NOUN

The simplest definition of a noun is a thing and nouns are the basic building blocks
of sentences. These things can represent a person, animal, place, idea, emotion –
almost any thing that you can think of.

La definición más simple de un sustantivo es una cosa y los sustantivos son los
componentes básicos de las oraciones. Estas cosas pueden representar a una
persona, animal, lugar, idea, emoción, casi cualquier cosa que se pueda imaginar.

 The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge to on the
way to town.

 I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.

ADJECTIVE

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and
speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small,
blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Because
adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique things, they
are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Some
sentences contain multiple adjectives.
Los adjetivos son palabras que describen o modifican otras palabras, lo que hace
que su escritura y expresión oral sean mucho más específicas y mucho más
interesantes. Palabras como pequeño, azul y nítido son descriptivas, y todas son
ejemplos de adjetivos. Debido a que los adjetivos se usan para identificar o
cuantificar personas individuales y cosas únicas, generalmente se colocan antes
del nombre o pronombre que modifican. Algunas oraciones contienen múltiples
adjetivos.

Example:

 Ben is an adorable baby.

 This shop is much nicer.

Adjectives in English usually appear in front of the noun that they modify.

(Los adjetivos en inglés usualmente aparecen frente al nombre que modifican).

  The beautiful girl ignored me.

VERB

Verbs tell you what the subject of a sentence or clause is doing (or being). Verbs
are conjugated according to person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, or
voice.

Verbs are at the heart of sentences and clauses; they are indispensable to the
formation of a complete thought. A verb can express a thought by itself (with the
subject implied) and be understood.

Los verbos te dicen lo que el sujeto de una oración o cláusula está haciendo (o
siendo). Los verbos se conjugan de acuerdo con persona, número, género,
tiempo, aspecto, estado de ánimo o voz.

Los verbos están en el corazón de las oraciones y las cláusulas; Son

indispensables para la formación de un pensamiento completo. Un verbo puede
expresar un pensamiento por sí mismo (con el sujeto implicado) y ser
comprendido.

ADVERB

a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb, or
phrase:

(una palabra que describe o brinda más información sobre un verbo, adjetivo,
adverbio o frase).

In the phrase "she smiled cheerfully", the word "cheerfully" is an adverb.

In the phrase "the house was spotlessly clean", the word "spotlessly" is an
adverb.
 PRESENT SIMPLE

The simple present (also called present simple or present indefinite) is a verb tense
which is used to show repetition, habit or generalization. Less commonly, the
simple present can be used to talk about scheduled actions in the near future and,
in some cases, actions happening now.

El presente simple (también llamado presente simple o presente indefinido) es un

verbo que se utiliza para mostrar la repetición, la costumbre o la generalización. el
presente simple puede usarse para hablar sobre acciones programadas en un
futuro próximo y, en algunos casos, acciones que suceden ahora.

Forms:

The simple present is just the base form of the verb. Questions are made with DO
and negative forms are made with DO NOT.

(El presente simple es solo la forma básica del verbo. Las preguntas se hacen con
“Do” y las formas negativas se hacen con “DO NOT”).

 Affirmative: You speak English.

 Negative: You do not speak English.
 Question: Do you speak English?

In the third person singular, -s or -es is added. Questions are made with DOES and
negative forms are made with DOES NOT.

(En la tercera persona del singular, se añade -s o -es. Las preguntas se hacen con
el “DOES” y las formas negativas se hacen con “DOES NOT”).

 affirmative: He speaks English.

 Negative: He does not speak Englis
 Question: Does he speak English?
 PAST SIMPLE

We use the past tense to talk about, Something that happened once in the past:

 We went to Spain for our holidays.

Something that happened again and again in the past:

 When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.

Something that was true for some time in the past:

 She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

Usamos el tiempo pasado para hablar de Algo que sucedió una vez en el pasado:
• Fuimos a España para nuestras vacaciones.
Algo que sucedió una y otra vez en el pasado:
• Cuando era niño caminaba una milla a la escuela todos los días.
Algo que fue cierto durante algún tiempo en el pasado:
• Ella jugaba mucho al tenis cuando era más joven.

FORMS:

The simple past is formed using the VERB + ED. In addition, there are many verbs
with irregular past forms. Questions are made with did and negative forms are
made with DID NOT.

(El pasado simple se forma usando el verbo + ED . Además, hay muchos verbos
con formas pasadas irregulares. Las preguntas se hacen con DID y las formas
negativas se hacen DID NOT).

 Affirmative: You called Emma.

 Negative: You did not call Emma.
 Question: Did you call Emma?
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous (also called present progressive) is a verb tense which is
used to show that an on going action is happening now, either at the moment of
speech or now in a larger sense. The present continuous can also be used to show
that an action is going to take place in the near future.

The present continuous is formed using AM/IS/ARE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

(ING). Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and AM/IS/ARE. Negatives
are made with not.

(El presente continuo (también llamado presente progresivo) es un tiempo verbal

que se usa para mostrar que una acción continua está sucediendo ahora, ya sea
en el momento del habla o ahora en un sentido más amplio. El presente continuo
también se puede utilizar para mostrar que una acción tendrá lugar en un futuro
próximo.

El presente continuo se forma utilizando el PARTICIPIO PRESENTE (ING) AM / IS

/ ARE). Negativos están hechos con “not”.

 Affirmative: You are watching TV.

 Negative: You are not watching TV
 Question: Are you watching TV?

GOING TO

Going to: present continuous

We use the present continuous form of the verb go + preposition to + noun phrase to talk
about movement in relation to a place or a person in the present.

Usamos la forma continua presente del verbo go + preposición a + nombre de frase para hablar de
movimiento en relación con un lugar o una persona en el presente.

 Are you going to Maggie’s party tonight?

 I’m going to the shops. Do you want anything?

Going to: future

We can use a present form of be + going to + the base form of a main verb to talk about the
future. We use it for plans and intentions, predictions.

Podemos usar una forma presente BE + GOING TO + la forma base de un verbo principal para
hablar sobre el futuro. Lo usamos para planes e intenciones, predicciones

 I’m going to buy a new car next week. (plan or intention)

WILL

We can use "will" to talk about the future. We also use will to make predictions, talk
about decisions, and to make promises, offers, requests and threats.

"Will" and the negative form "will not" or "won't" is a modal auxiliary verb.

This means that there is no s on the third person singular, and that it is followed by
the infinitive:

Podemos usar "will" para hablar sobre el futuro. También utilizamos “will” para
hacer predicciones, hablar sobre decisiones y hacer promesas, ofertas, solicitudes
y amenazas.

"Will" y la forma negativa "Will not" o "Won’t" es un verbo auxiliar modal.

Esto significa que no hay s en la tercera persona del singular, y que está seguido
por el infinitivo:

I will leave later.

You will leave later.

He / she will leave later.

We will leave later.

They will leave later.

Note: "will" is often abbreviated to 'll in spoken English:

"I'll leave later."

"He'll leave later."

To make the question form, change the word order:

"You will leave later" = "Will you leave later?"

Using will

Here are some of the ways we use will:

Aquí hay algunas de las maneras que usamos “will”.

To talk about the future

We can often use "will" + infinitive without "to" to refer to future events. This is often
called the "pure" future:

A menudo podemos usar "will" + infinitive without "to" para referirnos a eventos
futuros. Esto a menudo se llama el futuro "puro":

"I'll be back later tonight – don't bother making me dinner."

"I'm busy right now - I'll call you tomorrow."

To make predictions

We also use "will" to talk about what we think will happen in the future.

También usamos “will" para hablar sobre lo que creemos que sucederá en el
futuro.

"I think it'll rain tonight."

"I'm sure he'll be a successful lawyer one day."

Note: for "negative" predictions, make the "think" negative, not the "will":

"I don't think it'll rain tonight" (Not "I think it won't rain tonight.")

To make decisions

When we make decisions at the same time as we speak, we use "will".

Cuando tomamos decisiones al mismo tiempo que hablamos, usamos “will”.

For example, in a restaurant:

Waiter: "What would you like to eat?"
Customer: "I think I'll have the chicken."

"I'm cold. I think I'll put the heater on."

"Look, that's my bus. I'll catch up with you later."

To make promises, offers, requests and threats

These are some other ways we can use "will" in English.

Promises: "I'll help you with your homework tomorrow."

Offers: "I'll look after the children for you if you like."
Requests: "Will you tell Tony I called?"
Threats: "If you cheat again, I'll tell the teacher."

PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is formed using has/have + past participle. Questions are
indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives are made with not.

El presente perfecto se forma usando have / have + pasado participio. Las

preguntas se indican invirtiendo el tema y tiene / tiene. Los negativos se hacen con
no.

 Affirmative: You have seen that movie many times.

 Negative: You have not seen that movie many times.
 Question: Have you seen that movie many times?

he present perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action has
taken place once or many times before now. The present perfect is most
frequently used to talk about experiences or changes that have taken place.

(El presente perfecto es un tiempo verbal que se usa para mostrar que una
acción ha tenido lugar una o varias veces antes de ahora. El presente perfecto
se usa con más frecuencia para hablar de experiencias o cambios que han
tenido lugar).

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify
(larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this
pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

We add the letter “er” in the noun or “more”.

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).

EXAMPLES
My house is larger than hers.
This box is smaller than the one I lost.
Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
The rock flew higher than the roof.
Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)
The sun is hotter than the moon.
Dogs are more friendly than cats.
Luisa’s work is better than mine.
Juan is happier than Mary.
My English homework was worse than yours.
I can swim faster than my brother.

Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms:

good → better
well (healthy) → better
bad → worse

far → farther/further
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a
quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences
where a subject is compared to a group of objects.

We add the letter “est” in the noun or “the most”.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

EXAMPLE

 My house is the largest one in our neighborhood..

 This is the smallest box I've ever seen.

 Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.

We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is
understood)

The most popular tourist destination

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with
another.

(Las preposiciones de lugar se utilizan para mostrar la

posición o ubicación de una cosa con otra).

IN (DENTRO DE)

Months: my birday is in january

Years: america was discovered in 1492

Seasons: i always go to the beach in summer.

Example:
 I watch TV in the living-room.
 I live in New York.
AT (CERCA DE)

Specifict time: i wake up at 7 o’clock.

Holiday period: everyone seems happy at christmas day.

 used to show an exact position or particular place.

 Events.

 place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)

example: I met her at the entrance, at the bus stop.

at the movies, at university, at work

 ON (SOBRE/ ENCIMA DE)

days of the week: we Will visit you on Wednesdays.

pecific days: i returned to my country on the 27th.

dates: we get together on christmas day.

On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or

attached to something.

(is used for days of the week dates, birthday parties).

“On” significa que algo está en una posición que está físicamente tocando,
cubriendo o pegado a algo.

(Se usa para fechas de días de la semana, fiestas de cumpleaños).

Example:

The clock on the wall is slow.

He put the food on the table.

IN FRONT OF (ENFRENTE DE)

Example:

 A band plays their music in front of an audience.

 The teacher stands in front of the students.

BEHIND (DETRAS)
 Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.

“Detrás” está el opuesto de En frente de. Significa en la parte posterior (parte)

de algo.

Who is that person behind the mask?

I slowly down because there was a police car behind me.

BETWEEN (ENTRE DOS COSAS)

Between normally refers to something in the middle of two

objects or things (or places).

“Entre” normalmente se refiere a algo en medio de dos objetos o cosas (o

lugares).

There are mountains between Chile and Argentina.

The number 5 is between the number 4 and 6.

ACROSS FROM/ OPOSSITE

(AL OTRO LADO/ OPUESTO)

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It usually refers to something
being in front of something else,

(Frente y opuesto significan lo mismo. Por lo general se refiere a algo que está
frente a otra cosa).

Example: it is on the other side of the road).

NEXTO/ BESIDE (JUNTO A/ AL LADO)

Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person)
that is at the side of another thing.

Junto y al lado significan lo mismo. Generalmente se refiere a una cosa (o

persona) que está al lado de otra cosa.

Example:
  At a wedding, the bride stands next to the groom.
 Guards stand next to the entrance of the bank.

ABOVE (POR ENCIMA)

refers to being directly (vertically) above you.

estar directamente (verticalmente) sobre ti.

There is a ceiling above you.

Our neighbors in the apartment above us are rally noisy.

OVER (POR ENCIMA)

Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often
used with the word All as in All over.

“Over” también puede significar: cubrir físicamente la superficie de algo y se usa a

menudo con la palabra All como en All over.

There water all over the floor.

I accidentally spilled red wine all over the new carpet.

U NDER (DEBAJO DE)

in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the
other.
“en” o en una posición por debajo o “por debajo” de otra cosa, a menudo para que una cosa
cubra la otra.

Example:

He hid under the bed.

She put the thermometer under my tongue.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information
about something.

Podemos usar cláusulas relativas para unir dos oraciones en inglés, o para dar más información
sobre algo.

 I bought a new car. It is very fast.

 I bought a new car that is very fast.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.

(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something.

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra
information).
Defining relative clauses:

The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can
use 'that' for people or things. The relative clause can come after the subject or the object
of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

El pronombre relativo es el sujeto:

Primero, consideremos cuándo el pronombre relativo es el sujeto de una cláusula relativa

definitoria.

Podemos usar 'quién', 'cuál' o 'eso'. Usamos "quién" para las personas y "cuál" para las cosas.
Podemos usar 'eso' para personas o cosas.

La cláusula relativa puede venir después del sujeto o del objeto de la oración. No podemos
descartar el pronombre relativo.

example (clause after the object of the sentence):

 I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

 We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

YET.

We use get whit the present perfect simple to say that something happened in the past, but
we don’ t know when exactly. We call this the indefinite past . We put it at the end of a
negative sentence to say that something has not been done or at the end of a question to ask
about an action or situacion.

Usamos el presente perfecto, simplemente, para decir que algo sucedió en el pasado, pero
no sabemos cuándo exactamente. A esto le llamamos el pasado indefinido. Lo ponemos al
final de una oración negativa para decir que algo no se ha hecho o al final de una pregunta
para preguntar acerca de una acción o situación.

Example:
  I haven’t done my homeword yet.

 Have you read that article yet?

ALREADY.

We also use already with the present simple to talk about the indefine past when we don’t
know the exact time in the past when something happened. We use it to talk about
something which started in the past and which has finished now. It goes after have/has and
before the past participle.

Tambien utilizamos el presente simple para hablar sobre el pasadp indefinido cuando no sabemos
la hora exacta en el pasado cuando sucedió algo que comenzo en el pasado y que ha terminado
ahora. Se coloca despues de HAVE/HAS y antes del pasado participio.

Example:

 the children have already eaten their lunch.

JUST

we use just with the present perfect simple to talk about an action which finished a very
short time go. We call this the recent past. It goes after have/has and before tha past
participle.

Usamos solo el presente perfecto simple para hablar de una acción que terminó muy poco
tiempo. Llamamos a esto el pasado reciente. Va después de HAVE/ HAS y antes del pasado
participio.

Example:

 I’ve just dropped my plate there’s spaghetti all over the floor.

STRUCTURE WH- QUESTIONS.

WH- WORD + AUXILIAR+ SUBJECT+ VERB+ COMPLEMENT

WHAT (QUE, CUAL)

What are you up to today?

WHERE (DONDE)

where did you live?

WHY (PORQUE)

will you get marriedwhen you finish your career?

WHICH (CUAL)

Which do you prefer

WHO (quien)

who are you going to live with?

HOW (como)

have you been

HOW MANY (CUANTO)

Use much if the noun is non-countable (water, sand).

I don’t have much money.

HOW MUCH (CUANTO)

Use many if the noun is countable (e.g., oranges, children).

They own many houses.

RULES FOR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

EVERYTHING (TODO)
 Everything is ready for the party tonight.
EVERYBODY (TODOS)
 Everybody can come to the game if he has a ticket.
EVERYONE (TODO EL MUNDO)
Everyone needs to use a pencil for this quiz specificbut unknown.
SOMETHING ALGUNA COSA
Something means a thing that is unknown. It is often used in positive sentences.
 Something is wrong with my finger. It hurts.
SOMEBODY (ALGUIEN)an unidentified person
  Somebody told me you had a girlfriend. I thought you were single!
SOMEONE an unidentified person
 Someone parked illegally and left his car lights on.
Questions / Negative Sentences (99% of the time)
SOMEWHERE (ALGUN LADO)
Somewhere as an adverb is used to talk about someone or something being in or going to
some specific place.
ANYTHING (CUALQUIER COSA) Anything means a thing of any kind. Use it in questions
and negative sentences. It can also be used to to mean I don't mind.
 Don’t you know anything about being polite?
ANYBODY (NADIE): an unidentified person
 Does anybody have an extra pencil I can borrow?
ANYONE: (NADIE) an unidentified person
 I just moved here, so I don’t know anyone yet.
ANYWHERE: anywhere is also used to talk about places. As an adverb, it means going to
or being in any place, when it does not matter where.
NOTHING: Nothing means no single thing. Used as subjects of a sentence or question.
Nothing is wrong with your finger.

Nobody
 Nobody helped me with my paragraph. I did it alone.
No one

 No one is allowed to enter Fulbright without proper identification.