ACTIVITY XI: SERUM AND PLASMA • Transports nutrients, waste products,
PREPARTION hormones, protein, ions, Oxygen,
CO2 and formed elements May mga analytes na nagrerequire ng • Regulates body temperature serum or plasma lang • Assists in the regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance (pH) Clinical Chem – Serum ang ginagamit na o Normal pH range: 7.35-7.45 analytes (Glucose, TG, Total Cholesterol) • Protection (Immune Defense) Hemoglobin A1C – diabetes (Level of sugar • Prevents excessive blood loss (Clot for past 3 months) Formation) Platelets
Clotted Blood – Serum (Red Tube, Yellow
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CENTRIFUGE
• Clinical • Microcentrifuged • Refrigerated - for RNA extraction
BLOOD
• red fluid that circulates inside blood
vessels • Life Span of RBC: 120 Days
After 120 days engulf siya ni spleen
Buffy Coat – Platelets and WBCs, dito • Consists of formed elements kukunin DNA (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) and a fluid component Pag yellow top called plasma - Serum • Volume of blood in an average - Thixotropic gel human adult is 5 L. (VARIES) - Buffy coat o Mas mataas sa male kesa - RBCs female • Circulates in a closed system of Pag may Hepa (PLASMA) – Yellow vessels Pag hemolyzed (PLASMA) – reddish pinkish • Have short life spans and are PLASMA continuously replaced by hemopoiesis • 91% Water • is a clear, straw-colored liquid *Erythropoiesis – making rbc portion of the blood in which the FUNCTION OF BLOOD other cells are suspended. • transporting medium for cells and a cell nor a clotting factor; it is the variety of substances vital to the blood plasma with the fibrinogens human body. removed i.e. • contains proteins for blood clotting Serum = Plasma – Clotting Factors and defending the body against infection. *Serum doesn’t contain white or red blood cells Plasma = water + proteins + dissolved substances How to know if it’s fully clotted? – Baliktaran mo parang DQ PREPARATION/SEPERATION OF PLASMA PREPARATION/SEPARTION OF SERUM 1. The blood is mixed with an appropriate amount of • The blood is collected using a plain anticoagulant tube without anticoagulant 2. This preparation should be mixed • Allow the blood to clot by leaving it immediately and thoroughly to undisturbed at room temperature avoid clotting. which usually takes 15–30 minutes 3. It is then centrifuged for 15 minutes but not longer than 1 hour before at 2000 -2500 rpm. (xG times gravity) centrifugation. 4. The supernatant fluid is then • It is then centrifuged for 15 minutes separated and then labeled properly at 2000 -2500 rpm. • The supernatant fluid is then Plasma Proteins (COMPOSITION) separated and then labeled • 60% Albumin properly • 35% Globulin In laboratory plasma and serum can be • 4% Fibrinogen separated and measured in order to help • 1% Other (Blood Protein Content)* with the diagnosis and monitoring of *Regulatory Proteins, Lipoproteins, Iron- diseases. Binding Proteins
SERUM
• undiluted, extracellular portion of
blood after adequate coagulation is complete. • The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood • is about 90% water with dissolved proteins, minerals, hormones and carbon dioxide and is an important source of electrolytes • In blood, the serum is the component that is neither a blood • Obtained normally after a meal due to elevated chylomicrons • Characterized by milky or highly turbid serum • Lactescence appears when the TAG (Triglyceride) level reaches 4.6 mM (4g/L)
SPECIMEN INTERFERENCE
Icteresia (Icteric serum)
• Intensely yellow serum sample due
to elevated bilirubin value • Jaundice in a patient is caused by a bilirubin level of greater than 430 µM (25 mg/L) • Bilirubin interferes with tests using dyes and turbidity tests
Lysis of cells or Laking (Hemolyzed serum)
• Results in leakage of intracellular
substances • In vitro hemolysis is more common which may be due to: 1. Use of vacuum tubes (magsearch ng blood?) 2. Vigorous mixing 3. Effect of alcohol 4. Centrifugation and separation steps