
Bedroom 1 1295.61 1533.63 701.27
Bedroom 2 317.76 900.69 140.31
Flat II Bedroom 3 593.22 1526.67 152.35
Living Room 1004.15 1129.82 357.78
Kitchen 52.38 76.02 49.09
6. Result and Discussion

Daylight Factor for all the analyzed room is calculated and compared with
reference to the standard values given in GRIHA (Volume 3)
143
As per the simulation results, it is clearly visible that the living spaces exhibits
maximum daylight illumination which are provided with clear glass glazing
unit. The daylight illumination level shows optimum values when analysis is
done by considering double glazing unit. Hence, DGU is best suited glazing
system for the south façade windows or openings. The solar heat gain may also
reduce by using the DGU, which reduces air-conditioner demand
simultaneously.
Bedroom 1of Flat-I which is located in south-east corner of the building is
receiving the maximum amount of natural light in all three cases which may
produce high level of discomfort to the occupants. Hence, it is recommended to
change the glazing area for living space.
Similarly, the daylight factor for the kitchen is 0.58, 0.84 and 0.55 for SGU,
clear glass and DGU respectively, which is very less in comparison with
GRIHA recommended minimum value. Kitchen is the central space of the flat
which is not in direct contact with natural light. The kitchen is receiving a very
low amount of natural light, which is not advised as per GRIHA standards.
Therefore, kitchen space needs artificial light even in the daytime.
The clear glass glazing system is said to be best from economic point of view,
because it is less costly than the other two glazing system. The double glazing
unit is the best suited option for the south façade windows because it has low
solar heat gain coefficient which keeps interior spaces cool and reduce the
energy demand for space cooling. As per ECBC, the low heat gain coefficient
glass is more effective product is at shading the heat gain from entering the
interior.
Hence, the study has simulated the daylight illumination of the living areas of
the building envelope to optimize the energy demand at the early stage of
design. The analysis helps in evaluation of the level of visual comfort to the
occupants. The strategy is valuable to save energy by optimizing the use of
artificial light.
The analysis focused on optimization of daylight level in interior spaces of the
building enclosure. Three different glazing units have been recommended to
determine daylight illumination level to make energy efficient building. The
illumination level is estimated to reduce energy demand and to improve visual
comfort for the residents. Computer based simulation strategy has been used for
daylight analysis to improve indoor environment. Ecotect software in
conjunction with Radiance has been used for evaluation of daylighting level in
internal spaces of the residential building. The study is proved essential for
evaluation of daylight availability in internal spaces of the building at the design
and pre-construction stage, which helps in reduction of energy consumption.
144
References
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ventilated building as parameter for energy management. Energy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Ecotect_Analysis
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https://www.velux.com/deic/daylight/daylight-calculations-and-measurements
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Lighting Quality Satisfaction in Residential Buildings. In Construction
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dynamic simulation of both daylight and thermal performance. Energy
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integrated evaluation of daylight utilization during initial design
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illuminance. Energy and Buildings, 118, 1-17.
145
Energy Optimization in HVAC Systems-A Practical

Approach
Vishnu Namboodiri V1
Abstract
HVAC systems are major contributors for the energy consumption.
Optimization of these systems will help to save more energy. The poor design
and operations of these systems are the major concerns in current scenario. The
development of the new optimization techniques will enable hassle free energy
conservation. According to the industry, capacity of the HVAC systems may
vary but the components and controlling techniques are almost homogeneous in
nature. A practical approach has been established for various sub systems in
HVAC systems towards a sustainable savings. A potential savings are observed
in the following sub systems of the HVAC systems like VFD (Variable
frequency drive), & BMS (Building Management Systems).This approach
enables a potential savings. To sustain this benchmarked approach a strategic
policy flow chart for the energy optimization also been developed for ease of
handling in different industries.
Keywords: HVAC; Energy Conservation; VFD; BMS; Optimization.
1. Introduction
The HVAC systems are revolutionary inventions of 21th century, a wide range
of application and optimization techniques implemented in past years. In
current scenario a keen interest in terms of high energy savings outputs are
emerging in the HVAC industry. Fong et.al studied the optimization of HVAC
systems through programming and found that a potential savings can be
achieved through the programming. Wemhoff et.al predicted the energy savings
through lumped model analysis this shows different techniques can be adopted.
Lombard et.al conducted studies for formulating HVAC energy efficiency
indicators it opens the windows for the energy efficiency analysis. Nabil et.al
evaluated cost effective operating strategy to reduce the energy conservation.
Fasiuddin et.al evaluated the possibility of zero investment HVAC system
through operation strategies. Mohamad et.al studied scheduling techniques for
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research-Shamirpet
Campus, Hyderabad. Email: vnvtvm@gmail.com
146
the buildings and founded significant importance in energy conservation areas.

BMS (Building Management Systems) plays a vital role in the HVAC systems
in operational aspects. VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) a sub operational
system enables the operational effectiveness of the HVAC systems.
Combination of both of these systems enables a potential savings towards the
effective control over HVAC.
2. Proposed Approach
In this work following approaches has been identified,
1. VFD Optimization
2. BMS(Building management system) Scheduling
2.1 VFD Optimization
The VFD optimization is carried out by evaluating filtration efficiency either
manual or through BMS. In manual method the filtration efficiency is
determined with the help of the reading of magnehelic gauges across the filters.
In BMS system the filtration efficiency is evaluated thought the values obtained
from the differential pressure transmitter. The design CFM is a critical
parameter to maintain the air changes and other occupancy comfort parameters.
Usually three type of filtration levels are adopted 10, 5 and 3-micron filtration.
Efficiency and status of the filters is a key indicator for the energy conservation.
The filter pressure drop values indicate the efficiency and status. If pressure
drop is more filter is choked and if the value is less the filters are leaking. By
exclusive cleaning and filter handling programs, the filter status can be ensured.
Once the filter status is ensured the VFD frequency for the blower motor can be
optimized through this series of the activities frequency can be reduced up to
10-25% from the earlier value. This will enable a potential savings.
Table 1: Specification of Filters
Sl No Filter Specification Acceptance Criteria
1 G4(10µ) 40 to 100 Pa
2 F7(5µ) 80 to 200 Pa
3 F9(3µ) 120 to 250 Pa
4 H13 (0.3µ) 250 to 650 Pa
5 H14 (0.3µ) 250 to 650 Pa
(Source: WHO PQP Reports)
147
Table 2: Details of the Units are selected for Study Purpose for a
Pharmaceutical Plant
TSP
Sl No AHU No CFM (Total Static Pressure)
mmWc
1 AHU-1 22500 150
2 AHU-2 12000 150
3 AHU-3 8000 150
4 AHU-4 5200 150
5 AHU-5 2500 150
(Source: Compiled by author)
Three steps are identified for the evaluation of the VFD optimization.
Step:1
In this step the current condition of the pressure cascading is considered & the
value shall be within the acceptance criteria as per the (World Health
Organisation) WHO guidelines. Also calibration offset for the measuring
instrument for Differential Pressure (DP) shall be zero. If parameters are found
within the acceptable level move forward to step-2.
Step:2
Monitoring and verification of prefilters:
By fixing the differential pressure transmitters before and after the filters to
know the operational condition of the filters. The value of DP shall be
compliance as per the below table for different type of filters. If the filters are
choked/clogged the above DP value will be higher and if the DP value is less
than the lower value filter is leaked. Once this process is over a physical
verification of filter is executed and damaged/leaked filters shall be replaced
with new one. The choked/clogged filters shall be cleaned with compressed air
and water to recheck the reuse of the filter, if found again the choking/clogging
the filter shall be changed with new one. Once the filter is changed move
forward to the step-3
Step:3
Once new filter is placed the pressure cascading will be affected due to increase
in the air flow of the system, the pressure cascading will be done through
adjusting the VFD. This will be more effective when there is separated two
VFD’s for supply and return. Initial 50 Hz can be reduced up to 35 Hz for
148
return and for supply up to 40 to 35 Hz. This value may change according to
different site, and this may also depend upon the duct leakages. Monitoring of
the environmental parameters also will play a major role. The some adjustment
is required to compensate VFD adjustment for temperature and humidity. This
shall be done with humidistat & thermostat respectively.
Different level of optimization has been identified,
1. Supply 50Hz & Return 50 Hz
2. Supply 45Hz & Return 45 Hz (All VFD Optimization)
6. Combination of 50 Hz and 45 Hz (Combination VFD Optimization)
Table 3: Supply 50Hz & Return 50 Hz
kWh for
No of No of Total No
TSP Operating Maximum % Speed HP of Total kW for 50 Hz Operating Operating
Sl No AHU No CFM Supply Return of
mmWc Frequency Frequency (OF/MF) Blowers HP 50 Hz (Units/D Cost(Rs/Day) Cost/Month
Blowers Blowers Blowers
ay)
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 3 3 6 15 90 67.11 1610.71 12885.70 386570.88
2 AHU-2 12000 150 50 50 1 2 2 4 10 40 29.83 715.87 5726.98 171809.28
3 AHU-3 8000 150 50 50 1 2 2 4 7.3 29.2 21.77 522.59 4180.69 125420.77
4 AHU-4 5200 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 261.29 2090.35 62710.39
5 AHU-5 2500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 5.3 10.6 7.90 189.71 1517.65 45529.46
Table 4: Supply 45Hz & Return 45 Hz Total Cost 792040.78
kWh for
ay)
1 AHU-1 22500 150 45 50 0.9 3 3 6 15 81 60.40 1449.64 11597.13 347913.792
2 AHU-2 12000 150 45 50 0.9 2 2 4 10 36 26.85 644.28 5154.28 154628.352
3 AHU-3 8000 150 45 50 0.9 2 2 4 7.3 26.28 19.60 470.33 3762.62 112878.70
4 AHU-4 5200 150 45 50 0.9 1 1 2 7.3 13.14 9.80 235.16 1881.31 56439.35
5 AHU-5 2500 150 45 50 0.9 1 1 2 5.3 9.54 7.11 170.74 1365.88 40976.51
Total Cost 712836.70
149
Table 5: Supply 40Hz & Return 40 H

kWh for
ay)
1 AHU-1 22500 150 40 50 0.8 3 3 6 15 72 53.69 1288.57 10308.56 309256.704
2 AHU-2 12000 150 40 50 0.8 2 2 4 10 32 23.86 572.70 4581.58 137447.424
3 AHU-3 8000 150 40 50 0.8 2 2 4 7.3 23.36 17.42 418.07 3344.55 100336.62
4 AHU-4 5200 150 40 50 0.8 1 1 2 7.3 11.68 8.71 209.03 1672.28 50168.31
5 AHU-5 2500 150 40 50 0.8 1 1 2 5.3 8.48 6.32 151.76 1214.12 36423.57

Table 6: Supply 35Hz & Return 35 Hz
kWh for
ay)
1 AHU-1 22500 150 35 50 0.7 3 3 6 15 63 46.98 1127.50 9019.99 270599.616
2 AHU-2 12000 150 35 50 0.7 2 2 4 10 28 20.88 501.11 4008.88 120266.496
3 AHU-3 8000 150 35 50 0.7 2 2 4 7.3 20.44 15.24 365.81 2926.48 87794.54
4 AHU-4 5200 150 35 50 0.7 1 1 2 7.3 10.22 7.62 182.91 1463.24 43897.27
5 AHU-5 2500 150 35 50 0.7 1 1 2 5.3 7.42 5.53 132.79 1062.35 31870.62

Table 7: Supply 30Hz & Return 30Hz
kWh for
ay)
1 AHU-1 22500 150 30 50 0.6 3 3 6 15 54 40.27 966.43 7731.42 231942.528
2 AHU-2 12000 150 30 50 0.6 2 2 4 10 24 17.90 429.52 3436.19 103085.568
3 AHU-3 8000 150 30 50 0.6 2 2 4 7.3 17.52 13.06 313.55 2508.42 75252.46
4 AHU-4 5200 150 30 50 0.6 1 1 2 7.3 8.76 6.53 156.78 1254.21 37626.23
5 AHU-5 2500 150 30 50 0.6 1 1 2 5.3 6.36 4.74 113.82 910.59 27317.68
150
Table 8: Combination of 50 Hz and 45 Hz

kWh for
No of No of
TSP Operating Maximum % Speed Total No of HP of kW for 45 Hz Operating Operating
Sl No AHU No CFM Supply Return Total HP
mmWc Frequency Frequency (OF/MF) Blowers Blowers 45 Hz (Units/Da Cost(Rs/Day) Cost/Month
Blowers Blowers
y)
45 50 0.9 2 2 4 15 54 40.27 966.43 7731.42 231942.53
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 536.90 4295.23 128856.96
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 357.94 2863.49 85904.64
2 AHU-2 12000 150 45 50 0.9 0 2 2 10 18 13.42 322.14 2577.14 77314.18
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 261.29 2090.35 62710.39
3 AHU-3 8000 150 45 50 0.9 0 2 2 7.3 13.14 9.80 235.16 1881.31 56439.35
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 130.65 1045.17 31355.19
4 AHU-4 5200 150 45 50 0.9 0 1 1 7.3 6.57 4.90 117.58 940.66 28219.67
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 94.85 758.82 22764.73
5 AHU-5 2500 150 45 50 0.9 0 1 1 5.3 4.77 3.56 85.37 682.94 20488.26

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
40 50 0.8 2 2 4 15 48 35.79 859.05 6872.37 206171.14
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 536.90 4295.23 128856.96
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 357.94 2863.49 85904.64
2 AHU-2 12000 150 40 50 0.8 0 2 2 10 16 11.93 286.35 2290.79 68723.71
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 261.29 2090.35 62710.39
3 AHU-3 8000 150 40 50 0.8 0 2 2 7.3 11.68 8.71 209.03 1672.28 50168.31
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 130.65 1045.17 31355.19
4 AHU-4 5200 150 40 50 0.8 0 1 1 7.3 5.84 4.35 104.52 836.14 25084.15
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 94.85 758.82 22764.73
5 AHU-5 2500 150 40 50 0.8 0 1 1 5.3 4.24 3.16 75.88 607.06 18211.78

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
35 50 0.7 2 2 4 15 42 31.32 751.67 6013.32 180399.74
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 536.90 4295.23 128856.96
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 357.94 2863.49 85904.64
2 AHU-2 12000 150 35 50 0.7 0 2 2 10 14 10.44 250.56 2004.44 60133.25
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 261.29 2090.35 62710.39
3 AHU-3 8000 150 35 50 0.7 0 2 2 7.3 10.22 7.62 182.91 1463.24 43897.27
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 130.65 1045.17 31355.19
4 AHU-4 5200 150 35 50 0.7 0 1 1 7.3 5.11 3.81 91.45 731.62 21948.64
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 94.85 758.82 22764.73
5 AHU-5 2500 150 35 50 0.7 0 1 1 5.3 3.71 2.77 66.40 531.18 15935.31
151

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
30 50 0.6 2 2 4 15 36 26.85 644.28 5154.28 154628.35
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 536.90 4295.23 128856.96
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 357.94 2863.49 85904.64
2 AHU-2 12000 150 30 50 0.6 0 2 2 10 12 8.95 214.76 1718.09 51542.78
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 261.29 2090.35 62710.39
3 AHU-3 8000 150 30 50 0.6 0 2 2 7.3 8.76 6.53 156.78 1254.21 37626.23
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 130.65 1045.17 31355.19
4 AHU-4 5200 150 30 50 0.6 0 1 1 7.3 4.38 3.27 78.39 627.10 18813.12
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 94.85 758.82 22764.73
5 AHU-5 2500 150 30 50 0.6 0 1 1 5.3 3.18 2.37 56.91 455.29 13658.84

2.2 BMS Scheduling
The BMS scheduling has been evaluated for 8hr continuous running for 30
days.
Table 12: BMS Scheduling-Combination of 50 Hz and 45 Hz
kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
45 50 0.9 2 2 4 15 54 40.27 322.14 2577.14 77314.18
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 178.97 1431.74 42952.32
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 119.31 954.50 28634.88
2 AHU-2 12000 150 45 50 0.9 0 2 2 10 18 13.42 107.38 859.05 25771.39
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 87.10 696.78 20903.46
3 AHU-3 8000 150 45 50 0.9 0 2 2 7.3 13.14 9.80 78.39 627.10 18813.12
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 43.55 348.39 10451.73
4 AHU-4 5200 150 45 50 0.9 0 1 1 7.3 6.57 4.90 39.19 313.55 9406.56
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 31.62 252.94 7588.24
5 AHU-5 2500 150 45 50 0.9 0 1 1 5.3 4.77 3.56 28.46 227.65 6829.42
152
Table 13: BMS Scheduling-Combination of 50Hz and 40 Hz

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
35 50 0.7 2 2 4 15 42 31.32 250.56 2004.44 60133.25
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 178.97 1431.74 42952.32
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 119.31 954.50 28634.88
2 AHU-2 12000 150 35 50 0.7 0 2 2 10 14 10.44 83.52 668.15 20044.42
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 87.10 696.78 20903.46
3 AHU-3 8000 150 35 50 0.7 0 2 2 7.3 10.22 7.62 60.97 487.75 14632.42
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 43.55 348.39 10451.73
4 AHU-4 5200 150 35 50 0.7 0 1 1 7.3 5.11 3.81 30.48 243.87 7316.21
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 31.62 252.94 7588.24
5 AHU-5 2500 150 35 50 0.7 0 1 1 5.3 3.71 2.77 22.13 177.06 5311.77

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
40 50 0.8 2 2 4 15 48 35.79 286.35 2290.79 68723.71
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 178.97 1431.74 42952.32
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 119.31 954.50 28634.88
2 AHU-2 12000 150 40 50 0.8 0 2 2 10 16 11.93 95.45 763.60 22907.90
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 87.10 696.78 20903.46
3 AHU-3 8000 150 40 50 0.8 0 2 2 7.3 11.68 8.71 69.68 557.43 16722.77
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 43.55 348.39 10451.73
4 AHU-4 5200 150 40 50 0.8 0 1 1 7.3 5.84 4.35 34.84 278.71 8361.38
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 31.62 252.94 7588.24
5 AHU-5 2500 150 40 50 0.8 0 1 1 5.3 4.24 3.16 25.29 202.35 6070.59

kWh for
No of No of
Blowers Blowers
y)
30 50 0.6 2 2 4 15 36 26.85 214.76 1718.09 51542.78
1 AHU-1 22500 150 50 50 1 1 1 2 15 30 22.37 178.97 1431.74 42952.32
50 50 1 2 0 2 10 20 14.91 119.31 954.50 28634.88
2 AHU-2 12000 150 30 50 0.6 0 2 2 10 12 8.95 71.59 572.70 17180.93
50 50 1 2 0 2 7.3 14.6 10.89 87.10 696.78 20903.46
3 AHU-3 8000 150 30 50 0.6 0 2 2 7.3 8.76 6.53 52.26 418.07 12542.08
50 50 1 1 0 1 7.3 7.3 5.44 43.55 348.39 10451.73
4 AHU-4 5200 150 30 50 0.6 0 1 1 7.3 4.38 3.27 26.13 209.03 6271.04
50 50 1 1 0 1 5.3 5.3 3.95 31.62 252.94 7588.24
5 AHU-5 2500 150 30 50 0.6 0 1 1 5.3 3.18 2.37 18.97 151.76 4552.95
(Source: Compiled by Author)
153
3. Discussion
Savings Comparison
1000000
Rs Savings
500000
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
VFD Frequency
ALL VFD Optimization
Combination VFD Optimization
All BMS Scheduling
Comb BMS

Figure 1: Savings Comparison for AHU-01
A savings comparison plot has been generated with savings data’s of different
models for AHU-01. The result shows that BMS scheduling provides promising
savings than other methods (see figure: 1). If the both supply and return blowers
VFD is optimizing it is All VFD optimization. If supply and return blowers
VFD are optimized in different frequency then it is combination VFD
optimization. All BMS scheduling is process of optimizing the operations of
HVAC in which VFD values are same for both supply and return blowers.
Combination BMS having different VFD values for both supply and return
blowers. All BMS scheduling experiences some of the practical constraints like
manufacturing schedules and other operation barriers. To overcome these issues
and improve system savings to an optimum level four different approaches has
been proposed.
1. All VFD optimization to All BMS scheduling
2. All VFD optimization to Combination BMS scheduling
3. Combination VFD optimization to All BMS scheduling
4. Combination VFD optimization to Combination BMS scheduling
All VFD optimization to All BMS scheduling means the optimization is carried
out both in VFD and Scheduling for a fixed frequency for both supply and
return blowers. All VFD to combination BMS means the optimization is carried
out for a fixed frequency of VFD and operation hours are scheduling through
BMS scheduling. Combination VFD optimization to all BMS scheduling is a
combination of different frequency VFD adjustments and BMS scheduling in
154
fixed frequency. Combination VFD and BMS scheduling is the method of both
BMS and VFD scheduling in different frequency manner.
A combination analysis based on average monthly electricity bill values has
been evaluated (see figure 2.)
Combination Analysis of Proposed Models

2277902.5 2333168
2400000
2300000
Avg Monthly Electricity Bill
2112106 2167371.5
2200000
2100000
2000000
Average- All VFD Average- All VFD Average- VFD Average- VFD
Optimization to Optimization to combination to combination to Series1
All BMS combination All BMS combination
Scheduling BMS BMS
Proposed Models

Figure 2: Combination Analysis
A combination analysis has been done with the average values obtained for the
different models. The results indicates that average values of All VFD
optimization to All BMS scheduling and All VFD optimization to BMS
combination has a promising role in the energy consumption as compared to
other models. VFD combination to All BMS indicates good performance than
VFD combination to combination BMS. All proposed models are indicating a
potential savings although according to the industry and field parameters this
type of models can be adopted. Based on the proposed models a strategic
energy policy flow chart has been developed (see figure: 3).
(Source: Compiled by author)

Figure 3: Energy Policy Flow Chart
155
4. Conclusion
VFD optimisation and BMS scheduling provides promising energy
conservation. According to the site conditions any one of the proposed models
can be adopted. An energy policy flow diagram has been developed and this can
be utilized for checking the feasibility as per the site conditions.
References
Fasiuddin, M., Budaiwi, I., & Abdou, A. (2010). Zero‐investment HVAC
system operation strategies for energy conservation and thermal comfort
in commercial buildings in hot‐humid climate. International Journal of
Energy Research, 34(1), 1-19.
Fong, K. F., Hanby, V. I., & Chow, T. T. (2006). HVAC system optimization
for energy management by evolutionary programming. Energy and
Buildings, 38(3), 220-231.
Haniff, M. F., Selamat, H., Yusof, R., Buyamin, S., & Ismail, F. S. (2013).
Review of HVAC scheduling techniques for buildings towards energy-
efficient and cost-effective operations. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 27, 94-103.
Nassif, N., & Moujaes, S. (2008). A cost‐effective operating strategy to reduce
energy consumption in a HVAC system. International Journal of
Energy Research, 32(6), 543-558.
Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., Maestre, I. R., & Coronel, J. F. (2012).
Constructing HVAC energy efficiency indicators. Energy and
Buildings, 47, 619-629.
Wemhoff, A. P., & Frank, M. V. (2010). Predictions of energy savings in
HVAC systems by lumped models. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1807-
1814.
156
Estimation of Solar Energy Potential for Regional

Energy Planning Using GIS Techniques
Aditya Sonpipare1, G Areendran2 and Pavan Totla3
Abstract
Renewable energy systems use resources that are constantly replaced in nature
and are usually less polluting (Ramachandra, T.V, 2007). Increasing negative
impact of fossil fuel on the environment in addition to limited resources have
forced many countries to gradually switch to environmental friendly
alternatives that are renewable and are sustainable in the ever increasing energy
demand scenario. In order to tap the potential of various renewable energy
sources, there is a need to assess the availability of the resources spatially.
Calculating the potential of solar energy is the focus of this paper.
The study employs Geographical Information System (GIS) to map solar
energy potential in wasteland areas of Maharashtra. The spatial database of
resource availability and the demand facilitates in regional energy planning.
Regions and districts suitable for tapping solar energy are mapped on the basis
of global solar radiation data (Direct Normal Irradiance & Global Horizontal
Irradiance), and this analysis provides a picture of the potential in the state of
Maharashtra. With the help of this data, we can also estimate the potential
power generation of these areas which would be helpful in mid to long term
regional energy planning.
Keywords: Solar Energy; Maharashtra; Global Horizontal Irradiance; GIS;
Wasteland.
1. Introduction
The area of our study is Maharashtra state, India, which is located in the north
centre of Peninsular India. Maharashtra has a remarkable physical homogeneity,
enforced by its underlying geology. It covers an area of 3, 07,690 Km2 hence
accounts for 9.35% of the total area of the country (32.88 lakh Km2). For
administrative purpose the state is divided into 36 districts, which are sub
divided into 358 talukas. ( Fig 1 below)
1
Assistant Manager, Baker Tilly DHC, Mumbai, India. Email: a.sonpipare@gmail.com
2
Director, IGCMC (Remote sensing & GIS) & ENVIS WWF-India
3
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research , Pune
157
(Source:
http://www.india.gov.in/maps/)
Figure 1: Geographical Map of the State of Maharashtra, India
2. Objective
The objective of this study is to analyze spatially solar energy potential in
Maharashtra state, India.
Global horizontal radiation or global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is the most
important parameter for calculation of PV electricity yield. Solar energy based
electricity can be generated through two technologies–
1. Solar photo-voltaic (SPV)
2. Solar thermal
In this study we considered the potential of the solar photo-voltaic power plants
only and all the calculations are solely done for solar PV projects.
3. Materials and Methodology
First the average GHI received by the different regions/districts of Maharashtra
were calculated with the help of GHI and DNI shape files developed by the U.S.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in cooperation with India's
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), through funding from the
158
U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of State using GIS software.
Administrative shapefiles of India were provided by The Indira Gandhi
Conservation Monitoring Centre (IGCMC) at WWF-India (World Wide Fund
for Nature-India).
Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) is the component of solar irradiation that
reaches a surface of the Earth (normal to the direction of the sun) without any
atmospheric losses due to scattering or absorption, whereas GHI is equal to
Direct Horizontal Irradiation (DHI) + Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation (DIF). DHI
is the irradiation component that reaches a horizontal Earth surface without any
atmospheric losses due to scattering or absorption. DIF is the irradiation
component that reaches a horizontal Earth surface as a result of being scattered
by air molecules, aerosol particles, cloud particles or other particles.
(Source: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/glossary/gloss_g.html)
Figure 2: Solar Radiation Entering the Earth’s Atmosphere
The data which was taken from the site of NREL provides 10-kilometer (km)
solar resource maps and data for India. The 10-km hourly solar resource data
were developed using weather satellite (METEOSAT) measurements
incorporated into a site-time specific solar modeling approach developed at the
U.S. State University of New York at Albany. The data is made publicly
available in GIS format and as static maps. The hourly data is also available for
specific locations from NREL's Renewable Resource Data Center. The new
159
maps and data were released in June 2013 by NREL. The new data expands the
time period of analysis from 2002-2007 to 2002-2011 and incorporates
enhanced aerosols information to improve DNI. (Source: NREL)
Study Steps:
a) Data of average GHI values calculated in kwh/m2/day were plotted with
the help of Arc GIS software and are categorized into five different
ranges.
b) Initially map was prepared on the annual average values of GHI
received by the Maharashtra state as a whole.
c) After that month wise maps were prepared for further analysis.
d) Using the average value of GHI received by Maharashtra region,
calculations were done to estimate the solar potential in 1 Km2 area.
e) Availability of the wasteland (district wise) in Maharashtra was
determined using wasteland data from the Ministry of Rural
Development, Department of Land Resource. Calculations are done
assuming only 3% of wasteland is used for the purpose of solar projects.
[In accordance with an exercise carried out by national institute of
solar energy (NISE) for calculating the State wise solar potential in the
country]
4. Analysis & Calculation Summary
4.1 Analysis
Software used for analysis and calculations:
a) Arc GIS 10.1: for map preparation, geo-referencing, digitization etc.
b) Google Earth : for location referencing
c) MS-Excel : for tables and calculations
From the generated maps and data it was concluded that Maharashtra is one of
the few states in India which receives solar radiation equivalent to 5- 6
kwh/m2/day. A major portion of the central region of Maharashtra gets
relatively more annual GHI than the western and eastern districts of the state.
The following map (Fig. 3) gives an idea about the annual average GHI
received by the different districts of Maharashtra.
To get more clear understanding of the seasonal variations on the average
monthly GHI (since Maharashtra state falls mainly in the tropical region),
month-wise maps were also analyzed. [Note: All the maps depict the model
estimates of monthly average GHI at 10 Km resolution based on hourly
estimates of radiation over 10 years (2002-2011). The inputs are visible imagery
from geostationary satellites, aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone. The
160
state boundary shown is that which is officially sanctioned by the Republic of

India.]

Figure 3: Annual Average GHI Received by Maharashtra State
4.2 Calculations
If we consider (on an average) the GHI value at the optimal tilt of the solar PV
panel for Maharashtra state to be 5.69kwh/m2/day, then the following
calculation (in Table 1) can be done and various parameters can be analyzed.
Table 1: Calculations
Calculation Wise Analysis
Parameter(s) Value
Radiation at optimum tilt (kwh/m2/day) 5.69
Panel dimensions (1.632m * 0.989m – sample panel size) 1.614048 m2
Incident radiation per panel (kwh/day) 9.18393312
Panel conversion efficiency (14.29%) 0.1429
161
Calculation Wise Analysis

Parameter(s) Value
Generation per panel (kwh/day) 1.32
No. Of panels for 1000KW (considering 6 Hrs of generation) 4545
Output per day (kwh/day) 6000
System efficiency considering losses etc. (for 81%) 0.81
Usable output per day (kwh/day) 4860
Days in a month (approx) 30
Output (kwh/month) 145800
Number of months in a year 12
Output (kwh/year) 1749600
Dimension of one panel (1.632m * 0.989m) + considering 1.614048 + 0.5 +
0.5m2 space on front & back side = 0.5 = 2.614 m2
Hence area required by 4545 panels = 4545*2.614 =
2
11880.85 m
(i.e., approximately
12000 m2)
General Analysis
Thumb Rule says 1KW would require land = 12 m2
Hence Land required for 1MW solar plant = 12*1000 = 12000
m2 (i.e. Around 3
acres)
But considering land for overall setup normally 1 MW (i.e., 4 to 5 Acres
1000KW) would require Land =
Considering average = 4.5 Acres
Land Required for 50MW project = 4.5*50 = 225 Acres
(i.e., 0.910542 Km2
considering it to be
around 1 Km2)
On an average the GHI value at the optimal tilt of the panel for Maharashtra
state comes out to be 5.69 kwh/m2/day and if we take the standard panel
dimension to be 1.632m * 0.989m (sample panel size) and the panel conversion
efficiency to be 14.29%, then the generation per panel comes around 1.32
kwh/day. Hence considering number of panels for 1000KW (considering 6 Hrs
of generation) is around 4545 panels. Therefore output per day would be
1.32*4545 = 6000 kwh/day. Now, if we consider the system efficiency to be
around 81% then the overall generation would come down to 6000*0.81 = 4860
162
kwh/day. Hence, in one month it will generate around 30*4860 = 145800

kwh/month and similarly for 1 year, it comes out to be 17, 49,600 kwh/year.
Now, for estimating the area required for the generation through 4545 number
of solar panel the calculations were done and in both the cases we concluded
that in 1 Km2 area, the estimated solar potential would be around 50MW.
Wasteland Data: Out of total geographic area of Maharashtra, 38,262.81 km2
is under wastelands accounting for 12.44% of the geographical area of the State
(Source: Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Land Resource). There
has been a decrease in the extent of wastelands to the tune of 11012.60 sq. Km.
The district with the highest percentage of wastelands is Raigad with 29.92%
while Gondia district with 5.28 %, has the least percentage of wastelands.
Since all the land cannot be utilized for solar power generation, hence for broad
estimation of solar potential of the Maharashtra state, only the wasteland areas
was considered for the establishment of solar parks (as given in Table 2). And
since all the wasteland areas are also not feasible for the establishment of the
solar projects, we will consider only 3% of the wasteland area for it. [In
accordance with an exercise carried out by National Institute of Solar Energy
(NISE) for calculating the State wise solar potential in the country]
Table 2: The Wasteland Area of Different Districts of Maharashtra
District Total TGA % to 3% of the (50 MW in 1
(in Km2) (in TGA Wasteland Km2)
Km2) (in Km2) Hence total
Potential (in
MW) =
Ahmednagar 2242.03 17048 13.15 67.2609 3363.045
Akola 413.04 5456 7.57 12.3912 619.56
Amravati 1216.13 12212 9.96 36.4839 1824.195
Aurangabad 802.41 10213 7.86 24.0723 1203.615
Bhandara 305.89 3951 7.74 9.1767 458.835
Beed 1574.07 10760 14.63 47.2221 2361.105
Bombay 1.1 157 0.7 0.033 1.65
Bombay 69.75 446 15.64 2.0925 104.625
Suburb
Buldhana 850.62 9661 8.8 25.5186 1275.93
Chandrapur 1558.07 10490 14.85 46.7421 2337.105
Dhule 2670.67 13150 20.31 80.1201 4006.005
Gadhchiroli 970.32 15433 6.29 29.1096 1455.48
163
District Total TGA % to 3% of the (50 MW in 1

(in Km2) (in TGA Wasteland Km2)
Km2) (in Km2) Hence total
Potential (in
MW) =
Gondia 277.9 5262 5.28 8.337 416.85
Jalgaon 1123.1 11765 9.55 33.693 1684.65
Jalna 464.09 6417 7.23 13.9227 696.135
Kolhapur 1435.78 8047 17.84 43.0734 2153.67
Latur 382.74 6725 5.69 11.4822 574.11
Nagpur 632.77 9931 6.37 18.9831 949.155
Nanded 1008.83 10502 9.61 30.2649 1513.245
Nashik 2362.58 15530 15.21 70.8774 3543.87
Osmanabad 487.87 7485 6.52 14.6361 731.805
Parbhani 921.45 12561 7.34 27.6435 1382.175
Pune 3522.99 15642 22.52 105.6897 5284.485
Ratnagiri 1553.3 8391 18.51 46.599 2329.95
Raigad 2138.95 7148 29.92 64.1685 3208.425
Sangli 1244.05 8572 14.51 37.3215 1866.075
Satara 1782 10484 17 53.46 2673
Sindhudurg 987.54 4663 21.18 29.6262 1481.31
Solapur 1322.92 15017 8.81 39.6876 1984.38
Thane 1777.3 9558 18.59 53.319 2665.95
Wardha 392.12 6310 6.21 11.7636 588.18
Washim 488.13 5119 9.54 14.6439 732.195
Yavatmal 1282.16 13584 9.44 38.4648 1923.24
Total (in 38262.81 307690 12.44 1147.8843 57394.215
Km2)
(Source: Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Land Resource
All areas in Km2; Total - Total Wasteland Area; TGA - Total Geographical Area
Note: Wastelands are categorized in 23 types
Hence, after doing the calculation (Table 2) it was noted that 1147.8843 Km2
(3% of total wasteland area) of wasteland is available. Since 50 MW is
generated in 1 Km2 the total potential (in MW) = 50*1147.8843 which comes
out to be 57394.215 MW. Hence, the estimated potential only for the wasteland
region would be 57394.215 MW or 57.394 GW.
164
5. Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above calculations and analysis that since
Maharashtra state is getting good amount of GHI throughout the year there is a
lot of potential in the state for solar power projects. If we consider only the
utilization of wasteland for solar PV projects, the estimated value of solar
potential of the state would be around 57 GW. Further, there are various
potential areas for solar projects in the urban regions (not considered for this
analysis) which can add few more Giga-watts to the calculated solar energy
potential. From this study we can spot (for preliminary analysis) the various
areas which are most feasible for the solar PV project by analyzing the GHI
received in the different parts of the state. This analysis could also help
investors to identify the potential sites for the solar PV projects. State
government can do the energy planning for a particular district/area according
to the solar potential of a particular district/area.
In a recent assessment conducted by the National Institute of Solar Energy
(NISE) they found Maharashtra state has a potential of over 64 GW for solar
power generation. Hence, the calculated value of this study is in the similar
range as that of NISE’s assessment.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Prakash Rao, Deputy Director, Symbiosis Institute
of International Business, for his constant support and guidance. We would also
like to thank Mr. Ravi Singh, CEO and Dr. Sejal Worah, Progamme Director,
WWF-India, for allowing us to carry out this study at their esteemed
organization. We also express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Krishna Raj,
Senior Programme Coordinator, IGCMC, WWF-India, for his cordial support,
valuable information and guidance through various stages. We are obliged to
Ms. Ankita Sharma, Assistant GIS Officer, IGCMC, WWF-India, and to Mr.
Mohit Sharma, GIS Officer, IGCMC, WWF-India, for their constant support
throughout the completion of this study.
References
CP report for Maharashtra prepared by IIT-Bombay, December 2014, p-28,
section 2.2.1, Available from: <https://agora-parl.org/sites/default/files
/67825b_7f36b4c5468841919549e5ea7e37341f.pdf > [Accessed 14
May 2015]
India Solar Resource Maps & Data updated March 2016, (United States),
Available from: <Http://www.nrel.gov/international/ra_india.html>,
[Accessed 13 May 2015]
165
Maharashtra Districts Map, Available from: <https://www.mapsofindia.com

/maps/maharashtra/maharashtra.htm>, [Accessed 04 May 2015]
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Solar R&D Division, Government of
India (No. 22/02/2014-15/Solar-R&D). National Institute of Solar
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NICMAR LOCATIONS

MUMBAI National Institute of Construction Management and Research

Sustainable Development in Construction Sector

PUNE National Institute of Construction Management and Research

HYDERABAD NICMAR Hyderabad Campus at Shamirpet

GOA NICMAR Goa Campus at Farmagudi

DELHI NCR NICMAR Delhi NCR Campus at Bahadurgarh

DUBAI NICMAR Study Center

Dr. Mangesh G. Korgaonker

Dr. Jonardan Koner

Research and Publications Department,

© National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Pune

ISBN No: 978-93-5361-298-6

With best wishes,

Dr. Jonardan Koner,

Performance Assessment of Green Building Rating

3. US Green Building Council - USGBC

very less as compared to conventional buildings, green Building utilizes low-

GRIHA Rated LEED Rated Non Rated

GRIHA Rated LEED Rated Non Rated

Figure 1: Human Comfort Results

0.4 80 Analysis3.5 4.2 3.9

4.26 4.4 3.56

Figure 2: Analysis in Graphical Representation

Table 3: Calculation Table

Table 5: Human Comfort

Carbon Footprint of Transportation Sector – A Case

emissions from transportation sector in India was at 11.48%. The contribution

Secondary Data GHG emissions Recommendations

Figure 1: Methodology for the Study

4. Case study – Pune Area

Table 3 presents a comprehensive look at transportation activity (limited to trips

(increase/decrease/peak hours) and may help in formulating few operational

national (National Transportation Development Policy, 2012) and more

Sustainability Optimisation of Residential Buildings

For the above to be developed and used efficiently there is a need to

model. Materials were chosen as the key decision variables as most

certain extent the singular objectivity of these professionals for profit

Table 3: Results of Survey for Ascertaining Weights of the Objective

Table 5: Comparison of Model Results to Obtain Information on

ECO Friendly Low Cost Material for Eradicating

Keywords: Fly Ash; Building Material; Pervious Concrete; Percolation

Figure 1: Rain Water Harvesting Concrete

2. Test Results of Coarse Aggregate

Figure 2: Water Cement Ratio 5:1

Figure 3: Water Cement Ratio 6:1

Figure 4: Water Cement Ratio 7:1

Figure 5: Water Cement Ratio 8:1

Comparative Study of a Non-Rated Residential Building

Figure 1: Floor Plan of Green Building

Figure 2: StaadPro Model for Green Building

Figure 3: ECOTECT Model of Typical Floor Plan

Figure 4: Artificial Lighting Analysis in DIALUX

Sl.No. Item Amount (INR)

(Source: ECOTECT Analysis)

(Source: ECOTECT Analysis)

(Source: DIALUX Analysis)

Sl. No. Item Amount (INR)

Comparative Calculation of Carbon Footprint of

Figure 1: Global CO2 Emission

(Source: UNEP Meeting Report, 2003)

Table 1: Key Source Categories of Emissions

1.2 Self-Compacting Concrete