FUZZY

LOGIC

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ASSIGNMENT 2
INTRODUCTION
The term fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or are vague. In the real world many
times we encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether the state is true or
false, their fuzzy logic provides a very valuable flexibility for reasoning. In this way, we
can consider the inaccuracies and uncertainties of any situation.
Although, the concept of fuzzy logic had been studied since the 1920's. The term fuzzy
logic was first used with 1965 by Lotfi Zadeh a professor of UC Berkeley in California. He
observed that unlike computers, the human decision making includes a range of
possibilities between YES and NO.

CERTAINLY YES

POSSIBLY YES

CANNOT SAY

POSSIBLY NO

CERTAINLY NO

Fuzzy logic has been applied to various fields, from control theory to AI. It was designed
to allow the computer to determine the distinctions among data which is neither true
nor false. Something similar to the process of human reasoning. Like Little dark, Some
brightness, etc.

In Boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents absolute truth value and 0.0 represents
absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for absolute truth and
absolute false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is intermediate value to present which is
partially true and partially false.

Take a look at the following diagram. It shows that in fuzzy systems, the values are indicated
by a number in the range from 0 to 1. Here 1.0 represents absolute truth and 0.0 represents
absolute false. The number which indicates the value in fuzzy systems is called the truth
value.
Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic
 Flexible and easy to implement machine learning technique
 Helps to mimic the logic of human thought
 Logic may have two values which represent two possible solutions
 Highly suitable method for uncertain or approximate reasoning
 Fuzzy logic views inference as a process of propagating elastic constraints
 Fuzzy logic allows to build nonlinear functions of arbitrary complexity.

Implementation
 It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities ranging from
small micro-controllers to large, networked, workstation-based control systems.
 It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

Fuzzy Logic Systems Architecture

Fuzzy Logic architecture has four main parts as shown in the diagram:

Rule Base:
It contains all the rules and the if-then conditions offered by the experts to control the
decision-making system. The recent update in fuzzy theory provides various methods
for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. This updates significantly reduce the
number of the fuzzy set of rules.

Fuzzification:
Fuzzification step helps to convert inputs. It allows you to convert, crisp numbers into
fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control system for
further processing. Like Room temperature, pressure, etc.
It splits the input signal into five steps.
 LP x is Large Positive.

MP x is Medium Positive.

S x is small.

MN x is Medium Negative.

LN x is Large Negative.

Inference Engine:
It helps to determines the degree of match between fuzzy input and the rules. Based on
the % match, it determines which rules need implement according to the given input
field. After this, the applied rules are combined to develop the control actions.

Defuzzification:
At last the Defuzzification process is performed to convert the fuzzy sets into a crisp
value. There are many types of techniques available, so you need to select it which is
best suited when it is used with an expert system.

Fuzzy Logic vs. Probability

Fuzzy Logic Probability

Fuzzy: Tom's degree of membership Probability: There is a 90% chance that

within the set of old people is 0.90. Tom is old.

Fuzzy logic takes truth degrees as a Probability is a mathematical model of

mathematical basis on the model of the ignorance.
vagueness phenomenon.

Crisp vs. Fuzzy

Crisp Fuzzy

It has strict boundary T or F Fuzzy boundary with a degree of

membership

Some crisp time set can be fuzzy It can't be crisp

True/False {0,1} Membership values on [0,1]

 In Crisp logic law of Excluded Middle and In the fuzzy logic law of Excluded Middle
Non- Contradiction may or may not hold and Non- Contradiction hold

Classical Set vs. Fuzzy set Theory

Classical Set Fuzzy Set Theory

Classes of objects with sharp boundaries. Classes of objects do not have sharp
boundaries.

A classical set is defined by crisp A fuzzy set always has ambiguous

boundaries, i.e., there is clarity about the boundaries, i.e., there may be
location of the set boundaries. uncertainty about the location of the set
boundaries.

Widely used in digital system design Used only in fuzzy controllers.

Fuzzy Logic – Applications

IMAGE STABILIZATION

If all motion vectors are almost parallel and their time differential is small, then the
hand jittering is detected and the direction of the hand movement is in the direction of
the moving vectors.
AIR CONDITIONER

WASHING MACHINES

Fuzzy logic washing machines offer the advantage of performance, productivity,

simplicity and less cost. Sensors continually monitor varying conditions inside the
machine and accordingly adjust operations for the best wash results.
Fuzzy logic controls the washing process, water intake, water temperature, wash time,
rinse performance and spin speed which optimizes the life span of the washing machine.
Machines even learn from past experience, memorizing programs and adjusting them to
minimize running costs. It also checks for the extent of dirt and grease, the amount of
soap and water to add, direction to spin.
AEROSPACE
In aerospace, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Altitude control of spacecraft
 Satellite altitude control
 Flow and mixture regulation in aircraft

BUSINESS
In business, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Decision- making support systems
 Personnel evaluation in a large company

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
In the chemical industry, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Control of Ph
 Drying
 Chemical distillation processes
 Polymer extrusion production
 A coke oven gas cooling plant

AUTOMOTIVE
In automotive, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Trainable fuzzy systems for ideal speed control
 Shift scheduling method for automatic transmission
 Intelligent highway systems
 Traffic control
 Improving efficiency of automatic transmissions

Example:
Product Company Fuzzy Logic
Anti-lock brakes Nissan Use fuzzy logic to controls
brakes in hazardous cases
depend on car speed,
acceleration, wheel speed,
and acceleration.

Auto transmission NOK/Nissan Fuzzy logic is used to

control the fuel injection
and ignition based on
throttle setting, cooling
water temperature, RPM,
etc.
Auto engine Honda, Nissan Use to select gear based
on engine load, driving,
style, and road conditions.
ROBOTICS

In robotics, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas –

 Fuzzy control for flexible- link manipulators
 Robot arm control

DEFENSE
In defence, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Underwater target recognition
 Automatic target recognition of thermal infrared images
 Naval decision support aids
 Control of a hypervelocity interceptor

FINANCE
In the finance field, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Banknote transfer control
 Fund management
 Stock market predictions.

SECURITIES
In securities, fuzzy logic is used in following areas –
 Decision systems for securities trading
 Various security appliances

MINING AND METAL PROCESSING

In mining and metal processing, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas –

 Sinter plant control

 Decision making in metal forming

ELECTRONICS
In electronics, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Control of automatic exposure in video cameras
 Humidity in a clean room
 Air conditioning systems
 Washing machine timing
 Microwave ovens
 Vacuum cleaners

Example:
 Product Company Fuzzy Logic
Copy machine Canon Using for adjusting
drum voltage based on
picture density,
humidity, and
temperature.
Microwave oven Mitsubishi Chemical Sets lunes power and
cooking strategy
Palmtop computer Hitachi, Sharp, Sanyo, Recognizes handwritten
Toshiba Kanji characters
Elevator control Fujitec, Mitsubishi Use it to reduce waiting
Electric, Toshiba for time-based on
passenger traffic
Hand writing recognition CSK, Hitachi
Hand printed character Sony
recognition
Voice Recognition Rich, Hitachi

PYSCHOLOGY
In Psychology, fuzzy logic is used in following areas –

 Fuzzy logic-based analysis of human behavior

 Criminal investigation and prevention based on fuzzy logic reasoning

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
In industrial, fuzzy logic is used in following areas −
 Cement kiln controls heat exchanger control
 Activated sludge wastewater treatment process control
 Water purification plant control
 Quantitative pattern analysis for industrial quality assurance
 Control of constraint satisfaction problem in structural design
 Control of water purification plants

Example:
Product Company Fuzzy Logic
Kiln control Nippon Steel Mixes cement

MARINE
In the marine field, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −
 Autopilot for ships
 Optimal route selection
 Control of autonomous underwater vehicles
 Ship steering

TRANSPORTATION
In transportation, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Automatic underground train operation

 Train schedule control
 Railway acceleration
 Braking and stopping

MEDICAL
In the medical field, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Medical diagnostic support system

 Control of arterial pressure during anesthesia
 Multivariable control of anesthesia
 Modeling of neuropath logical findings in Alzheimer's patients
 Radiology diagnoses
 Fuzzy inference diagnosis of diabetes and prostate cancer

HOME
A household thermostat takes a temperature input and sends a control signal to a
furnace.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

  Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple.

 You can modify a FLS by just adding or deleting rules due to flexibility of fuzzy logic.

 Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input information.

 FLSs are easy to construct and understand.

 Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life, including medicine,
as it resembles human reasoning and decision making.

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems

 There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing.

 They are understandable only when simple.

 They are suitable for the problems which do not need high accuracy.

Submitted by: - USHA TIRU

V YASHMITHA

PARIDHI RAJ

AKSHITA GUPTA

SHRADDHA GERA

RAJAN