COMMON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

I. CONTENT

An electronic is composed of different components that are classified as passive and

active components.

Passive components or device are components that do not generate voltage but
controls the current in a circuit. Examples: resistors, capacitors, inductors, and etc.

Active components or device are components that can generate, amplify, and even
control voltage and current in a circuit. Example: diode, transistor, integrated circuits
(IC).

II. RELATED STUDIES

Electronic component are the building blocks of electronic system or electronic circuit.

Types of electronic components are:

 passive component
 active component

A passive component that consumes energy in the form of voltage but does not
supply energy

The characteristics of passive components are:

 Cannot increase the power of an electrical signal.

 Temporarily store the electrical energy in the form of electric field or magnetic
field.
 Do not depend on the external source of voltage to perform a specific task.

The characteristic of active components are:

 Control the electric current flowing through them.

 Depend on the external voltage or current to work.
 Amplify the power of an electrical signal.
Active Component is an electronic component that consumes energy in the form of
voltage or current and supplies energy in the form of voltage or current.

Types of passive components are:

 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors

Types of active components are:

 Diode
 Transistor
 Integrated circuit

RESISTOR is a passive component that restricts the flow of electric current.

CAPACITOR is an electronic component that’s stores electrical energy in the form of

static electric field.

INDUCTOR is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in the form of

magnetic field.

DIODE has a two terminal device that allows electric current in one direction and
blocks electric current in another direction.

 Anode
 Cathode

TRANSISTOR is an electronic component that implies electrical signals

Materials used to construct transistors are:

 Silicon
 Germanium

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT is a small semiconductor chip on which millions of electronic

components such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.
III. SUMMARY

In any electronic circuit, we come across two types of electronic component, one
which responds to the flow of electrical energy and either store or dissipate energy.
These are the passive components. They can be linear components with a linear
response to the electrical energy or non-linear components with a non-linear response
to the electrical energy.

One which supplies energy or controls the flow of energy, these are the Active
components. They require an external power source to be triggered and are
generally used to amplify electrical signal.

They have different characteristics of passive components and active

components;

Active components:

 Cannot increase the power of an electrical signal

 Temporarily store the electrical energy in the form of electric field or magnetic
field
 Do not depend on the external source of voltage to perform a specific task.

Passive Components:

 Can control the electric current flowing through them

 Depend on the external voltage or current to work
 Amplify the power of an electrical signal

Types of passive component are:

 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors

Types of active components are:

 Diode
 Transistor
 Integrated circuit

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

In a NPN transistor, the emitter is the negative side of the transistor. The collector and
the base are the positive sides.

 In a PNP transistor, the emitter is the positive side of the transistor. The
collector and base are the negative sides.
 Most circuits that you can build with an NPN transistor can also be built with
NPN transistor. But if you do, you must remember to flip the power
connections.
 In a schematic diagram, transistors are usually represented by the letter Q.

V. EXAMPLES
 WHAT IS AN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT?

I. CONTENT

A circuit is a structure that directs and controls is a structure that directs and
controls electric currents, presumably to perform some useful function. The
very name “circuit” Implies that the structure is closed, something like a
loop. A circuit has a voltage source and the load. A switch is also installed to
open or close the flow of current.

SOURCE it may be an Alternating Current (AC) or Direct Current (DC)

source.
LOAD any electrical/electronic appliances or component connected to the
circuit that consumes power
PATH a pair of conductor materials such as copper that serves as the
passage of current in the circuit
SWITCH a control device connected along the path of current to turn ON
and OFF the circuit

Whenever circuit operates, whether it is an electrical or electronic circuit it

always involves three important properties known as Current, Voltage, and
Resistance.

II. RELATED STUDIES

An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic component, such

as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes, connected by
conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. To be
referred to as electronic, rather than electrical, generally at least one active
component must be present. The combination of components and wires
allows various simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can
be amplified, computations can be performed, and data can be moved from
one place to another.

Circuit can be constructed of discrete components connected by individual

pieces of wire, but today it is much more common to create interconnections
by photolithographic techniques on a laminated substrate (a printed circuit
 board or PBC) and solder the component to these interconnections to
create finished circuit. In an integrated circuit or IC, the components and
interconnections are formed on the same substrate, typically a
semiconductor such as silicon or less commonly gallium arsenide.

An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital

circuit, or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital
circuits)

III. SUMMARY

 A CIRCUIT is a structure that directs and controls electric currents,

presumably to perform some useful function.
 A circuit has a
1. Voltage
2. Load
3. Path
4. Switch
 Whenever a circuit operates, whether it is an electrical or electronic circuit it
always involves the three important properties
1. Current
2. Voltage
3. Resistance

An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic component, such as

resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes, connected by conductive
wires or traces through which electric current can flow.

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 When a circuit is complete and forms a loop that allows current to

flow, the circuit is called a closed circuit. If any part of the circuit is
disconnected or disrupted so that a loop is not formed, current cannot
flow. In that case, the circuit is called an open circuit.
 Short circuit refers to a circuit that does not have a load.
 Whenever there’s a difference in charge between two locations,
there’s a possibility that the current will flow between the two
locations are connected by a conductor. Because of this possibility,
the term potential is often used to describe voltage. Without voltage,
 there can be no current. Thus, voltage creates the potential for a
current to flow
 If current can be compared to the flow of water through a hose,
voltage can be compared to water pressure at the faucet. Its water
pressure that causes the water to flow in the hose.

VI. EXAMPLES
 What is an Electric Current?

I. CONTENT

An electric current refers to some type of flow, and in this case we mean a
flow of electric charge. It may be considered as a flow of electrons which will
generate electric charge. A charge is a certain electrical condition where
electrons exert force on one another. It could be measured in units called
Coulombs abbreviated C. It comes in two styles: Positive Charge (+) and
Negative Charge (-)

Current is the movement of free electrons. It comes about when

voltage is applied to a closed circuit. Electron current flows or moves from
negative toward the positive. The electrical symbol for current is I. The basic
unit of current is the ampere. It is defined as the charge Q (number of
coulombs) that moves past any point in one second of time. I=Q/t. Current is
measured by an instrument called ammeter is connected so that the
measured current must flow through the meter.

What is Voltage?

Voltage is the potential difference that causes charge to flow from one point
to another point. The unit of voltage is the volt and the symbol is either V or E. Some
other names for voltage are electromotive force (emf) and potential difference. A
battery is a source of voltage. It uses a chemical action to produced potential
difference.

The electronic power supply uses commercial electric utility power to supply
voltage. The solar cell operates as a direct conversion unit between sunlight and
voltage. A generator takes mechanical energy, usually rotating and produces a
voltage. Voltage is measured by a voltmeter. The voltmeter is connected across
(parallel) the component for which the voltage measurement is required.

What is Resistance?

Resistance is the opposition to the movement of current. The electrical symbol for
resistance is R or Ω. The basic unit is the ohm.
II. RELATED STUDIES

Electric current, any movement of electric charge carriers, such as

subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons having negative charge,
protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one
or more electrons), or hole (electron deficiencies that may be thought of a
positive particles).

Electric Current in a wire, where electric charge carries are electrons, is a

measure of the quantity of charge passing any point of the wire per unit of
time. In alternating current the motion of the electric charge is periodically
reversed; in direct current it is not. In many contexts the direction of the
current in electric circuit is taken as direction of positive charge flow, the
direction opposite to the actual electron drift. When so defined the current
is called conventional current.

Current is usually denoted by the symbol I. Ohm’s law relates the current
flowing through a conductor to the voltage V and resistance R; that is V=IR
alternative statement of Ohm’s law is I=V/R.

Current in gases and liquids generally consists of a flow of positive ions in

one direction together with a flow of negative ions in the opposite direction.
To treat the overall effect of the current, its direction is usually taken to be
the positive charge carrier. A current of negative charge moving in the
opposite direction is equivalent to a positive charge of the same magnitude
moving in the conventional direction and must be included as contribution to
the total current. Current in semiconductors consists of the motion of holes
in the conventional direction and electrons in the opposite direction.

Electric current generates an accompanying magnetic field, as in

electromagnets. When an electric current flows in an external magnetic
field, it experiences a magnetic force, as in electric motors. The heat loss, or
energy dissipated, by electric current in a conductor is proportional to the
square of the current.
III. SUMMARY

Electric Current is the rate which charge flows through a surface.

 Electric current is often just called current
 As a scalar, current has a magnitude only.
 The symbol of current is I (italic).
 It could be measured in units called Coulombs abbreviated C. It
comes in two styles: Positive Charge (+) and Negative Charge (-)
 Voltage is the potential difference that causes charge to flow from
one point to another point. The unit of voltage is the volt and the
symbol is either V or E.
 Resistance is the opposition to the movement of current. The
electrical symbol for resistance is R or Ω. The basic unit is the ohm.
 Current in semiconductors consists of the motion of holes in the
conventional direction and electrons in the opposite direction.
 Electric current generates an accompanying magnetic field, as in
electromagnets.

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 Voltage is measured using a unit called, naturally, the volt, usually

abbreviated V. The voltage that’s available in a standard electrical
outlet in the United States is about 117V. The voltage available in a
flashlight battery is about 1.5 V. A car battery provides about 12V.

 You can find out how much voltage exists between two points by
using a device known as voltmeter, which has two wire test leads that
you can touch to different points in a circuit to measure the voltage
between those points.

 Voltage can be considered positive or negative, but only when

compared with some reference point.

 Although current stops flowing when the two sides of the circuit have
been neutralized, the electrons in the circuit don’t stop moving.
Instead, they simply revert to their natural random movement.
Electrons are always moving in a conductor. When they get a push
from a voltage, they move in the same direction. When there’s no
voltage to push them along, they move about randomly.
  In electrical equations, voltage is usually represented by the letter E,
which stands for electromotive force

V. EXAMPLES
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

I. CONTENT

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT or IC or sometimes called CHIPS- it is an electronic

device or component that is composed of two or more components integrated in
one package. It may be composed of individual transistors, diodes, capacitors,
and resistors.

Advantages of IC Technology

1. Compactness- it is designed to economize space.

2. High Speed- the interconnections among the components within an IC are
physically tiny, making high switching speeds possible.
3. Low Power Consumption- they use less power than equivalent discrete
component circuits. It produces less heat which therefore translates into better
efficiency.
4. Reliability- IC circuits fail less often, per component hour of use than systems
that use discrete components.
5. Ease of Maintenance- Repair procedures are simplified when failures occur.
Many appliances use socket for ICs, and replacement is simply a matter of
finding the faulty IC, unplugging it, and plugging a new one.
6. Modular Construction- in this scheme, individual ICs perform defined
functions within a circuit board; the circuit board or card, in turns fits into a
socket and has specific purpose.

Kinds of IC

1. Linear IC- it is use to process analog signal such as voices, music, and radio
transmissions. Examples: Operational Amplifier or op amp, Op Amp
differentiator, Op Amp Integrator (integrator), Voltage Regulator IC, Timer IC,
Multiplexer IC, Comparator IC.
2. Digital IC also sometimes called digital logic IC- it operates using two discrete
states; High (logic 1) and Low (logic 0). It contains massive arrays of logic
gates that perform Boolean-operations at high speed. Examples Transistor-
Transistor Logic or TTL. Emitter-coupled logic or ECL, Metal-oxide
semiconductor), (NMOS-N-channel MOS, CMOS-complimentary metal-oxide
semiconductor)
3. Memory IC- binary digital data in the form of high and low levels (logic ones
and zeros) can be stored in memory ICs. The data can be easily change and
stored back in RAM.
4. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (Ram) chip-which is sometimes called
read/write memory. It is categorized into dynamic RAM (SRAM) and static RAM
(SRAM).
a. READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM) chip- which can be easily accessed in
whole. Any piece of iron or steel can be made as electromagnet by winding
an insulated copper wire around it and allow current to pass through the
wire.

It depends on the source of current. When the power line is OFF, the
electromagnet is also cut OFF.

II. RELATED STUDIES

Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip,

an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which
miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices
(e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin
substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). The resulting circuit is
thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square
centimeters or only a few square millimeters. The individual circuit components
are generally microscopic in size.

Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by
William B. Shockley and his team at the American Telephone and Telegraph
Company’s Bell Laboratories. Shockley’s team (including John Bardeen and
Walter H. Brattain) found that, under the right circumstances, electrons would
form a barrier at the surface of certain crystals, and they learned to control the
flow of electricity through the crystal by manipulating this barrier. Controlling
electron flow through a crystal allowed the team to create a device that could
perform certain electrical operations, such as signal amplification, that were
previously done by vacuum tubes. They named this device a transistor, from a
combination of the words transfer and resistor. The study of methods of creating
electronic devices using solid materials became known as solid-state
electronics. Solid-state devices proved to be much sturdier, easier to work with,
more reliable, much smaller, and less expensive than vacuum tubes. Using the
same principles and materials, engineers soon learned to create other electrical
 components, such as resistors and capacitors. Now that electrical devices could
be made so small, the largest part of a circuit was the awkward wiring between
the devices.

Analog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus
some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to
devices that collect signals from the environment or send signals back to the
environment. For example, a microphone converts fluctuating vocal sounds into
an electrical signal of varying voltage. An analog circuit then modifies the signal
in some useful way—such as amplifying it or filtering it of undesirable noise.
Such a signal might then be fed back to a loudspeaker, which would reproduce
the tones originally picked up by the microphone. Another typical use for an
analog circuit is to control some device in response to continual changes in the
environment. For example, a temperature sensor sends a varying signal to a
thermostat, which can be programmed to turn an air conditioner, heater, or oven
on and off once the signal has reached a certain value.
A digital circuit, on the other hand, is designed to accept only voltages of
specific given values. A circuit that uses only two states is known as a binary
circuit. Circuit design with binary quantities, “on” and “off” representing 1 and 0
(i.e., true and false), uses the logic of Boolean algebra. (Arithmetic is also
performed in the binary number system employing Boolean algebra.) These
basic elements are combined in the design of ICs for digital computers and
associated devices to perform the desired functions.

III. SUMMARY

 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT or IC or sometimes called CHIPS- it is an electronic

device or component that is composed of two or more components integrated in
one package. It may be composed of individual transistors

 The advantages of IC Technology

1. Compactness
2. High Speed
3. Low Power Consumption
4. Reliability
5. Ease of Maintenance
6. Modular Construction

 Kinds of IC
 1. Linear IC- it is use to process analog signal such as voices, music, and radio
transmissions.
2. Digital IC also sometimes called digital logic IC- it operates using two discrete
states; High (logic 1) and Low (logic 0). It contains massive arrays of logic gates
that perform Boolean-operations at high speed
3. Memory IC- binary digital data in the form of high and low levels (logic ones and
zeros) can be stored in memory ICs. The data can be easily change and stored
back in RAM.

4. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (Ram) chip-which is sometimes called read/write

memory. It is categorized into dynamic RAM (SRAM) and static RAM (SRAM).

READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM) chip

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 As with many inventions, two people had the idea for an integrated circuit at
almost the same time. Transistors had become commonplace in everything
from radios to phones to computers, and now manufacturers wanted something
even better. Transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes.

 Integrated circuits are tiny electronic circuits built to perform a particular

function made of active and passive components such as transistors, field-
effect transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.

 Before the invention of transistors, vacuum tubes were used. The main
drawback of vacuum tubes was their size. Transistors reduced the size of
circuits substantially, but still the circuits were bulky. Gordon Moore, a co-
founder of Intel, had predicted that the number of transistors placed on the chip
would double every two years. For every added function to circuit, the
components added were almost double.

 Computers, when invented, were as big as a room and very expensive. They
were out of reach of common man. The complexity and the size of circuits were
increasing. There was need for developing a technique which would reduce the
size as well as price of the devices.
V. EXAMPLES
 TRANSFORMER

I. CONTENT

TRANSFORMER is a device for converting a varying current from one voltage

to another.

Step-up transformer- a transformer with high output voltage derive from

a low input voltage.

The low voltage current is passed through a primary coil of a few thick
turns wound on an iron core. An alternating magnetic field in thus
created and this produces by mutual induction a high voltage current in a
secondary coil consisting of a large number of turns of a thin wire, the
ratio of the voltage being roughly equal to that of the number of turns in
the two coils.

Step-down transformer- a transformer with low output voltage derived

from a high input voltage.

The process is the opposite of that in a step-up transformer.

Induction type transformer- the primary windings and the secondary

windings are not electrically connected with one another.
Auto type transformer- the primary and the secondary windings are
electrically connected.

II. RELATED STUDIES

Transformers can be classified into various types according to the ratio of the numbers
of turns in the coils, as well as whether or not the primary and secondary are isolated:

Step-up

 the secondary has more turns than the primary

Step-down
  the secondary has fewer turns than the primary

Isolating

 Intended to transform from one voltage to the same voltage. The two
coils have approximately equal numbers of turns, although often there is
a slight difference in the number of turns, in order to compensate for
losses (otherwise the output voltage would be a little less than, rather
than the same as, the input voltage).

Variable

 The primary and secondary have an adjustable number of turns which

can be selected without reconnecting the transformer.

In all cases the primary winding, or the secondary winding, or both, may have taps
that allow selection of one of several different ratios of primary to secondary turns.

According to the principle of Electromagnetic Induction, we have already learnt

that, a varying flux can induce an EMF in a coil. By the principle of Mutual
induction, when another coil is brought beside such coil, the flux induces EMF into
the second coil.

Now, the coil which has the varying flux is called as the Primary Coil and the coil
into which EMF is induced is called as the Secondary Coil, while the two coils
together makes a unit called as a Transformer.

Transformer
A transformer has a primary coil to which input is given and a secondary coil from
which the output is collected. Both of these coils are wound on a core material.
Usually an insulator forms the Core of the transformer.

The following figure shows a practical transformer.

From the above figure, it is evident that few notations are common. Let us try to
have a note of them. They are −

 Np = Number of turns in the primary winding

 Ns = Number of turns in the secondary winding

 Ip = Current flowing in the primary of the transformer

 Is = Current flowing in the secondary of the transformer

 Vp = Voltage across the primary of the transformer

 Vs = Voltage across the secondary of the transformer

 Φ = Magnetic flux present around the core of the transformer.

Transformer in a Circuit
The following figure shows how a transformer is represented in a circuit. The primary
winding, the secondary winding and the core of the transformer are also represented
in the following figure.
Hence, when a transformer is connected in a circuit, the input supply is given to the
primary coil so that it produces varying magnetic flux with this power supply and that
flux is induced into the secondary coil of the transformer, which produces the varying
EMF of the varying flux. As the flux should be varying, for the transfer of EMF from
primary to secondary, a transformer always works on alternating current AC.

Step-up and Step-down

Depending upon the number of turns in the secondary winding, the transformer can
be called as a Step up or a Step down transformer.

The main point to be noted here is that, there will not be any difference in the
primary and secondary power of the transformer. Accordingly, if the voltage is high
at secondary, then low current is drawn to make the power stable. As well, if the
voltage in the secondary is low, then high current is drawn so as the power must be
same as the primary side.

Step Up
When the secondary winding has more number of turns than the primary winding,
then the transformer is said to be a Step-up transformer. Here the induced EMF is
greater than the input signal.
Step Down
When the secondary winding has lesser number of turns than the primary winding,
then the transformer is said to be a Step-down transformer. Here the induced EMF
is lesser than the input signal.

III. SUMMARY

 TRANSFORMER is a device for converting a varying current from one voltage to

another.

TWO TYPES OF TRANSFORMER ARE:

Step-up transformer- a transformer with high output voltage derive from a low
input voltage.

Step-down transformer- a transformer with low output voltage derived from a

high input voltage.
The process is the opposite of that in a step-up transformer.

Induction type transformer- the primary windings and the secondary windings
are not electrically connected with one another.

Auto type transformer- the primary and the secondary windings are
electrically connected.

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 By being able to transfer power from one circuit to another without the use of
interconnecting conductors between the two circuits, transformers provide the
useful feature of electrical isolation.

 Transformers designed to provide electrical isolation without stepping voltage and

current either up or down called isolation transformers

 Aside from the ability to easily convert between different levels of voltage and
current in AC and DC circuits, transformers also provide an extremely useful
feature called isolation, which is the ability to couple one circuit to another without
the use of direct wire connections. We can demonstrate an application of this
effect with another SPICE simulation: this time showing “ground” connections for
the two circuits, imposing a high DC voltage between one circuit and ground
through the use of an additional voltage source.
V. EXAMPLES
 POWER SUPPLIES

I. CONTENT

 A power supply is the source of power for an electronic circuit which may
be AC, battery solar cell or other sources.
 A power supply is an energy source used to operate electrical and
electronic devices.
 A battery is one type of power supply the convert chemical energy into
electrical energy.
 An electronic power supply converts commercial energy (ac form the
power company) to regulated dc at various voltage levels.
 It is consist of transformers (either step-up or step-down), rectifier
diodes, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and other related components
and devices.

TYPICAL PARTS OF A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

A. Schematic Diagram
B. Block Diagram

Parts of a Regulated Power Supply

 Input plug
 Fuse or Breaker
 Transient suppressor
 Transformer
 Rectifier
 Filter
 Voltage regulator

A fuse- is a piece of soft wire that melts, breaking a circuit if the current exceeds a
certain level. It is placed in series with the transformer primary.

A circuit breaker- performs the same function as a fuse, except that a breaker can be
reset, by turning off the power supply, waiting a moment, and then pressing a button
or flipping a button or flipping a switch.

A transient suppressor- is a device, usually z ceramic capacitor of about 0.01pF

rated for 600 volts or more connected between each side of the transformer primary
and electrical ground for chassis ground, it suppresses or prevents sudden voltage
spikes from reaching level where they can cause problems especially in sensitive
electronic devices such as computers, hi-fi, stereo systems and televisions sets.

Transformer-are electrical or electronic components used to obtain the optimum

voltage for the operation of a circuit or system. All transformers work according to the
principle of electromagnetic induction.

Half Wave Rectifier- a single diode circuit that passes one half of an AC wave and
blocks the other half.

Full Wave Rectifier- a double diode circuit that produces a positive half wave peak in
one direction for each half of an AC wave.

Bridge type Rectifier- a four-diode circuit that produces a clean positive half wave
peak in one direction for each half of an AC wave.

A filter- is a component in a power supply usually a large value electrolytic capacitor

connected in parallel with the output that eliminates pulsations or ripple in the rectifier
output of the power supply.

A voltage regulator- is a device or component connected at the output of a power

supply to regulate dc voltage or absorb excessive or sudden surge of current.
Component such as a zener diode connected in parallel with the output of a power
supply limits the output voltage.

II. RELATED STUDIES

Types of electronics power supply

There are three main types of power supply that can be used. Each ash their own
advantages and disadvantages and as a result each is used under slightly different
circumstances.

The three major types of electronics power supply are:

 Rectified and smoothed power supply: These electronics power supplies

are the simplest types, and are generally used for non-critical applications
where performance is not a major issue. This type of power supply was widely
used in thermionic valve or vacuum tube equipment as it was not so easy to
regulate supplies, and often the requirements were not so critical.
  Linear regulated power supply: This form of electronics power supply is
able to provide a very high level of performance. However the fact that it uses a
series regulator element means that it can be comparatively inefficient,
dissipating a significant proportion of the input power as heat. Nevertheless
these power supplies can offer very high levels of regulation with low values of
ripple, etc. . . . . Read more about Linear Power Supplies.

 Switch mode power supply: In this form of power supply, electronics circuits
use switching technology to regulate the output. Although spikes are present on
the output, they offer very high levels of efficiency and in view of this they can
be contained in much smaller packages than their linear equivalents.

III. SUMMARY

 A power supply is the source of power for an electronic circuit which may be AC,
battery solar cell or other sources.
 A power supply is an energy source used to operate electrical and electronic
devices.
 A battery is one type of power supply the convert chemical energy into electrical
energy.

 An electronic power supply converts commercial energy (ac form the power
company) to regulated dc at various voltage levels.
 It is consist of transformers (either step-up or step-down), rectifier diodes,
capacitors, resistors, inductors, and other related components and devices.

TYPICAL PARTS OF A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

C. Schematic Diagram
D. Block Diagram

Parts of a Regulated Power Supply

 Input plug
 Fuse or Breaker
 Transient suppressor
 Transformer
  Rectifier
 Filter
 Voltage regulator

The three major types of electronics power supply are:

 Rectified and smoothed power supply: These electronics power supplies

are the simplest types, and are generally used for non-critical applications
where performance is not a major issue.

 Linear regulated power supply: This form of electronics power supply is

able to provide a very high level of performance.

 Switch mode power supply: In this form of power supply, electronics circuits
use switching technology to regulate the output.

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 Power supplies are an important element in many items of electronics

equipment. While some are battery driven, others need mains power supplies,
and the power supply electronics circuitry and design is of paramount
importance to the successful operation of the whole equipment.

 Power supply electronics circuits can be split into a number of sections or

building blocks. Each is important to the operation of the power supply as a
whole, but each section of the power supply electronics is required to perform
its function.

 Complicated satisfactorily for the successful operation of the whole unit.

 A power supply can be split into a number of elements, each providing a

function within the overall power supply. Naturally these areas can be rather
arbitrary, and may vary slightly dependent upon the actual power supply
design, but they can be sued as a rough overall guide.
  It some instances it is necessary to ensure that spikes from the power line do
not enter the power supply, and that noise that might be generated by the
power supply does not enter the power lines. To achieve this circuitry to
remove noise and limit the effects of incoming spikes is placed at the input to
the power supply. In many cases any filtering at this point is quite minimal,
although for specialist supplies more circuits may be used.

 It is necessary to change the incoming AC waveform to a DC waveform. This is

achieved using an AC rectifier circuit. Two types of rectifier circuit may be used
- full wave and half wave rectifiers. These effectively block the part of the
waveform in one sense and allow through the part of the waveform.

 Even after the rectified voltage has been smoothed, there may still be
significant levels of residual hum. Also the voltage will vary as different levels of
current are drawn. To provide a stable voltage output from the power supply
with little residual hum and noise a voltage regulator circuit is required.
Regulators are able to provide a stable voltage at a set or variable level
dependent upon the requirement. This may use either linear or switching mode
techniques to bring the output voltage to the required level.

 In the event of the failure of the regulator it is possible under some circumstances
that the output voltage from the power supply could rise to a level that could
damage the circuitry being powered. To prevent this occurrence over-voltage
protection circuitry can be used. This circuit element detects the level of the
output voltage and if it starts to rise above its acceptable limits it will trip,
removing the supply from the regulator and usually clamping the output from
the regulator to zero volts, thereby protecting the remaining circuitry from
damage

 Not all of these power supply electronics building blocks are used in every
power supply. Most will have a transformer, smoothing and a regulator, but the
other elements may or may not be included dependent upon the specification.

 When buying or selecting a power supply it is necessary to check the

specifications and understand what they mean. Everything from the voltage and
current ratings, to load regulation, input voltage regulation and the like.
III. EXAMPLES
 BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS

I. CONTENT

A voltage regulator- is a device or component connected at the output of a

power supply to regulate dc voltage or absorb excessive or sudden surge of
current. Component such as a zener diode connected in parallel with the
output of a power supply limits the output voltage.

BASIC ELECTRONICS TOOLS

Screw drivers- used to drive or fasten screws.

Hexagonal Allen Key- it is used to drive screws with hexagonal slots

Precision Screw driver set- a set of small screw drivers used for various screw head
slots.

Soldering Tools- used to solder or attached electronic components to a circuit board.

PLIERS

Long Nose- used for holding, bending and stretching the lead of electronic
component or connecting wires.

Slide Cutter- used to cut wires land component leads.

Wire Stripper- used to strip wire insulators.

BORING TOOLS

Volt Mini-drill- used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PBC)

Portable Electric Drill- used for boring holes in plastic or metal chassis.

MEASURING / TESTING INSTRUMENT

Analog Multi meters or volt-ohm-meter (VOM)- an electronic measuring instrument
that combines several functions in one unit.

Digital Multi meters- abbreviated as DMM. Display the units in clear numerals.

II. RELATED STUDIES

Multi meter

A multi meter's measurement flexibility combined with their precision and accuracy
make multi meters an essential tool in any electronics lab.

Multi meters will typically be able to measure both AC and DC voltage and current as
well as resistance. Multi meters are often used in troubleshooting designs and testing
prototype circuits.

LCR Meter

As versatile as multi meters are, they cannot measure capacitance or inductance

which is where the LCR meter (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), and Resistance (R))
comes into the picture. LCR meters come in two variants, a lower cost version that
measures the total impedance of a component and a more expensive type that
measures all of the components of the impendence of the component, equivalent
series resistance (ESR) and the Quality (Q) factor of the component.

Oscilloscope

Electronics are all about the signals and the oscilloscope is the primary measurement
tool to observe the shape of signals.

Oscilloscopes, often called scopes or just scopes, display signals in a graphical format
on a pair of axes, generally with Y as the voltage and X as the time. This is a very
powerful way to quickly see the shape of a signal, determine what is going on in an
electronic circuit and monitor performance or track down problems. Oscilloscopes are
available in digital and analog variants, starting at a few hundred dollars and running
into the tens of thousands for the top of the line models.

Soldering Iron

The core tool for assembling electronics is the soldering iron, a hand tool used to melt
solder to form an electrical and physical connection between two surfaces. Soldering
irons come in a few forms, with the cheapest being plugged directly into an outlet from
the hand tool. While these soldering irons work, for most electronics work a
temperature controlled soldering station is much preferred. The tip of a soldering iron
is heated by a resistive heater and often monitored by a temperature sensor to keep
the temperature of the tip steady.

Soldering iron tips are often removable and are available in a range of shapes and
styles to accommodate

Different types of soldering work.

Precision Mechanical Tools

Every electronics labs needs a few key mechanical hand tools to help with the basic
tasks and make the more complex tasks much easier. Some of the key tools include
shear cutters, wire strippers, ESD-safe tweezers, needle nose pliers, precision
screwdriver set, "third hand" tools, and alligator/test clips and leads. Some tools, such
as the ESD safe tweezers, are essential for surface mount work while other tools,
such as the "third hand" tool are very useful when soldering components to a PCB and
the component, PCB, soldering iron and solder all need to be held in place.

Optics

Electronic components get very small. Small enough that they can be difficult to hold
with even precision tweezers let alone see. Basic lab optics such as a magnifying
loupes and large articulated magnifying lenses are useful in many cases, but do not
provide a great deal of magnification, with 5-10x magnification available at the higher
end. Loupes and magnifying lenses work well for basic lab needs, but if surface mount
assembly and inspection work will be done, then a stereomicroscope is ideal. For
surface mount work, a stereomicroscope that provides between 25x and +90x
magnification which supports precision soldering of surface mount chips and board
level inspection. Stereomicroscopes start at around $500 and are available in fixed or
variable zoom, multiple lighting options, and additional optical paths for mounting
cameras or for multiple users.

Power Supply

In the end, it's difficult to test a circuit without applying power to it. Several types of
power supplies are available to support electronics design and testing with a number
of features. For a general purpose laboratory power supply, variable voltage and
current controls are one of the most important features. This allows one supply to
provide a wide range of voltages that can be adjusted for any application. Often these
power supplies can operate in either a constant voltage or constant current mode,
allowing rapid testing of components or portions of a design without building a specific
power regulation circuit.

Other Equipment
The equipment above only scratches the surface of the equipment that is available
and might be critical for your application. Some of the other common equipment with
more of a focused use includes:

 Function Generators
 Signal Generators
 Spectrum Analyzers
 Signal Analyzers
 Pattern Generator
 Protocol Analyzer
 Network Analyzer
 Transistor Tester

III. SUMMARY

 A voltage regulator- is a device or component connected at the output of a

power supply to regulate dc voltage or absorb excessive or sudden surge of
current.

BASIC ELECTRONICS TOOLS

 Screw drivers
 Hexagonal Allen Key
 Precision Screw driver set
 Soldering Tools

PLIERS

 Long Nose
 Slide Cutter
 Wire Stripper

BORING TOOLS

 Volt Mini-drill
 Portable Electric Drill

MEASURING / TESTING INSTRUMENT

 Analog Multi meters or volt-ohm-meter (VOM
 Digital Multi meters- abbreviated as DMM.
 Multi meter
 LCR meter
 Oscilloscope
 Soldering Iron

Different types of Soldering:

 Precision Mechanical Tools

 Optics
 Power Supply
 Other Equipment

1. Function Generators

2. Signal Generators

3. Spectrum Analyzers

4. Signal Analyzers

5. Pattern Generator

6. Protocol Analyzer

7. Network Analyzer

8. Transistor Tester

IV. POINTS TO PONDER

 It is essential to have a good quality set of screwdrivers. It is best to
purchase them in a complete set rather than individually, as this will
save you money, and increase the chances that you will have the
driver that best fits the need.
 Before you tackle any electrical project, having the proper tools is
essential to getting the job done efficiently, correctly, and more
importantly, safely! The old saying, use the right tool for the job,
couldn’t be more relevant, especially when it comes to electrical
work.
 Your personal safety should be the most important
consideration. Goggles and safety glasses, gloves, long-sleeve
shirts, long pants or blue jeans, hard hat, etc. A large dose of
common sense is required here. Think about the hazards and
protect yourself accordingly before taking on any task.
V. EXAMPLES
Cross or Philip screw flat/ standard
screw
 Soldering tools

Slide cutter