ENEE 307: Post Lab 5

Electronics Analysis and Design Laboratory

Sara Kim
Danielle Powell

April 25, 2019

Section 0110
TA: Fatimeh Alimardani
5.2.3 Experiment

1.

The differential amplifier with single inputs allows a gain at the output to take into an
account the difference between the input at the bases of Q1 and Q2. Helps to limit the
noise seen by the circuit.

2. DC voltages
a. Measured
𝑉𝐵3 𝑉𝐸3 𝑉𝐸1 𝑉𝐸2 𝑉𝐶1 𝑉𝐶2

-7.2V -7.87V -.6V -.6V 4.5V 4.85V

b. Theoretical
𝑅𝑇 = 60𝑘||10𝐾 = 8571𝛺
𝑉𝑇 = (10 + 10)(10𝑘/70𝑘) − 10 = −7.14𝑉
−7.14 − 𝐼𝐵3 (8571) − 0.7 − (201)𝐼𝐵3 (1000) = −10
𝐼𝐵3 = 10.3𝜇𝐴
𝐼𝐶3 = 200𝐼𝐵3 = 2.06𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐸1 = 𝐼𝐸2 = 𝐼𝐶3 /2 = 1.03𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐶1 = 𝐼𝐶2 = 200𝐼𝐸1 /201 = 1.025𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝐶2 = 𝑉𝐶1 = 10 − 5000𝐼𝐶1 = 4.87𝑉
𝑉𝐵3 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐵3 𝑅𝑇 = −7.22𝑉
𝑉𝐸3 = 𝑉𝐵3 − 0.7 = −7.92𝑉
𝑉𝐸1 = 𝑉𝐸2 = −0.7𝑉
● As you can see, the theoretical values are very close to our actual
measured values.
3.

4.
a. 𝑉𝑂𝑢𝑡2 = 7V
b. 𝑉𝐼𝑛1 = 88.6 mV
c. Single ended voltage gain: 79.54

d.
Fig: 𝑉𝑂𝑢𝑡2vs 𝑉𝐼𝑛1
5.

The circuit still operates like a differential amplifier circuit with a single input. With the
addition of the source resistors, the input resistance and other values still remain similar
to that of the original circuit.

This is the circuit we constructed with the added resistor at the base of Q1
a. 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = ((𝑣𝑖 )/(𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 − 𝑣𝑖 ))/𝑅𝑥
i. 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 9731Ω ⩬ 10,000 Ω
b. This is very close to what we got in pre lab. Here is the following theoretical
calculations from the prelab.
i. 𝑅1 = 62k
ii. 𝑅2 = 20k
iii. 𝑅𝐼𝑛 = 2𝑟𝜋
1. 𝑉𝐶1= 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝑐 = 1.1𝑚𝐴
2. 𝑔𝑚 = 1.1𝑚𝐴/0.026 = .042
3. 𝑟𝜋 = 200/0.42 = 4760Ω
4. 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 9523Ω
6.

The circuit still operates like a differential amplifier circuit with a single input. The addition
of the load resistors cause the output resistors and and the voltage across the load to
increase. The higher the load resistor adder, the higher the voltage across the load
resistor and the higher value of the load resistor.

𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ((𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )/𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )/𝑅𝐿

a. Our method is to add various AC coupled load resistors ranging from 1K to 100K.
We chose 1000Ohm, 10000Ohm, 51000Ohm, and 100000Ohms. By adding th
load resistors, we can multiply it by the open circuit voltage subtracted from the
output voltage, all divided by the output voltage.
b. Measured
i.
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

1000 5114

10000 5285

51000 6131

100000 6877
ii. 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5851.75Ω
c. Theoretical
i. 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5000Ω
d. Our measured was similar to the theoretical value of𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 .
5.3.4 Experiment

1.

This circuit operates similar to an op-amp. The circuit takes an input voltage at the base
of the the first bjt and produces a single-ended output at the fourth emitter with a
significantly higher voltage than what was input, thus creating a large voltage gain.

2. DC voltages

𝑉𝐵3 𝑉𝐸3 𝑉𝐶3 𝑉𝐶1 𝑉𝐶2 𝑉𝐸4

-7.2V -7.8V -.64V 5.68V 5.4V 4.8V

𝑅𝑇 = 60𝑘||10𝐾 = 8571𝛺
𝑉𝑇 = (10 + 10)(10𝑘/70𝑘) − 10 = −7.14𝑉
−7.14 − 𝐼𝐵3 (8571) − 0.7 − (201)𝐼𝐵3 (1000) = −10
𝐼𝐵3 = 10.3𝜇𝐴
𝐼𝐶3 = 200𝐼𝐵3 = 2.06𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐸1 = 𝐼𝐸2 = 𝐼𝐶3 /2 = 1.03𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐶1 = 𝐼𝐶2 = 200𝐼𝐸1 /201 = 1.025𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝐶2 = 𝑉𝐶1 = 10 − 5000𝐼𝐶1 = 4.87𝑉
𝑉𝐵3 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐵3 𝑅𝑇 = −7.22𝑉
𝑉𝐸3 = 𝑉𝐵3 − 0.7 = −7.92𝑉
𝑉𝐸1 = 𝑉𝐸2 = −0.7𝑉
𝑉𝐸4 = 𝑉𝐶2 − 0.7 = 4.1𝑉
● The measured values are slightly off, specifically for 𝑉𝐸4 , but are otherwise very similar.
3. Adm
a. Theoretical 𝐴𝑑𝑚
1 (𝑔𝑚2 𝑅𝐶2 )(𝑟𝜋 +𝛽𝑅𝐸4 ) 𝑅𝐸4 𝑔𝑚2 ∗𝑅𝐶2 𝐼𝐶2 𝑅𝐶2
i. 𝐴𝑑𝑚 = 2 ∗ ∗ 1 = = = 102.78
𝑔𝑚2 𝑅𝐶2 +𝑟𝜋 +𝛽𝑅𝐸4 𝑅𝐸4 + 2 𝑉𝑇 2
𝑔𝑚4
 b. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3.5V
c. 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 60mV
d. 𝑉𝐶2= 30mV
e. Measured 𝐴𝑑𝑚 = 116.67

f.
Fig: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 vs 𝑉𝑖𝑛

g.
Fig: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 vs 𝑉𝐶2
4. Clips at 170mV. The swing is 170-60 = 110mV
a. At the output, when the input signal becomes to large, the sine wave turns into a
square wave.
 i.
ii. This occurs at 50kHz
b. Why does this happen?
i. This happens because the maximum amplitude for the output voltage
clips at 170mV and the swing’s amplitude is 110mV, so as the input is
increased past the maximum amplitude value, the graph becomes
increasingly clipped and the top of the wave flattens out.
c. How could we improve the circuit?
i. To improve this circuit, we could use a DC voltage of about five. This
would maximize the AC swing, which would prevent clipping in this
situation.
5.

The addition of the load resistor caused the output resistance to vary. The higher load
resistances cause the circuit to almost begin to act similar to an open circuit.

a. Measured
i.
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

1000 111.7

10000 68

51000 109

100000 94
ii. 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 95𝛺
b. Theoretical
i. 𝑔𝑚 = 0.16
1 𝑅𝐶2 1 5000
ii. 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑔 + )||𝑅𝐸4 = (0.16 + )||1000 = 30.28𝛺
𝑚4 𝛽 200

c. Our measured 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 is not similar to our theoretical 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 .

6.

The added feedback portion of this circuit causes a reduction of gain and output
resistance, when compared to that of the original circuit that was used.

Gain
a. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 500𝑚𝑉
b. 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 70𝑚𝑉
c. Experimental Gain 𝐴𝑐𝑙 = 7.1
d. Theoretical Gain 𝐴𝑐𝑙 = 1 + 𝑅𝑓1 /𝑅𝑓2 = 11
e. Equation 5.35 is too simple of an approximation. We observed a gain of 7.1, yet
according to 5.35, the gain should be 11, theoretically.
7.
a. Measured
i.
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

1000 37.06

10000 34.8

51000 34.2

100000 33.5

ii. 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 34.89𝛺

iii. The feedback resistor causes the output resistance to decrease.