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2012 Conference on Smart Electric Grids Technology (SEGT2012)
December 18-19, 2012, Tehran, Iran
M.Sadeghi*, M.Kalantar**
*Iran University of Science and Technology. Mahmood.sadeghi@gmail.com
** Iran University of Science and Technology, kalantar@iust.ac.ir
Index Terms—Distributed Generation, Dispersed Generation, DG, Allocation, Load Model, ZIP
Abstract— This paper proposes an algorithm to calculate systems. In addition they considered different load
the optimal size and to locate the corresponding optimum models with voltage dependency. Ref [5], maximized
place for minimizing power loss of the power system with the integration of DG and energy export minimizing
considering load models for each bus. The method is tested
losses and short circuit level with time varying load
on 30 bus test system. The results is analyzed and compared
with that of comprehensive load flows and an approximate model. The generator modeled with wind generation
loss formula based method. Results show that the proposed and the optimization method is based on multi
approach to determine the load model and the suggested objective optimization with NSGA. In[6], Soroudi and
algorithm lead to the best placement of the DG unit for loss Ehsan minimized the cost of active losses, investment
reduction. The DG that is considered in this paper is a and operation cost of DG and emission cost. The load
constant PQ generator unit, the “ZIP” load model is used in
is modeled with a multi load level and the generator is
this paper as well. The method by which the load models are
determined in this paper is least squares method. modeled as negative PQ load with variable power
factor. The optimization solution is particle swarm
A. Introduction optimization method. Ref [7], has worked on sitting
Distributed Generation (DG), which consists of and sizing of DG for optimal microgrid architecture
distributed resources, can be defined as electric power with simulated annealing optimization method. Ref [8],
generation within distribution networks or on the describes a successive elimination algorithm to place
customer side of the network [1]. Distributed and size the DGs. Ref [9], describes a new heuristic
Generation (DG) is related with the use of small approach based on cost benefit analysis to optimally
generating units installed in strategic points of the determine the capacity and location of the DG from the
electric power system close to load centers [2]. The prospect of a distribution company. Ref [10], is about
technologies used in DG comprise as: micro turbines, optimal load flow with second order algorithm method.
fuel cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, gas Ref [11], is about genetic algorithm and herford ranch
turbines, biomass fuelled gas turbines, etc. In order to algorithm which can find optimums.
minimize line losses, improve the voltage profile and As seen above, the problem of the placement
all other positive effects, it is crucially important to of the DG unit is considered in many papers and
determine the size and location of local generation to studies but in approximately all the studies the load in
be placed. So, in recent years, several studies have each bus is considered as constant load or it is
considered techniques for locating DG units on considered as special loads, such as increasingly loads,
distribution systems. Methods of different procedures uniformly distributed loads, centrally distributed loads
are summarized as below: or etc[17]. The placement of DG unit with considering
Ref [4], worked on optimal sitting and sizing of load models or nonlinear loads is not studied nearly
of Distributed Generations in radial and networked in the papers. Ref [12] is one of the papers that studies
about the allocation and sizing of the DG unit with
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considering of nonlinear load models. This paper This paper ignored from the frequency
analyzes the issue of the sizing and sitting of the DG variations, so the discussed model is in equations (3),
unit with residential, commercial, constant, industrial (4) [14]:
and mixed load models. Another paper is written by
this author about the sizing and sitting of the DG unit ⎡ V V ⎤
with GA algorithm. This paper assumes load models P = P0 ⎢ Z p ( ) 2 + I p ( ) + Pp ⎥ (3)
for each bus in a power system and after this ⎣ V0 V0 ⎦
assumption the placing and sizing of the DG is
analyzed.
One of the important issues about simulating a ⎡ V V ⎤
power system with load models for each bus is that the
Q = Q 0 ⎢ Z q ( ) 2 + I q ( ) + Pq ⎥ (4)
⎣ V0 V0 ⎦
load models should be simulated in a way that they can
show the specifications of the loads well, but in these
papers the load models of the buses is not calculated
and are assumed.
Z p + I p + P p = 1 (5)
The aim of this paper is to compare the
behavior of the power system with and without load
models, so at the fist step the algorithm of finding the Z q + I q + Pq = 1 (6)
load models for each bus in a power system is shown.
At the second step the algorithm of finding the best
size and the best place for the DG unit in a power Z p : % Resistance
system with an approximate function is shown. At last
the best places for the DG unit in a power system are Z q : % Reactance
analyzed and a priority list of the best places is
provided. After finding the priority list for placement
I p : % Active Current
of the DG unit the loads replaced with the load models I q : % Reactive Current
for each bus and then the priority list for placement of
the DG unit is determined. Finally the results of the Pp : % Active Power
proposed method and the power loss formula based
methodology [16] will be compared and the superiority Pq : % Reactive Power
of the proposed algorithm will be clarified. P0 , Q0 ,V0 : Nominal Values
V : Voltage of the Buses
B. ZIP Load Model
The constant active & reactive power loads is
used in the general load flow programs, but it should be C. Calculation of Parameters
considered that current, voltage and impedance of the As mentioned before, ZIP load model consists
load in all the times are not constant and varied of three parameters, constant impedance (Z), constant
dependent on the load, so the results of constant power current (I) and constant power (P), so in this section
consumption based calculations can not be correct. these parameters must be calculated. ZIP parameters
The load model that is considered in this paper can be determined by some methods. The optimization
is “ZIP” load model [13]. This load model consists of method that is used in this paper is Least Squares
three parts: Constant impedance (Z), constant current solution.
(I) and constant power (P). The constant current, The objective function that should be
constant power and constant impedance model that is minimized is as equation (7):
known as “ZIP” model is one of the most important
and appropriate models. n
⎛V ⎞
2
⎛V ⎞ ⎛P ⎞
This model is formulated in different shapes λ = ∑ ( Z P ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ + I P ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ + PP − ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ ) 2 (7)
that are shown in equations (1), (2) [13]: i =1 ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎝ P0 ⎠
∑ (Z )2
These models are other derivations of the λ = P .V i 2 + I P .V i + PP − Pi (8)
general model in the fifth and seventh equations. i =1
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1.6. Choose the real power with its reactive power The active power loss computed with load
that gives the minimum loss for that bus. flow program is 4.932 MW, and when the loads are
1.7. Repeat these steps for all of the buses and replaced with the load models the power loss will be
find the best size (active and reactive power) 5.101 MW. As seen on the table, there are some
of the DG units for each bus. differences in the calculated loss in three methods.
1.8. Compare the losses of each state and find the A computer program has been written in
minimum loss in the distribution system. MATLAB7 to calculate the load model of each bus,
1.9. Store the bus that gives the minimum loss placement and sizing of the DG unit for the power
with its DG sizes. system. The PSAT software has been used for the
1.10. Run the base case load flow with DG. calculations related to load models in the power system
1.11. Rank the buses in a priority list from the and load flows.
minimum power loss to the maximum one. Fig.2 shows the optimum DG values obtained
2. Sitting of the DG unit in presence of the load models. for each bus.
2.1. Run the base case load flow.
2.2. Place the DG unit with the given value in
each bus.
2.3. Calculate the power loss of the system with
the help of load flow program in each
placement of the DG unit.
2.4. Rank the buses in a priority list from the
minimum power loss to the maximum one.
3. Compare the priority lists of the 2 steps.
F. Simulations
The proposed algorithm is tested on 30 bus
test system [16]. There are some changes in the test Fig.1.Single Line Diagram of a 30 Bus Test System
system that is used in this paper with the test system in
the ref [16]. The original 30 bus test system [16] has 1
generator, 32 lines and 27 constant PQ loads, but in Table 2 shows the load models computed for
this paper an admittance is considered for some buses each bus.
as a constant impedance load, on the other hand the Table 3 shows the real power loss of the
loads of buses is modified in order to calculate an power system in 3 methods with optimum size of the
appropriate ZIP load model for each bus. Fig.1 shows DG unit obtained in fig.2. The power loss in the first
the modified 30 bus test system. column that is based on the loss formula method [16],
Table 1 shows the real power loss of the is computed with equation (11). The third column
power system in 3 methods in presence of the optimum shows the losses are calculated with load flow program
size of the DG unit that is obtained in fig.2. The power that is the real power loss of the power system. The
loss of the base system without the DG unit is shown in fifth column shows the power loss of the test system is
table 1. The power loss calculated with equation (11) is computed with the proposed method.
4.821 MW.
Fig.2 The Active & Reactive Generation of the DG Unit for each Bus
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As seen on the second and the fourth columns of table Table2. The Load Models Calculated for Each Bus.
3, the calculated power loss with the proposed method
is nearer to the real value calculated with load flow
program (calculated in the second column) for example Bus P(Active Power) Q(Reactive Power)
when the DG unit with size of 1.5 MW, 1.2 MVAr is No. Z% I% P% Z% I% P%
placed in bus 11, the power loss with the loss formula
based method [16] will be 4.666 MW, but the real 2 89.69 0 10.31 96.62 0 3.38
value of the active power loss is 4.087 MW, so there is 3 100 0 0 100 0 0
14.16% difference with the real value, but the proposed
method shows 4.121 MW active power loss that has 4 81.3 0 18.7 93.46 0 6.54
0.83% difference with the real value. In all of the 10.6
5 56.12 0 43.88 89.37 0
values the proposed method has the minimum 3
difference with the real value that is achieved with the 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
load flow program.
The reason of these differences is because of the 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
method of calculation. The values of the first column 8 76.98 0 23.02 96.49 0 3.51
are computed with equation (11) that is not an exact
formula and it gives an approximation of the real 9 0 0 100 0 0 100
power loss. With the help of this equation, consisting 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
of the priority list of DG allocation and finding the
optimum DG size, as seen in fig.2, can be possible, but 11 0 0 100 96.62 0 3.38
in order to calculate the exact power loss for checking 28.5
12 0 0 100 71.43 0
the accuracy of the priority list of the DG allocation 7
and analyzing the real power loss with load models 33.3
13 0 0 100 66.67 0
instead of the loads, the load flow program is run and 3
15.4
the results are shown. As seen on the table, the results 14 40.08 0 59.92 84.60 0
0
of the 3rd and the 5th columns have a little difference
that can be neglected. When the loads replaced with the 15 91.58 0 8.42 0 0 100
load models in the buses, and after that the DG unit is 16 72.99 0 27.01 97.01 0 2.99
placed in each bus, there will be a new topology from
19.7
software point of view, so there will be a little 17 17.45 0 82.55 80.21 0
9
difference in the results of these load flows that can be
18 0 0 100 0 0 100
neglected.
Table 4 shows the priority list of placement of 19 0 0 100 0 0 100
the DG unit is obtained from load flow program.
According to this table the buses 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 26, 20 0 0 100 0 0 100
27 are the best buses for placement of the DG unit. 36.9
21 35.83 0 64.17 63.02 0
Table 5 shows the priority list of the DG 8
allocation that is obtained from loss formula based 22 0 0 100 0 0 100
method [16], equation (11) and table1. The buses are 62.6
ranked from minimum power loss to the maximum 23 31.88 0 68.12 37.36 0
4
one. According to the table4, buses 23, 24, 25, 26, are 24 89.69 0 10.31 0 0 100
the best locations for placement of the DG unit,
28.8
Because of the minimum power loss after placement of 25 37.49 0 62.51 71.12 0
8
the DG unit in the power systm. 45.7
26 13.57 0 86.43 54.26 0
4
Table1. The power loss of the base system 27 0 0 100 0 0 100
28 0 0 100 0 0 100
17.9
Load Flow 29 33.48 0 66.52 82.03 0
7
Eq.(11) With With Load 30 0 0 100 90.91 0 9.09
Loads Model
4.821 MW 4.932 MW 5.101 MW
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Table 4. priority list of placement of the DG unit with load flow results
Table5. Priority list of placement of the DG unit with loss formula based
Table 6 is the priority of the placement of the Table 7 summarizes these results. As seen on
DG unit achieved from the proposed methodology. The the table, the results of the proposed method are
buses 24, 25, 26, 27 are the best places for placement approximately the same as the real results.
the DG units.
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Table6. Priority list of placement of the DG unit with load model results