The Puritan Age+ ee Historical Background | : Tue Stuarts # 1. James 1 7 a ehartes 11625-1649)” 5. Mary I 7. Anne and 6. William HL The Stuarts - os, % Charles! Tames I died in 1625, and his successor, Charles 1 GGon lowered the prestige {1825-1649} Je monarchy abroad by UASitéséfal expeditions in France (to help the juguenots against Richeliew), “Spain. Both the army and the navy had been Hépietethinder James 1, ingland could not chuilefige France andl Seat Spain together. A'Wis policy would have been to preserve the Balance ot power“iminiito itidintiin peace with France while Spain was master of such a large part of Europe), ‘The House of Commons refused the subsidies far these wars. Charles. tis solved Parliament and tried to SDEh#"'money by illegal means and forced idans’™ But funds were still insufficient, and the king was obliged co call a, pasliament again in 1628. The Commons agreed to grant a large sum of maney.ca.candis tion that Charles pt the Petition of Righis.a document which ranks j “Magna Charta or the Great Charter of Liberties of 1215. ‘Two of its most important points were: *" no man was to pay any tax not approved by Parliament, @no-man was to be imprisoned arbitrarily, i ‘Aftef this parliament, Charles dic not call another for eleven years (until 1640) and ruled the land as he wished, ignoring the privileges of Members of Parliaitient, dismissing juciges who interpfeted the law impartially, and remav ing any control onvhis actions. He was not a Roman Catholic like his wife, Hen- “Fietta Marla, the daughter of the King of France, but he was in favour of the High Church, the section of the Anglican Church that gave more importance to lnurgy than to evangelical practice. W jes | made the high churchman ‘William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury, this faction became stronger. This de? velopment enraged many Englishmen, above all the Puritan Party, and was one of the causes of the Civil War. Laud was a gréat churcliman, but he was not 7 atltazitiin, He persecuted the Puritans, while, owing to the influence of the Queen, he favoured the Roman Catholics. When Laud tried to impose uniform ni| | | | | t | + The Puritan Age + Worship on the Presbyterians of Scotland, who were against any form of ray, the Scots rebelied against England conoii: sifficulties, together with religious problems, made things worse -herles was ooliged to call a Parliament (1640), WhicHf'Sat'for only one month, (he Short Partiament), as the king would not tolerate any form of opposition, ‘the Common Lav thé qusiGF between Charles and Parliament was also a quarrel between fw vloctrines, two conceptions of the law:, Roman Taw, tStiowed by all the vies of Europe, and Englisty Common Law (ee p. 33). Roman Law re. dl the king's Wil’ “tbe source of thé LER, the judges were subject t0 the kingyand were bownd to follow his directions. But the spirit of English Com- aon Law jsove ' sironger than Roman Law, which derived from an alien he land belonged to English civilization; the Jaw aas in tbe King’s will. ft wag ABGve lle king and above his subjects, 10: the High Court of Parliament could alter it. ‘with Scotland, Charles was obliged to call a par- six months after the Short Paslia- Co ‘ney; on the contrary, it passed important acts #8 To the king. Archbishop Laud was imprisoned.and later execut- In 1641 the Commons asked-the king t0 relinquish control of all milita ving) vil and relive dependent of * the Civil War tie execution sont porary er is affairs. The king refused, and the Gioil War broke out in The the egy and a age pa ofthe gehy SCA SE snd oveve calles| Cavaliers the city of London, other towns, wealthy merchant snd the middle classes ‘Vere for Parliament, and were called Farliamentanaus 21 Roiundheaus, Por the frst two years thé result of the war Was uncertain; but large y 89 7S OFM@r Cromwell and his New Model Army (also known as Iron fhe lang was at last defeated, imprisoned, transferred to London : | ind, after 4 hasty and unjust{trial, condemned to death and executed in 1649. 2, se. polo < the Commots refused A ds for the. war, how’ did Charles try to-roise money? CB When ste bing summoned & periment 1628, ofwharrcendhién did rant “ifjgoney? 1 Aisicsgpart of the Anglican Church did the King favour and what char acieiZB® this faction? Why did the appointment of William Laud enrage many Englishmen? Why ' rebel? ae BU) Vi'y wos the quarrel between King and Parliomen! also o quarrel belwesn 7 q iwor conceptions of law? Bwiter do you know about the Chal Ware :Oliver Cromwell 11649-4658) * The Commonwealth (1649-1660) Navigation Acts No The Dutch Wor (1052-1654) Richard Cromwell +The Puritan Age + The Commonwealth gg the monarchy was abolished, and all powers were entrusted to a Coen of State, The House of Lords was also abolished, and England was pro- laimed a Commonwealth (i.¢..a Republic) anda Free State, with a unicameral Parliament, the Commons (known as the "Rump", ie, what remained of the old House of Commons). In 1653 the Rump, too, swas dismissed, and the coun- wry was ruled by the Army. In 1654 England was divided into eleven districts, ruled by Major Generals, and Oliver Cromwell-was made Lord Protector of England and Ireland. Cromwell wz yreat man, without the WOFt aspects of many Puritans; be encouraged fesning (the poet Milton was his Latin Sec- retary), he liked music, and, aithiguah sometiines rigid, believed in religious toleration, In foreign policy he was successful and increased English prestige abroad He reduced Scoland and Ireland! to submission, revived English sea-power and reorganized the Navy. In 1651 he renewed the Navigation Acts (which had been passed under Richard If but selclom observed), by which goods import ed into England could only be carried by English ships, or by ships belonging to the exporting countries, This led to a war with Holland, which had been muster of the sea for a generation and had the greatest share of the cargo trade. The Dutch were defeated and obliged to accept the English terms. In his final years Cromwell tried to diminish the power of the Army. The ‘majority of the English people wanted to revive the monarchy; the crows was offered to Cromwell, but he refused, since the extremist Puritan elements ‘would never have accepted changes in the Republican for When Cromwell died, in 1658, his son Richard became Protector, but he was not supported by the Army and was obliged ta resign. After eighteen months of confusion, a strong man, @@neral MonE>marched from Scotland to. London, and Geniifided the formation of @ free Parliament. This Parliament met in 1660, and féstored the monarchy; the late King's son, the future Charles J, was recalled from Paris (where he had fled because of the Civil Wan), on ‘condition that he granted a general pardon and allowed religious toleration. ‘The return of Charles If from his exile marked the beginning of the Restora- tion Period. be Oliver Crommell (an unfinished miniature by Samuel Cooper, 1609-1672) (private collection) HI When the Monarchy ond the House of lords were abolished, to. whom were ll powers eninusted? : Dvres was*England declored to be? B. Whot was the socalled "Rump"? How was England divided in 1654? Hi Whot kind of man wos Oliver Cromwell? What did Cromwell renew in 16512 Why did this fact lead to o war with Holland? Did the English accept the republican form of government? BI What evenis led to the Restoration of the Monarchy alter Cromwells death?