IS 456:2000
4.1.1straps footing ; it is one of type of
combined footing .it consists of an isolated
footing to two columns connected by a beam
called strap beam assumption 1.the are
provided by the two footing and the straps
beam are such that the pressure distribution on
the footing and straps becomes uniform 2.the
straps does not remain in contact with the soil
and thus does not transfer any load to the soil
4.1. wt circumstance ,trapezoidal footing
preferred in rcc const
Trapezoid footing is a types of combined
footing which is provided to the two columns
tpz ft is provided when projections parallel to
the length of the ft is restricted on both sides
4.1.3Uniaxial and biaxial bending bending
comes in one direction that may be along
strong axis or weak we called uniaxial .while
when bending comes in both strong as well as
along weak axis we cld biaxial
4.1.4 Reason torsion beam
On several situation beams and slab are
subjected to torsion in addition to bending
moment and shear force load acting normal to
the plane of bending will cause bending
moment and force
4.1.5 intermediate and end moment in
continuous beam
The reaction at the intermediate support cause
moment at a section of the continuous beam this
moment is liner btw the supports and is in
addition to the moment due to eccentricity of
the prestressing force.
4.1.6Function of equivalent shear
The equivalent shear, a function of the actual
shear and torsional moment determined from
the following empirical relation
;Ve=Vu+1.6(Tu\b)(6.22) where ve=Equivalent
shear, Vu=actual shear, Tu=actual torsional
moment, b=breadth of beam.
4.1.7 Circular beam the center of gravity does
not coincide with the longitudinal axis of the
beam
Beam whose axis is not straight and is curved in
the elevation is said to be curved beam .If the
applied loads are long they y direction and the
span of the beam is along the x direction, the
axis of the beam should have a curvature in
they xy plane .On the hand, if the member is
curved on the xy plane with the loading still
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along they y direction, then it is not a curved
beam, as this loading will cause a bending as
well as twisting of the section.thus, a curved
beam does not have a curvature in the plan .
4.1.9Signification in retaining wall
The lateral force ph due to earth pressure tends
to overturn the retaining wall about the toe of
the retaining wall movement Mo=(ph.h\3)
Mo=(1\2kah.r.h squaee .h\3) Mo = (kah.r.h
squaee .h\6).
4.1.10Design of water tank
True the design of water tank can be carried
out by one of the following three method
1) Mr.H carpenters method
2) Approximate method
3) Is method
4.1.11Types Reinforcement provided to
counter hoop stress in domes
Provisional of ring beam =If the dome is not
hemy spherical the meridional thrust at the
supporting circle of latitude will not be vertical .
The inclind meridional thrust at the support
will have horizontal component which will
cause the supporting walls to burst outwards
causing its failure. In order to bear this
horizontal component of meridional thrust a
ring beam is provided at the base of the dome .
The reinforcement provided in the ring beam
text this hoop tension and transfer only vertical
reaction to the supporting walls.
4.1.12What propose a temporary open joints is
provided in water tank
A gap temporarily left between the concreate of
adjoining parts of structure which after a
suitable interval and before the structure is put
into use if field with mortar or concrete either
completion that we will be provided a
temporary open joint water tank.
4.1.13Slenderness ration effect the design of
column
A slenderness ratio of the length of a column
and the list radius of gyration of it cross section
it is use extensively for finding out the design
load as well as in classifying various column in
short \intermediat\long.the slenderness ratio of
a column gives and indication buckling failure
in the column .The slenderness ratio is taken in
defferent direction but the direction in which
the moment of inertia is minimum gives
maximum slenderness ratio as gyrartion will be
minimum in such case.
4.1.14Counter forts provided retaining wall.
The cantilever retaining wall is economical of to
about 6m height of retaining as the height
increase the moment in the stream .heel and toe
increase rapidly and thus, the wall becomes
uneconomical .The deflection of wall also
increase rapidly. The counter forts are nothing
but vertical wall connecting the stem and the
heel and act as beams supporting the stem and
the heel. counter forts are usually provided at
3m to 4m spacing .
4.1.15 shear key is provided in a reinforcement
retaining wall
A shear key is provided in retaining wall to
provide stability against sliding of a retaining
wall the lateral earth pressure tries to slide the
R.W way from back fill then there is need to
calculate the F.O.S against sliding as per IS
456:2000 a minimum FOS of 1.4 is to be insured
against sliding and only 0.9 times
characteristics dead load is to be considered
restoring force . If FOS a shear very gainst
sliding comes out less than 1.4 then a shear
very may be provided this shear key increased
the resistance against sliding as the passive
earth pressure developed an the shear key
provides additional resistance against sliding .
4.1.16Failure of footing
1.Unequal settlement of the sub-soil .2 .lateral
moment of the soil close the structure .3
Lateral pressure causing overturning of the
structure max pressure bellow the foundation
exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the soil .4
resultant force on the base acting outside the
middle third of the base .
4.1.17Meridional thrust and Hoop stress
Meridional-A dome consist of a number of
horizontal ring of uniform depth and
decreasing diameters, placed on above other .
Every horizontal ring supports the load of all
the ring above it and transfer same to the slice
emmediately bellow it.
Hoop stress-A dome is divided in to vertical
slice through the top and by horizontal ring
along circumference any part so cut out will
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have a tendency to fall downward which will be
prevented from doing so why its wedge safe .
IS 456:2000
4.1.17Surchage on Retaining wall
A retaining 2all which retain earth level of to
the top of the retaining wall is a wall without
surcharge if earth on the earth retained side is
not level or the earth carries load the earth is
said to have surcharge( a) positive surcharge
sloping earth (b) negative surcharge of the
sloping earth (c)positive surcharge per unit run.
4.1.18Differented between Isolated Footing and
Combined Footing
.It is usually used two column of unequal load
.there are two interior column which are closed
to each other them footing are overlap
.combined footing may either rectangular and
trapezoidal.
Isolated footing -.independent footing are also
known as isolated footing . The bearing capacity
of the soil is minimum that individual column
footing work to be economical size .isolated
footing may either rectangular square circle
and slop footing and the also uniform depth.
4.desine the rectangular water tank on the
ground having size 10*4*5m use m30 concrete
fe415 steel
Sol :L=10m,b=4m,H=5m check l/b=10/4=2.5 so
l/b =10/4=2.5, H=portion design as cantilever H-
h portion design as .therefore design constant
Q=1/2 *qabc ,k=Macbc/Qcbc+Ast,m=280/3
4.1.20 what is water cement ratio
The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the
weight of water to the weight of cement used in
aconcrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher
strength and durability, but may make the mix
difficult to work with and form. Workability
can be resolved with the use of plasticizers or
super-plasticizers.
4.1.21 what is meant by m20 grade concrete
In this designation the letter M refers to the mix
and the number to the specified 28 day cube
strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades
M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond
approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6),
(1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.
4.1.22 what is the codal recommendation of
torsion steel in two way slab.
After all when we read about torsion we see
pictures something like this, We see a ... When a