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UNIT – IV

INTRODUCTION

Problems of nonlinear systems are hard to be solved due to the complexity and particularity of the systems. Up to
now, no universal method has been devised for nonlinear system analysis. Although some powerful methods are
presented for the analysis and design of nonlinear systems, they all have limitations in their application. Therein, the
phase plane analysis and describing function method are widely used in the engineering.
Phase plane analysis is a graphical method for studying second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation.
The motion patterns of the system are represented by trajectories in the phase plane. Thus we can study the stability
and time response of the equilibrium state graphically.
The describing function method is an approximate technique, also known as harmonic linearization method.
The method can be used to study the stability and oscillation for a class of nonlinear control systems. It can also
reflect the relationship between the basic characteristics of the self-oscillation (such as magnitude and frequency)
and the system coefficients (such as amplification coefficient and time constant), and give a possible prediction for
the system design.
One of the powerful tools to analyze and design the nonlinear system is to solve the nonlinear differential equation
by the computer and then analyze the system in the form of numerical solution. With the development of computer
technique, the computer simulation has become an essential method for nonlinear system analysis.

Phase plane analysis

Phase plane analysis is one of the most important techniques for studying the behavior of nonlinear systems, since
there is usually no analytical solution for a nonlinear system. Phase plane analysis is a graphical method for studying
the first-order and second-order linear or nonlinear systems, which is firstly introduced by Poincare. H in 1885.

Phase plane: Phase plane method is applied to autonomous 2nd order system described as follows:

x˙1 = f1(x1, x2) (1)

x˙2 = f2(x1, x2)

System response (x(t) = (x1(t), x2(t))) to initial condition x0 = (x10, x20) is a mapping from R to R2 . The x1 − x2
plane is called State plane or Phase plane. The locus in the x1 − x2 plane of the solution x(t) for all t ≥ 0 is a curve
named trajectory or orbit that passes through the point x0 I The family of phase plane trajectories corresponding to
various initial conditions is called Phase portrait of the system.

 Phase Plane Trajectories can be constructed by some methods named: Isoclines, delta method.

Isoclines method

An isocline is a curve through points at which the parent function's slope will always be the same, regardless of
initial conditions. The word comes from the Greek words Isis (ισος) meaning "same" and Kisi (κλίση) meaning
"slope".

It is often used as a graphical method of solving ordinary differential equations. In an equation of the form y' =
f(x,y), the isoclines are lines in the (x, y) plane obtained by setting f(x,y) equal to a constant. This gives a series of
lines (for different constants) along which the solution curves have the same gradient. By calculating this gradient

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for each isoclines, the slope field can be visualized; making it relatively easy to sketch approximate solution curves;
as in fig. 1.

In population dynamics refers to the set of population sizes at which the rate of change, or partial derivative, for one
population in a pair of interacting populations is size.

Fig 1,Isoclines (blue), slope field (black), and some solution curves (red) of y'=xy

IMPORTANCE

 Since it is on second-order, the solution trajectories can be represented by carves in plane provides easy
visualization of the system qualitative behavior. Without solving the nonlinear equations analytically, one
can study the behavior of the nonlinear system from various initial conditions. It is not restricted to small
or smooth nonlinearities and applies equally well to strong and hard nonlinearities. There are lots of
practical systems which can be approximated by second-order systems, and apply phase plane analysis
 Phase plane method is only used for analyzing or designing the 1th-order or 2th-order nonlinear systems.
 Analyzing the nonlinear systems by phase plane method is more all-sided compare with the describing
function method.
 Also the phase plane method is used to analyze the stability of some intelligent control systems, such as the
Fuzzy control systems.
 Providing motion trajectories corresponding to various initial conditions. then examine the qualitative
features of the trajectories. Finally obtaining information regarding the stability and other motion patterns
of the system.

APPLICATIONS

There are lots of practical systems which can be approximated by second-order systems, and apply phase plane
analysis. Also the phase plane method is used to analyze the stability of some intelligent control systems, such as
the Fuzzy control systems, lienard system to positive solutions of Schrodinger equations, for autonomous
systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in one or two dimensions. Phase plane analysis is one of
the most important techniques for studying the behavior of dynamic systems, especially in the nonlinear case,
where general methods for computing analytical solution do not exist .

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