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Fluid Mechanics - II 110

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Normal shock wave
• Ma across shock wave
• Pressure across a shock
• Temperature across a shock

• Density & velocity across a shock

• Stagnation pressure across a shock is

Fluid Mechanics - II 111

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Problem
• Air from a large reservoir at
1100kPa pressure and 80C
temperature, expands
isentropically, through a
variable area duct until the
pressure drops to 50kPa.
• A normal shock wave occurs
at this point.
• Find the pressure,
temperature and air velocity
immediately downstream of
the shock wave.
• Also find the stagnation
pressures and temperatures
before and after the shock
wave.

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Fluid Mechanics - II 112

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Solution
Isentropic Flow prior to shock
P0,x=1100kPa, T0,x=80+273=353K & Px=50kpa
• Ma = 2.66319
• Tx/T0,x = 0.41347
• Tx = 145.957K
Onset of Shock
• May = 0.49857045
• Vy = May(286.9 Ty 1.4)1/2

Fluid Mechanics - II 113

26-Apr-17

Solution
Just after Shock
• P0,y/P0,x = 0.43675834
• Py/Px = 8.10802611
• Ty/Tx = 2.30397766
Solving
• P0,y = 480 kPa
• T0,y = T0,x = 353 K
• Py = 405 kPa
• Ty = 336 K
• Vy = 190 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics - II 114

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Problem
• Air flowing with
– V = 600 m/s,
– p = 60 kPa, and
– T = 260 K
undergoes a normal shock.
• Determine
– the velocity
– static and stagnation
conditions after the shock
– the entropy change
across the shock.

Fluid Mechanics - II 115

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Solution

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Fluid Mechanics - II 116

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Solution
• The entropy change across the shock is
given by:

Fluid Mechanics - II 117

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Problem
• Air flows from a reservoir where p = 300 kPa and T= 500 K
through a throat to section 1, where there is a normal shock
wave, as shown. Find the following
– Mach number just before the shock, at (1).
– Pressure just before shock, at (1).
– Pressure just after shock, at (2).
– Total Pressure at exit, at (3).
– Mach number at exit, at (3).
– Temperature at exit, at (3).

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Fluid Mechanics - II 118

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Solution

Fluid Mechanics - II 119

26-Apr-17

Problem
• A normal shock wave is formed in a
converging diverging nozzle as shown.
• Determine
a) the Mach number downstream of the
shock wave,
b) the Mach number at the nozzle exit,
c) the pressure at the nozzle exit, and
d) the temperature at the nozzle exit.
Note: P0 = 2 MPa and T0 = 400 K

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Fluid Mechanics - II 121

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Solution
1 1  0.2 Ma2 
2 3
A2 A3 A2
  *   1.115
At At At Ma2 1.728
1/ 2 1/ 2
 k 1Ma22  2   0.41.4 2  2 
Ma3        0.740
2 k Ma2  k 1  2 1.4 1.4   0.4 
2 2

k /  k 1 1/  k 1 
 k  1 Ma22   k1 
Po4  Po3  Po2  2  2 k Ma2  k 1
2  k 1 Ma2   2 
3.5 2.5
 2.41.42   2.4 
Po4  Po3  2  2     1.92 MPa
2  0.4 1.4  2 1.4 1.4   0.4 
2

k 1 /2k1 2.4 /.8

A*3 Ma3 2  k 1 Ma22  0.74  2  .4 1.42 
     1.044
A2* Ma2  2 
2  k 1 Ma3  1.4 2  .4 0.742 
𝐴4 𝐴4 𝐴𝑥 ∗ 1
∗ = × = 1.6 × = 1.533
𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑥 ∗ 𝐴𝑦 ∗ 1.044 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 ∗ 𝐴 1
Or 𝐴 4∗ = 𝐴 4∗ × 𝐴𝑥 × 𝐴 3∗ = 1.6 × 1.115 × 1.068 = 1.533
𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦

Fluid Mechanics - II 122

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Solution
• The area ratio of 1.533 gives an exit mach
number of Ma4 = 0.419.
• p/p0 = 0.886 => p4 = 1.70 MPa
• T/T0 = 0.966 => T4 = 386.4 K

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Fluid Mechanics - II 123

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END OF CHAPTER