1.

There are ______________ Internet  D) Ring

service providers.
6. A ________ is a set of rules that
 A) regional
governs data communication.
 B) local  A) protocol

 C) national and international  B) forum

 D) all of the above  C) standard

2. ______ refers to the physical or  D) none of the above

logical arrangement of a network.
 A) Topology
 B) Mode of operation
 C) Data flow
 D) None of the above
3. A ______ is a data communication
system spanning states, countries, or
the whole world.
 A) MAN
 B) WAN
 C) LAN
 D) none of the above
4. A _______ connection provides a
dedicated link between two devices.
 A) primary
 B) multipoint
 C) point-to-point
 D) secondary
7. In a ______ connection, two and
only two devices are connected by a
dedicated link.
 A) multipoint
 B) point-to-point
 C) (a) and (b)
 D) none of the above
8. The information to be communicated
in a data communications system is the
_______.
 A) Medium
 B) Protocol
 C) Message
 D) Transmission
9. ________ defines how a particular
pattern to be interpreted, and what
action is to be taken based on that
interpretation.
 A) Syntax

5. Which topology requires a multipoint  B) Semantics

connection?
 C) Timing
 A) Bus
 D) None of the above
 B) Star

 C) Mesh
10. Frequency of failure and network 14. Which agency developed standards
recovery time after a failure are for physical connection interfaces and
measures of the _______of a network. electronic signaling specifications?
 A) Performance  A) ISO

 B) Security  B) ITU-T

 C) Reliability  C) ANSI

 D) Feasibility  D) EIA

11. A television broadcast is an 15. A _______ is a data communication

example of _______ transmission. system within a building, plant, or
 A) half-duplex campus, or between nearby buildings.
 A) LAN
 B) simplex
 B) MAN
 C) full-duplex
 C) WAN
 D) automatic
 D) none of the above

16. _______ refers to two

12. Data flow between two devices can characteristics: when data should be
occur in a _______ way. sent and how fast it can be sent.
 A) simplex  A) Semantics

 B) half-duplex  B) Timing

 C) full-duplex  C) Syntax

 D) all of the above  D) none of the above

13. _______ are special-interest 17. This was the first network.
groups that quickly test, evaluate, and  A) CSNET
standardize new technologies.
 B) NSFNET
 A) Standards organizations
 C) ARPANET
 B) Regulatory agencies
 D) ANSNET
 C) Forums

 D) All of the above

18. Devices may be arranged in a
_____ topology.
 A) mesh
 B) ring
23. In the original ARPANET, _______
 C) bus
were directly connected together.
 D) all of the above  A) routers

19. _______ is the protocol suite for  B) host computers

the current Internet.
 C) networks
 A) UNIX
 D) IMPs
 B) NCP
24. Communication between a
 C) TCP/IP
computer and a keyboard involves
 D) ACM ______________ transmission.
 A) simplex
20. ________ is a collection of many
separate networks.  B) half-duplex
 A) A WAN
 C) full-duplex
 B) An internet
 D) automatic
 C) A LAN
25. Which topology requires a central
 D) None of the above controller or hub?
 A) Mesh
21. In a ________ connection, three or
more devices share a link.  B) Bus
 A) point-to-point
 C) Star
 B) multipoint
 D) Ring
 C) (a) and (b)
26. The _______ is the physical path
 D) none of the above over which a message travels.
 A) Protocol
22. Which organization has authority
over interstate and international  B) Signal
commerce in the communications field?
 C) Medium
 A) FCC
 D) All the above
 B) IEEE

 C) ITU-T
27. In a _______ connection, more
 D) ISOC than two devices can share a single
link.
 A) multipoint
 B) point-to-point  D) All the above

 C) primary 30. ________ is an idea or concept that

is a precursor to an Internet standard.
 D) secondary
 A) RCF
28. _______ refers to the structure or
 B) ID
format of the data, meaning the order
in which they are presented.  C) RFC
 A) Semantics
 D) none of the above
 B) Syntax
31. In _______ transmission, the
 C) Timing channel capacity is shared by both
communicating devices at all times.
 D) All of the above
 A) simplex
29. An unauthorized user is a network
 B) half-duplex
_______ issue.
 A) Security  C) full-duplex

 B) Reliability  D) half-simplex

 C) Performance

32. The ______ layer adds a header  B) network

to the packet coming from the uppe
 C) physical
r layer that includes the logical addre
sses of the sender and receiver.  D) none of the above
 A) data link 33. Which of the following is an appli
cation layer service?
 A) File transfer and access  A) user
 B) Mail service  B) network
 C) Remote log-in  C) both (a) and (b)
 D) All the above  D) neither (a) nor (b)
34. When data are transmitted from 40. The physical, data link, and netw
device A to device B, the header fro ork layers are the ______ support la
m A’s layer 4 is read by B’s ______ yers.
_ layer.
 A) network
 A) Transport
 B) user
 B) Application
 C) both (a) and (b)
 C) Physical
 D) neither (a) nor (b)
 D) None of the above
41. The ________ layer is responsibl
35. __________ provides full transpo e for the process-to-process delivery
rt layer services to applications. of the entire message.
 A) UDP  A) transport
 B) TCP  B) physical
 C) ARP  C) network
 D) none of the above  D) data link
36. The process-to-process delivery o 42. The _______ layer lies between
f the entire message is the responsib the network layer and the application
ility of the _______ layer. layer.
 A) Transport  A) Data link
 B) Application  B) Transport
 C) Physical  C) Physical
 D) Network  D) None of the above
37. The ______ layer is responsible f
or moving frames from one hop (nod
e) to the next.
 A) transport
 B) data link
 C) physical
43. The Internetworking Protocol (IP)
 D) none of the above
is a ________ protocol.
38. The _______ layer is responsible
 A) connection-oriented
for delivering data units from one st
ation to the next without errors.  B) reliable
 A) physical  C) both a and b
 B) data link  D) none of the above
 C) transport 44. The _______ layer links the net
work support layers and the user su
 D) network
pport layers.
39. The session, presentation, and a
 A) session
pplication layers are the ____ suppor
t layers.  B) transport
 C) data link  C) OSI
 D) network  D) none of the above
45. ICMPv6 includes _______. 51. The _______ layer changes bits i
nto electromagnetic signals.
 A) IGMP
 A) Physical
 B) ARP
 B) Transport
 C) RARP
 C) Data link
 D) a and b
 D) None of the above
46. The ____ address uniquely defin
es a host on the Internet. 52. IPv6 has _______ -bit addresses.
 A) IP
 A) 128
 B) port
 B) 32
 C) specific
 C) 64
 D) physical
 D) variable
47. The _______ layer coordinates t
he functions required to transmit a b 53. The_____ address identifies a pr
it stream over a physical medium. ocess on a host.
 A) data link  A) specific
 B) transport  B) port
 C) network  C) IP
 D) physical  D) physical
48. The ______ layer is responsible f 54. The_________ layer is responsibl
or the source-to-destination delivery e for the delivery of a message from
of a packet across multiple network l one process to another.
inks.
 A) transport
 A) network
 B) network
 B) physical
 C) physical
 C) data link
 D) none of the above
 D) transport

49. Mail services are available to net

work users through the _______ lay
er.
 A) Transport 55. The _________ layer enables the
users to access the network.
 B) Physical
 A) application
 C) Data link
 B) physical
 D) Application
 C) data link
50. The ____ created a model called
the Open Systems Interconnection,  D) transport
which allows diverse systems to com
56. The TCP/IP _______ layer is
municate.
equivalent to the combined session,
 A) IEEE presentation, and application layers of
 B) ISO the OSI model.
  A) data link 62. The _______ layer is the layer
closest to the transmission medium.
 B) network
 A) Network
 C) physical
 B) Transport
 D) application
 C) Physical
57. When a host on network A sends a
message to a host on network B, which  D) Data link
address does the router look at?
63. The OSI model consists of _______
 A) logical layers.
 B) physical  A) eight
 C) port  B) seven
 D) none of the above  C) five
58. As the data packet moves from the  D) three
upper to the lower layers, headers are
64. The ________ address, also known
_______.
as the link address, is the address of a
 A) Rearranged node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
 B) Removed  A) IP
 C) Added  B) port
 D) Modified  C) specific
59. The physical layer is concerned with  D) physical
the movement of _______ over the
65 Layer 2 lies between the physical
physical medium.
layer and the _______ layer.
 A) dialogs
 A) Data link
 B) protocols
 B) Transport
 C) bits
 C) Network
 D) programs
 D) None of the above
60. To deliver a message to the correct
66. Why was the OSI model developed?
application program running on a host,
the _______ address must be  A) The rate of data transfer
consulted. was increasing exponentially

 A) physical  B) Standards were needed to

allow any two systems to
 B) port
communicate
 C) IP
 C) Manufacturers disliked the
 D) none of the above TCP/IP protocol suite.
61. Ethernet uses a ______ physical  D) None of the above
address that is imprinted on the
67. In the OSI model, as a data packet
network interface card (NIC).
moves from the lower to the upper
 A) 32-bit layers, headers are _______.
 B) 6-byte  A) removed
 C) 64-bit  B) added
 D) none of the above  C) rearranged
  D) modified 73. The ______ layer establishes,
maintains, and synchronizes the
68. In the OSI model, when data is
interactions between communicating
transmitted from device A to device B,
devices.
the header from A’s layer 5 is read by
B’s _______ layer.  A) session
 A) session  B) physical
 B) physical  C) transport
 C) transport  D) network
 D) presentation 74. A port address in TCP/IP is ______
bits long.
69. The seven-layer _____ model
provides guidelines for the  A) 16
development of universally compatible
 B) 32
networking protocols.
 C) 48
 A) ISO
 D) none of the above
 B) OSI
75. In the OSI model, encryption and
 C) IEEE
decryption are functions of the
 D) none of the above ________ layer.
70. The Internet model consists of  A) application
_______ layers.
 B) presentation
 A) Eight
 C) session
 B) Seven
 D) transport
 C) Five
76. TCP/IP is a ______ hierarchical
 D) Three protocol suite developed ____ the OSI
model.
71. In the OSI model, what is the main
function of the transport layer?  A) five-layer; before
 A) process-to-process  B) six-layer; before
message delivery
 C) seven-layer; before
 B) node-to-node delivery
 D) five-layer; after
 C) synchronization
77. The ________ address, also known
 D) updating and maintenance as the link address, is the address of a
of routing tables node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
72. _______ is a process-to-process  A) logical
protocol that adds only port addresses,
 B) port
checksum error control, and length
information to the data from the upper  C) physical
layer.  D) none of the above
 A) IP
 B) TCP
 C) UDP
 D) none of the above
78. The _______ model shows how the communicating devices through
network functions of a computer ought transformation of data into a mutually
to be organized. agreed upon format.
 A) ANSI  A) network
 B) CCITT  B) presentation
 C) ISO  C) transport
 D) OSI  D) data link
79. The _______ layer ensures
interoperability between
1. If the maximum amplitude of a sine  B) frequency; time
wave is 2 V, the minimum amplitude is  C) time; frequency
________ V.  D) phase; time
8. If the bandwidth of a signal is 5 KHz
 A) 2 and the lowest frequency is 52 KHz,
 B) 1 what is the highest frequency?
 C) -2  A) 5 KHz
 D) between -2 and 2  B) 47 KHz
2. _________ can impair a signal.  C) 57 KHz
 A) Noise  D) 10 KHz
 B) Attenuation 9. In a time-domain plot, the horizontal
 C) Distortion axis is a measure of ________.
 D) All of the above  A) phase
3. ________is the rate of change with  B) signal amplitude
respect to time.  C) frequency
 A) Time  D) time
 B) Frequency 10. _______ data are continuous and
 C) Amplitude take continuous values.
 D) Voltage  A) digital
4. A signal is measured at two different  B) analog
points. The power is P1 at the first point  C) (a) or (b)
and P2 at the second point. The dB is 0.  D) none of the above
This means ________.
11. Frequency and period are ______.
 A) P2 equals P1
 A) proportional to each other
 B) P2 is zero
 B) inverse of each other
 C) P2 is much larger than P1
 C) the same
 D) P2 is much smaller than P1
 D) none of the above
5. Baseband transmission of a digital
12. When propagation speed is
signal is possible only if we have a ____
multiplied by propagation time, we get
channel.
the ________.
 A) bandpass
 A) wavelength of the signal
 B) low-pass
 B) throughput
 C) high rate
 C) distance a signal or bit has
 D) low rate traveled
6. ________ is a type of transmission  D) distortion factor
impairment in which the signal loses
13. A _________ sine wave is not
strength due to the resistance of the
useful in data communications; we
transmission medium.
need to send a _______ signal.
 A) Distortion
 A) single-frequency;
 B) Attenuation composite
 C) Noise  B) composite;
 D) Decibel single-frequency This is the
7. A sine wave in the ______ domain correct answer.
can be represented by one single spike  C) single-frequency;
in the _____ domain. double-frequency
 A) time; phase  D) none of the above
14. The _________ product defines the 22. For a ______ channel, we need to
number of bits that can fill the link. use the Shannon capacity to find the
 A) delay-amplitude maximum bit rate.
 B) frequency-amplitude  A) noiseless
 C) bandwidth-period  B) noisy
 D) bandwidth-delay  C) low-pass
15. _______ signals can have only a  D) bandpass
limited number of values.
 A) Digital 23. What is the bandwidth of a signal
 B) Analog that ranges from 1 MHz to 4 MHz?
 C) (a) or (b)  A) 1 KHz
 D) None of the above  B) 3 MHz
 C) 4 MHz
 D) none of the above
16. Before data can be transmitted, 24. _____ signals can have an infinite
they must be transformed to number of values in a range.
________.  A) Analog
 A) periodic signals  B) Digital
 B) electromagnetic signals  C) (a) or (b)
 C) aperiodic signals  D) None of the above
 D) low-frequency sine waves 25. A(n)_________ signal is a
View Answer: composite analog signal with an infinite
17. Data can be ________. bandwidth.
 A) digital  A) digital
 B) analog  B) analog
 C) (a) or (b)  C) either (a) or (b)
 D) none of the above  D) neither (a) nor (b)
18. ________ is a type of transmission
impairment in which the signal loses 26. A periodic signal completes one
strength due to the different cycle in 0.001 s. What is the frequency?
propagation speeds of each frequency  A) 1 Hz
that makes up the signal.  B) 100 Hz
 A) Noise  C) 1 KHz
 B) Distortion  D) 1 MHz
 C) Attenuation 27. The _____ of a composite signal is
 D) Decibel the difference between the highest and
19. Signals can be ________. the lowest frequencies contained in that
 A) digital signal.
 B) analog  A) period
 C) either (a) or (b)  B) bandwidth
 D) neither (a) nor (b)  C) frequency
20. A sine wave is ________.  D) amplitude
 A) periodic and discrete 28. ________ is a type of transmission
 B) aperiodic and discrete impairment in which an outside source
 C) periodic and continuous such as crosstalk corrupts a signal.
 D) aperiodic and continuous  A) Noise
 B) Distortion
21. _______ data have discrete states  C) Attenuation
and take discrete values.  D) Decibel
 A) Analog
 B) Digital 29. _______ describes the position of
 C) (a) or (b) the waveform relative to time 0.
 D) None of the above  A) Amplitude
 B) Phase
  C) Frequency the highest frequency at 600 Hz, what
 D) Voltage should be the sampling rate, according
30. Given two sine waves A and B, if the to the Nyquist theorem?
frequency of A is twice that of B, then
 A) 200 samples/s
the period of B is ________ that of A.
 A) one-half  B) 500 samples/s
 B) twice
 C) 1000 samples/s
 C) the same as
 D) indeterminate from  D) 1200 samples/s
37. In asynchronous transmission, the
gap time between bytes is _______.

31. As frequency increases, the period  A) variable

________.
 B) fixed
 A) increases
 B) decreases  C) zero
 C) doubles  D) a function of the data rate
 D) remains the same
38. ______ substitutes eight
32. If the available channel is a ____ consecutive zeros with 000VB0VB.
channel, we cannot send a digital signal  A) B4B8
directly to the channel.
 A) low-pass  B) B8ZS
 B) low rate  C) HDB3
 C) bandpass
 D) high rate  D) none of the above
39. The most common technique to
33. For a ______ channel, the Nyquist change an analog signal to digital data
bit rate formula defines the theoretical is called __________.
maximum bit rate.
 A) low-pass  A) sampling
 B) bandpass  B) PAL
 C) noisy
 D) noiseless  C) PCM
34. In a frequency-domain plot, the  D) none of the above
horizontal axis measures the
________. 40. The minimum bandwidth of
 A) phase Manchester and differential Manchester
 B) frequency is ____ that of NRZ.
 C) slope  A) the same as
 D) peak amplitude
 B) twice

35. Which of the following encoding  C) thrice

methods does not provide for  D) none of the above
synchronization?
41. The signal rate is sometimes called
 A) RZ the ____ rate.
 B) NRZ-L  A) bit
 C) NRZ-I  B) baud
 D) Manchester  C) signal
36. If the frequency spectrum of a  D) none of the above
signal has a bandwidth of 500 Hz with
42. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar  D) neither (a) nor (b)
encoding are types of _______
47. ________ provides synchronization
encoding.
without increasing the number of bits.
 A) line
 A) Line coding
 B) block
 B) Block coding
 C) NRZ
 C) Scrambling
 D) Manchester
 D) None of the above
48. The Nyquist theorem specifies the
minimum sampling rate to be_______.
 A) equal to the lowest
frequency of a signal
43. ________ is normally referred to as
mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit  B) equal to the highest
group with an n-bit group. frequency of a signal
 A) Line coding  C) twice the bandwidth of a
signal
 B) Block coding
 D) twice the highest frequency
 C) Scrambling
of a signal
 D) None of the above
49. PCM is an example of _______
44. In ______ schemes, the voltages conversion.
are on the both sides of the time axis.
 A) analog-to-analog
For example, the voltage level for 0 can
be positive and the voltage level for 1  B) analog-to-digital
can be negative.
 C) digital-to-digital
 A) unipolar
 D) digital-to-analog
 B) bipolar
 C) polar
50. There are three sampling methods:
 D) all of the above __________.
45. The ________ rate defines the  A) ideal, natural, and flat-top
number of data elements sent in 1s; the
 B) ideal, sampled, and flat-top
______ rate is the number of signal
elements sent in 1s.  C) quantized, sampled, and
ideal
 A) signal; data
 D) none of the above
 B) data; signal
51. In _______encoding, we use three
 C) baud; bit
levels: positive, zero, and negative.
 D) none of the above
 A) unipolar
46. The idea of RZ and the idea of
 B) polar
NRZ-L are combined into the ________
scheme.  C) bipolar

 A) Manchester  D) none of the above

 B) differential Manchester 52. Block coding can help in _______ at

the receiver.
 C) both (a) and (b)
 A) Synchronization
  B) Error detection  A) Manchester
 C) Attenuation  B) differential Manchester
 D) (a) and (b)  C) both (a) and (b)
53. In Manchester and differential  D) neither (a) nor (b)
Manchester encoding, the transition at
58. The ________ mode provides
the middle of the bit is used for
synchronization for the entire stream of
__________.
bits must. In other words, it guarantees
 A) bit transfer that the data arrive at a fixed rate.
 B) synchronization  A) isochronous
 C) baud transfer  B) synchronous
 D) none of the above  C) asynchronous
54. _______ encoding has a transition  D) none of the above
at the beginning of each 0 bit.
59. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-I
 A) Differential Manchester are combined into the ________
scheme.
 B) Manchester
 A) Manchester
 C) RZ
 B) differential Manchester
 D) All the above
 C) both (a) and (b)
 D) neither (a) nor (b)
55. In ______, the change or lack of
change in the level of the voltage 60. In decoding a digital signal, the
determines the value of the bit. receiver calculates a running average of
the received signal power, called the
 A) NRZ-L
_______.
 B) NRZ-I
 A) base
 C) both (a) and (b)
 B) line
 D) neither (a) nor (b)
 C) baseline
56. In ___________ there is always a
 D) none of the above
transition at the middle of the bit, but
the bit values are determined at the
beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0,
61. In _________ transmission, we
there is a transition; if the next bit is 1,
send bits one after another without
there is none.
start or stop bits or gaps. It is the
 A) Manchester responsibility of the receiver to group
the bits.
 B) differential Manchester
 A) synchronous
 C) both (a) and (b)
 B) asynchronous
 D) neither (a) nor (b)
 C) isochronous
57. In _______ encoding, the duration
of the bit is divided into two halves. The  D) none of the above
voltage remains at one level during the
62. ______ finds the value of the signal
first half and moves to the other level in
amplitude for each sample; ____ finds
the second half. The transition at the
the change from the previous sample.
middle of the bit provides
synchronization.  A) DM; CM
  B) DM; PCM  C) self-modulated
 C) PCM; DM  D) none of the above
 D) none of the above 68. In _______ transmission, bits are
transmitted over a single wire, one at a
63. ______ substitutes four
time.
consecutive zeros with 000V or B00V.
 A) asynchronous serial
 A) HDB3
 B) synchronous serial
 B) B4B8
 C) parallel
 C) B8ZSf
 D) (a) and (b)
 D) none of the above

69. The first step in PCM is ________.

64. The ______ scheme uses three
levels (+V, 0, and -V) and three  A) quantization
transition rules to move between the
 B) sampling
levels.
 C) modulation
 A) 4B5B
 D) none of the above
 B) MLT-3
70. _______ encoding has a transition
 C) 2B1Q
at the middle of each bit.
 D) none of the above
 A) Manchester
65. While there is (are) only _____
 B) Differential Manchester
way(s) to send parallel data, there is
(are) _____ subclass(es) of serial  C) RZ
transmission.  D) All the above
 A) one; two 71. In ______ transmission, we send 1
 B) one; three start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
 C) two; three
byte.
 D) none of the above
 A) synchronous
66. Which quantization level results in a
 B) asynchronous
more faithful reproduction of the
signal?  C) isochronous

 A) 2  D) none of the above

 B) 8 72. In _______ transmission, bits are

transmitted simultaneously, each
 C) 16
across its own wire.
 D) 32
 A) Asynchronous serial
67. A _________ digital signal includes
 B) Synchronous serial
timing information in the data being
transmitted.  C) Parallel

 A) self-synchronizing  D) (a) and (b)

 B) self-transmitted
73. Which encoding method uses  D) Digital-to-digital
alternating positive and negative
79. The _____ scheme uses data
values for 1s?
patterns of size 2 and encodes the 2-bit
 A) AMI patterns as one signal element
belonging to a four-level signal.
 B) RZ
 A) MLT-3
 C) NRZ-I
 B) 4B5B
 D) Manchester
 C) 2B1Q
74. The data rate is sometimes called
the ___ rate.  D) none of the above
 A) bit
 B) baud
 C) signal
 D) none of the above 80. In _____, the level of the voltage
determines the value of the bit.
75. _______ provides redundancy to
ensure synchronization and inherent  A) NRZ-I
error detection.
 B) NRZ-L
 A) Line coding
 C) both (a) and (b)
 B) Block coding
 D) neither (a) nor (b)
 C) Scrambling 81. ________ is the process of
converting digital data to a digital
 D) None of the above
signal.
76. In _______ transmission, a start bit  A) Line coding
and a stop bit frame a character byte.  B) Block coding
 A) synchronous serial  C) Scrambling
 D) None of the above
 B) asynchronous serial
 C) parallel 82. In a _____ scheme, all the signal
levels are on one side of the time axis,
 D) (a) and (b) either above or below.
 A) unipolar
 B) polar
77. Two common scrambling  C) bipolar
techniques are ________.  D) all of the above
 A) B8ZS and HDB3
 B) AMI and NRZ
 C) NRZ and RZ
 D) Manchester and differential === NO CHEATING, GOODLUCK ===
Manchester - MORRE
78. ___________ conversion involves
three techniques: line coding, block
coding, and scrambling.
 A) Analog-to-analog
 B) Analog-to-digital
 C) Digital-to-analog