COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
P.O. Box: 3900 Kigali, Rwanda.

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work entitled “OPTIMAL ELECTRICAL

INSTALLATION DESIGN OF BUTARE HOSTEL.” is the original work of
MUGWIZA Nicolas (GS20111508), and it has not been submitted to any University
or elsewhere in any form for the award of Bachelor of Science in Engineering,
Electrical Engineering.

Supervisor Head of Department of Electrical and

Mr. Michael IRECHUKWU Prof. Dr. Eng. NTAGWIRUMUGARA Etienne

Signature………………………… Signature……………………………
Date………/………/ 2014 Date……. /……. / 2014

i
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to:

God
My family
My friends

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I deeply thank God to have guided me throughout this hard period, I am really thankful
for everything.
I am very thankful to my family for all kind of support and encouragement they gave
me throughout this period.
I am very thankful to Mr. KAMIYA JMV the managing director of GMK Architecture
Sarl who gave me internship in his company that helped me gain more knowledge in
electrical installation design. I also thank him for the Architectural drawings of Butare
Hostel he gave me.
I am very thankful to Eng. Thierry GASHEMA and Mr. Abdoul KALINDA for the
technical support they gave me in this project.
I am very thankful to my beloved supervisor Eng. Michael IRECHUKWU who
sacrificed his time to making me a good electrical engineer, I am really thankful for
everything he taught me in life and in the field.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

1. AC: Alternating current

2. ATS: Automatic transfer switch
3. BS: British standard
4. BQ: Bills of quantities
5. Cd: Candela
6. CRI: Color Rendering Index
7. DB: Distribution board
8. DIN: Deutsches institute fur normung
9. EWSA: Energy water and sanitation authority
10. GFCI : Ground fault circuit interrupter
11. HID: High intensity discharge
12. HPS: High pressure sodium
13. IEC: International electro-technical commission
14. IEE: Institute of electrical engineers
15. IESNA: Illuminating engineering society of north America
16. IET: Institute of engineering and technology
17. ISO: International standard organization
18. IT: Isolated earth
19. LED: light emitting diode
20. LLF: light loss factor
21. Lm: lumen
22. LPS: Low pressure sodium
23. Lx: lux
24. MCB: Miniature circuit breaker
25. MCCB: Molded case circuit breaker
26. RCBO: Residual current device with overcurrent protection
27. RCD: residual current device

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 28. RURA: Rwanda utility regulatory agency
29. TN-C: earth neutral combined
30. TN-C-S: earth neutral combined separated
31. TN-S: earth neutral separated
32. TT: earth earth
33. TVSS: Transient voltage surge suppression
34. UF: Utilization Factor
35. UR: University of Rwanda
36. UV: Ultra violet

v
TABLE OF CONTENT

`
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope and limitation......................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Justification of study ........................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Organization of study ....................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 4
2.1 Lighting Design ................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Lighting terms............................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Lighting design requirements.................................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Indoor lighting design................................................................................................ 8
2.1.4 Types of lamps........................................................................................................... 9
2.1.5 Luminaires ............................................................................................................... 18

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 2.1.6 Emergency lighting .................................................................................................. 19
2.2 Socket outlets ................................................................................................................. 24
2.2.1 General overview .................................................................................................... 24
2.2.2 Socket outlets circuits ............................................................................................. 25
2.3 electrical protection ....................................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 Types of protection devices .................................................................................... 26
2.3.2 Types of electrical protection.................................................................................. 27
2.4 Electrical distribution board ........................................................................................... 27
2.4.1 General overview .................................................................................................... 27
2.5 Electrical standby generator .......................................................................................... 28
2.5.1 Automatic Transfer Switches .................................................................................. 28
2.6 Earthing system .............................................................................................................. 29
2.6.1 Types of earthing system ........................................................................................ 29
2.6.2 Earthing system requirement.................................................................................. 31
2.6.3 Equipotential bonding ............................................................................................. 32
2.7 Lightning protection system........................................................................................... 33
2.7.1 Essential Components of a lightning protection system ......................................... 33
2.7.2 Structure protection ................................................................................................ 33
2.7.3 Surge Suppression ................................................................................................... 37
2.8 Inspection and Testing ................................................................................................... 37
2.8.1 General overview of inspection and testing ........................................................... 37
2.8.2 The Inspection and Test Service .............................................................................. 37
2.9 Electrical safety .............................................................................................................. 39
2.9.1 Types of injuries result from electrical currents ......................................................... 39

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 2.9.2 Electrical general safety tips.................................................................................... 39
2.10 Electrical bill of quantities ............................................................................................ 40
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 42
3.1Primary data collection ................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Secondary data ............................................................................................................... 42
Secondary data are: ............................................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER IV: DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 43
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 43
4.2 Lighting design................................................................................................................ 43
4.2.1 Lighting design......................................................................................................... 45
4.3 Circuits for lighting ......................................................................................................... 53
4.3.1 Lighting circuits for typical ground, first, second, third and fourth floor................ 54
4.4 Power socket design................................................................................................... 55
4.4.1 Number of sockets per circuit ................................................................................. 55
4.5 Design of MV Switch board and distribution boards ..................................................... 56
4.6 Earthing system Design .................................................................................................. 57
4.7 Lightning protection system Design ............................................................................... 57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION ............................................................. 58
5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 58
5.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 58
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 59
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 61

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: How to better light the objects on the walls [9] .......................................................... 7
Figure 2: Incandescent lamp [11] ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Fluorescent tube [15] ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 4: Compact fluorescent lamps [11] ............................................................................... 11
Figure 5: High pressure sodium lamps [11] ............................................................................. 12
Figure 6: Mercury Vapor Lamps [11] ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 7: Blended lamp [15] .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 8: Metal Halide Lamps [15] .......................................................................................... 16
Figure 9: Led lamp [15] ........................................................................................................... 17
Figure 10: High power fluorescent lamps without electrodes [11] .......................................... 17
Figure 11: Places where to place emergency lighting [1] ........................................................ 20
Figure 12: Places where to place emergency lighting [1] ........................................................ 20
Figure 13: Places where to place emergency lighting [1] ........................................................ 21
Figure 14: Internally illuminated signs [1] ............................................................................... 21
Figure 15: Externally illuminated signs [1].............................................................................. 22
Figure 16: Power sockets outlets [19] ...................................................................................... 24
Figure 17: radial circuit [4] ...................................................................................................... 25
Figure 18: Ring main circuit [4] ............................................................................................... 26
Figure 19: TN-S system earthing [3]........................................................................................ 29
Figure 20: TN-C-S system earthing [3].................................................................................... 30
Figure 21: TT system earthing [3]............................................................................................ 30
Figure 22: Types of roofs [12] ................................................................................................. 35
Figure 23: Zone of protection of various heights [12] ............................................................. 36
Figure 24: site map ................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 25: Ground floor lighting plan ..................................................................................... 62
Figure 26: Building1 Typical F1 to F4 lighting plan ............................................................... 63
Figure 27: Building1 ground floor power ................................................................................ 64
Figure 28: Typical F1 to F4 power........................................................................................... 65
Figure 29: Main distribution board schematic ......................................................................... 66
Figure 30: Typical 63A TPN 24 ways for GF to F4 and for all buildings ............................... 67

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Figure 31: Earthing system design of one building .................................................................. 68
Figure 32: Lightning protection design for one building ......................................................... 69

x
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Typical LLF values [7] ................................................................................................ 8

Table 2: Types of luminaire used ............................................................................................. 43
Table 3: Recommended lighting levels by IESNA .................................................................. 44
Table 4: lamp luminous efficacy[7] ......................................................................................... 45
Table 5: Building1 Load Schedule ........................................................................................... 70
Table 6: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (Floors installation) ............................. 75
Table 7: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (main power distribution) ................... 77
Table 8: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (Special equipment) ............................ 78
Table 9: Copper conductors [4] ................................................................................................ 79
Table 10: Earth fault currents (in kA) for copper strip earthing conductors [2] ...................... 80

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ABSTRACT

The project electrical installation design of Butare hostel is designed in the respect to
the international and local recognized Institutions that provide electrical standards
naming IEE which later became IET, IESNA, and RURA this was done to solve a
problem of electrical installation projects which are not done according to standards. In
this project the economics and methods of saving energy are taken into considerations.
In the lighting design the IESNA recommended lighting levels document was very
useful and it helped in calculating the required number of luminaires in all the places
that were requiring a lighting design. The lighting design provided will help students in
the hostel to do any other work as well as reading in case it is needed. In the power
socket design required power socket outlets are provided in the rooms as well as in the
other places as per requirements, for power socket outlets circuits residual current
devices with overcurrent protection (RCBOs) are provided as protective devices. The
load schedule showing the estimated load per circuits and the total estimated power for
all three buildings are provided. The Incoming power supply from EWSA as well as
the backup power from a standby generator are all alternated by an automatic transfer
switch (ATS).Two lightning arresters are provided on each building to protect buildings
against lightning strikes and they are interconnected with the earthing system of the
building by the lightning conductors. The total cost of materials and installation is also
estimated to provide all the necessary information.

xii
1

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Electricity is an integral utility in modern society, with links to

everything from a human's subconscious fear of the dark to the practical need for
working illumination in an industrialized world. The entire world essentially runs on
electricity, it is in this way that public buildings needs electricity for lighting, air
conditionings, lifts and all sorts of electronics equipment and appliances all are
electricity dependent, electrical installation design is done to fulfill the needs of those
things. [22]

For all building construction or remodeling building projects, the

owner or occupant must first have a concept for the new design, and then the architect
or designer can produce a set of building plans. These plans covey all the required
information to the local inspection authority and associated building trades so that the
construction or remodeling can take place. Because commercial and industrial buildings
contain a number of electrical systems, these plans include specific electrical designs
and additional documentation to verify that the design conforms to all required building
codes. [9]

An electrical design goes through several important stages of

development. First, the designer must understand the scope of the project. Then, the
designer defines and designs each component (such as general office areas, specialized
machinery, and, and power distribution equipment) to recognized industry standards.
Finally, these individual components are compiled to form the final presentation for the
design. [9]
 The purpose of design in electrical engineering system is to provide safety,
efficiency, reliability and effectiveness in electrical installation and it is also helpful when selecting
the right solution during pre-design and budget step: find a compromise between costs and ratings
of the installation during its whole life cycle, and gives help in calculation of installed power loads.
[22]

The design in electrical installation helps you know the number of light
fittings required at certain place based on its surface and the illumination; it also helps you get the
number of power socket outlets based on all kinds of appliances that need power. With the design
we are able to know the number and the size of cables supplying all parts of the building and also
the ratings of fuses or circuit breakers needed to protect the circuits or predict the necessary test
results when testing the installation. [9]

The design in electrical engineering is used to indicate where things will go

in a building; the design also shows you how your finished building wiring project will look like.
The design contains details such as where your light fittings, light switches, power outlets, and
where your appliances will be placed. It is important to carefully study the design to ensure that
the installation in your building is laid out the way it is supposed to be according to the design
done.

1.2 Problem statement

There is a common problem in electrical installation services rendered in Rwanda, many of the
electrical installation designs are done by non-professionals who do not have necessary skills and
certificates needed for standard electrical installation. Consequently, many houses do not have
adequate electrical services and the required minimum electrical safety. More so some of the big
projects in this domain are executed by expatriates at large sums of money.
Many electrical installations in Rwanda, the sockets are not earthed, as it is
the case of the Claude DUSAIDI Hostel. This is against the 2012 RURA-electrical installation
regulations on its article 14 that states that all sockets outlets should be earthed. This is again the
result of the work done by non-professionals.

The heights at which sockets outlets are mounted are not as the 2012 RURA-
electrical installation regulations on its article 14 that states that sockets should be mounted at
300mm, this is also the case of Claude DUSAIDI Hostel. This is again the result of the work done
by non-professionals.

In many electrical installation in Rwanda, cables are not well supported and
are not placed in proper position to avoid stresses on Insulation, which is against the article 15 of
2012 RURA-electrical installation regulations which states that Cables must be supported to put
them in proper position and to avoid stresses on insulations at some parts of Insulators which will
thereafter destroy the insulators.

2
 Many electrical installation in Rwanda do not have protection against electric
shock which incorporate the use of Residual current devices (RCDs), this is the case of all the
UR/College of science and technology buildings. Not having adequate protection put lives of
people at Risk.

As a young engineer to be and who have studied modules: electrical

installation design 1 and 2, I am confident to bring the solution to these problems by providing a
standardized electrical installation design that is based on technical and legal requirements of
IEE,IEC guidelines and 2012 RURA-electrical installation regulations.

1.3 Objectives

 To provide a safe and economic electrical installation design for KIST Girls Hostel that
meets international standards
 To acquire professional skills in electrical installation design systems
 To develop skills and techniques directly applicable to electrical engineering system
design.
 To provide an electrical installation design for BUTARE hostel that will give maximum
safety for the building users.

1.4 Scope and limitation

This work concerns only electrical installation design (Power and lighting installation design for
indoor and outdoor, Eathing system design, lightning protection system design).
1.5 Justification of study

I did this project because I wanted to solve a problem of bad electrical installation services rendered
in Rwanda, where the work is not done according international and local standards, so many houses
do not have adequate electrical services and safety.

So in my project I showed how an electrical installation designed should be done respecting the
international and local standards.

1.6 Organization of study

Chapter one has the introduction of the project, chapter two has the literature review, chapter three
has the research methodology, chapter four has design procedures, chapter five has discussions
and the chapter six has the conclusion and recommendations for the project.

3
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Lighting Design

2.1.1 Lighting terms

 Light: a visible electromagnetic radiation. [9]

 Visibility: The quality or state of being seen by the eye. [9]
 Seeability: Is a term that describes how good the eye sees. It includes the ability to define
form, but it also includes determining the amount and quality of light. There are methods
to determine the light quality, such as Color Rendering Index (CRI). [9]
 Luminaire: A complete unit consisting of lamp or lamps together with parts that are
designed to fix, protect, distribute the light and connect the lamp to the power supply. [9]
 Luminous Intensity: The luminous flux force in a specified direction, it is measured in
candela (cd). [9]
 Luminous Flux: The rate flow of light in a given time, it is measured in lumens (lm). [9]
 Luminous efficacy: The luminous efficacy is the measure of lamp efficiency, it measured
in lumens per watt (lm/w). [9]
 Illuminance: The luminous flux density incident on a surface, it is measured in lux (lx).
[9]
 Luminous Exitance: Total amount of luminous flux reflected or transmitted by a source
or surface, it is measured in lm/m2. [9]
 Luminance: The quantity of luminous flux emitted, reflected, or transmitted from a surface
in a particular direction, measured in cd/m2. This is the property of light we can visibly see
with our eyes. [9]

 Color rendering index

The CRI is a relative scale (ranging from 0 - 100) indicating how perceived colors match actual
colors. It measures the degree that perceived colors of objects, illuminated by a given light source
conform to the colors of those same objects when they are lighted by a reference standard light
source. The higher the color rendering index, the less color shift or distortion occurs. The CRI
number does not indicate which colors will shift or by how much; it is rather an indication of the
average shift of eight standard colors. Two different light sources may have identical CRI values,
but colors may appear quite different under these two sources. [15]

4
2.1.2 Lighting design requirements

When doing the lighting Design there are three things to take in considerations, these things are:

 What to light? [9]

 How to light it? [9]
 What to light it with? [9]

2.1.2.1 What to light?

Deciding what to light is best approached as a “layered composition” in which the nature of objects
and surfaces being lit play an important role.
These layers are:
• Task lighting. [9]
• Accent lighting. [9]
• Ambient or “space” lighting.[9]

 Accent lighting
Accent lighting directs extra light and thus extra attention to selected objects and surfaces. Accent
lighting attracts the eye, provides dramatic interest, and adds excitement. [9]

 Task Lighting
Task lighting illuminates areas where work is to be performed, for example “playing, reading,
food, laundry, preparation, etc. “[9]

Because what we see is the reflection of light from surfaces, then we have to consider the
characteristics of the surfaces to be lit by taking into considerations their color and their nature.
[9]
When designing the lighting, you first analyze each space in these following terms:
• Function: What activities will occur in the space? [9]
• Tasks: What seeing tasks are to be done in the space? [9]
• Objects: Which ones do you most want people to see? [9]
• Architectural features: Which ones are to be emphasized? [9]
• Location of furniture: Where will people sit? [9]
• Mood: What atmosphere is desired? Should it be variable? [9]
• Style: What must the lighting “go with”? [9]

5
  Secondly you set priorities
Giving priorities is determining what is the most important to be seen with giving the place to lit
a point of focus, for example a table setting, a painting, a flower arrangement, a mirror or a portrait.
[9]
There could be more than one priority, for example “a mirror in the bath room and the bathroom
itself”. [9]
These priority objects and areas will deserve accent lighting or task lighting. [9]
The third you consider the space as a whole:
• Lighting the walls can make the room seem more spacious. [9]
• Local pools of soft-edge light around furniture can create a mood of intimacy. [9]

• Highlighting the ceiling with indirect lighting will make the room seem a bit more formal, as
well as more spacious. [9]

2.1.2.2 How to light it

After analyzing the space and deciding what to light, you then decide how to best light it, using
Three basic lighting techniques
Ambient lighting, general and overall illumination that:
• Enables one to move about easily and safely. [9]
• Defines the space. [9]
• Makes the room seem larger. [9]
• Makes the space more comfortable by balancing the brightness of surfaces and objects in the
field of view. [9]

General lighting that brightens objects and surfaces in the lower part of the room creates a feeling
of warmth, whereas indirect lighting, directed to the upper walls and ceiling, gives the space a
cooler, quieter and more spacious look. [9]

 Where to place the lighting

Determining where to place the light is a key part to lighting design. This helps in avoiding glare
and veiling reflections. It is also a determining factor in whether a surface texture is to be
emphasized or minimized. [9]

6
Figure 1: How to better light the objects on the walls [9]

2.1.3.3 What to light it with

When we talk about what to light it with, we talk about the selection of luminaires.
To choose the luminaires you consider:
• The light distribution desired
• The color rendering
• The color appearance
• Maintenance costs
Depending on whether the purpose is ambient, accent or task lighting, the required light
distribution may range from broad and widely diffused to narrow and focused. [9]

 How much light is required?

The amount of light required for good vision depends on:

• The age of the people using the lighting

• The reflectance of the task. [9]
Older people require more light, (at age 65 we need twice as much light to see as well as
we did at age 20) and are much more sensitive to glare, so lighting must not only be
plentiful, but well shielded. [9]

 Choice of the luminaires

In choosing luminaires we consider

 Energy consumption of the luminaires

7
  The efficiency of the luminaires
 The effectiveness of the luminaires
 The distance between the luminaires and the task [9]

2.1.3 Indoor lighting design

When doing the indoor lighting design, the following steps are followed:
Step 1: Decide the required illuminance on work plane according to local and international
illumination standards, the type of lamp and luminaire a preliminary assessment must be made of
the type of lighting required, a decision most often made as a function of both aesthetics and
economics. [7]
Step 2: Calculate the required number of luminaires
The below formula is used to calculate the number of required luminaires in a given place

[7]
Where, N = Number of luminaires
E = illumination required on Working Plane
A = Area of Room (L x W) (Best practice manual)
F = Total luminous flux (Lumens) from all the Lamps in one luminaire
UF = Utilization Factor from the Table for the Fitting to be Used
LLF = Light Loss Factor. This takes account of the depreciation over time of lamp output and dirt
accumulation on the fitting and walls of the building. [7]
Table 1: Typical LLF values [7]

8
2.1.4 Types of lamps

2.1.4.1 Incandescent Lamp

Incandescent lamps produce light through the electric heating of a filament at a high temperature,
emitting radiation within the visible field of the spectrum. The main parts of an incandescent lamp
are the filament, the filament supports, the glass bulb, the filling gas and the base. [11]

Figure 2: Incandescent lamp [11]

Features
 Efficacy – 12 lumens/Watt. [11]
 Color Rendering Index – 1A. [11]
 Color Temperature - Warm (2,500K – 2,700K). [11]
 Lamp Life – 1-2,000 hours (best practice manual). [11]
The incandescent lamp has the advantage of being cheap and a disadvantage of having a high
power consumption.

2.1.4.2 Fluorescent tubes

Fluorescent tubes are a low pressure mercury discharge lamp in which light is produced
predominantly through fluorescent powder activated by the discharge ultraviolet energy.
The lamp, generally with a long tubular- shaped glass bulb and a sealed electrode for each terminal,
contains low pressure mercury and a small amount of inter gas for ignition and arc regulation. The
glass bulb inner surface is covered by a luminescent substance (fluorescent powder or

9
phosphorous) whose composition determines the amount of emitted light and the lamp color
temperature).

The main parts of the fluorescent lamp are the glass tube, the fluorescent layer, the electrodes, the
filling gas and the base. [11]

Figure 3: Fluorescent tube [15]

 Difference between T12, T10, T8, and T5 fluorescent lamps

These four lamps vary in diameter (ranging from 1.5inches that is 12/8 of an inch for T12 to 0.625
or 5/8 of an inch in diameter for T5 lamps). Efficacy is another area that distinguishes one from
another. T5 & T8 lamps offer a 5-percent increase in efficacy over 40-watt T12 lamps, and have
become the most popular choice for new installations. [7]

 Features
Halo phosphate

 Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%). [11]

 Color Rendering Index –2-3. [11]
 Color Temperature – Any. [11]
 Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours. [11]

Tri-phosphor

 Efficacy – 90 lumens/Watt. [11]

 Color Rendering Index –1A-1B. [11]
 Color Temperature – Any. [11]
 Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours[11]

10
2.1.4.2 Compact fluorescent lamp

Advances in phosphor coatings and reductions of tube diameters have facilitated the development
of compact fluorescent lamps Manufactured since the early 1980s, they are long-lasting, energy-
efficient substitutes for incandescent lamps. Various wattages, color temperatures, and sizes are
available. The wattages of the compact fluorescents range from 5 to 55 (replacing incandescent
lamps ranging from 25 to 200 watts) and provide energy savings of 60 to 75 percent. While
producing light similar in color to incandescent sources, the life expectancy of a compact
fluorescent is about 10 times that of a standard incandescent lamp. [15]
Compact fluorescent lamps are available in two types

 Integral Units: these consist of a compact fluorescent lamp and ballast in self-contained
units.
Some integral units also include a reflector and/or glass enclosure.

 Modular Units: The modular type of retrofit compact fluorescent lamp is similar to the
integral units, except that the lamp is replaceable. [7]

Figure 4: Compact fluorescent lamps [11]

 Features
Efficacy – 60 lumens/Watt. [11]
Color Rendering Index – 1B. [11]
Color Temperature – Warm, Intermediate [11]
Lamp Life – 7-10,000 hours. [11]

11
2.1.4.3 High pressure sodium lamps

The high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp is widely used for outdoor and industrial applications.
Its higher efficacy makes it the best choice for these applications, especially when good color
rendering is not a priority. HPS lamps do not contain starting electrodes; the ballast circuit includes
a high-voltage electronic starter. The arc tube is made of a ceramic material, which can withstand
temperatures up to 2372F. It is filled with xenon to help start the arc, as well as a sodium-mercury
gas mixture. [7]

Figure 5: High pressure sodium lamps [11]

 Features
Efficacy – 50 - 90 lumens/Watt (better CRI, lower Efficacy). [11]
Color Rendering Index – 1 – 2. [11]
Color Temperature – Warm. [11]
Lamp Life – up to 24,000 hours, excellent lumen maintenance. [11]
Warm up – 10 minutes, hot re-strike – within 60 seconds. [11]
Operating sodium at higher pressures and temperatures makes it highly reactive. [11]
Contains 1-6 mg sodium and 20mg mercury. [11]

The gas filling is Xenon. Increasing the amount of gas allows the mercury to be reduced, but
makes the lamp harder to start. [11]
The arc tube is contained in an outer bulb that has a diffusing layer to reduce glare. [11]
The higher the pressure, the broader the wave length band, and the better CRI, lower efficacy. [11]

12
2.1.4.5 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

Low pressure sodium lamps are the most efficacious light sources, but they produce the poorest
quality light of all the lamp types. Being a monochromatic light source, all colors appear black,
white, or shades of gray under an LPS source. LPS lamps are available in wattages ranging from
18-180. LPS lamp use has been generally limited to outdoor applications such as security or street
lighting and indoor, low-wattage applications where color quality is not important. However,
because the color rendition is so poor, many municipalities do not allow them for roadway
lighting. [7]

 Features
Efficacy – 100 – 200 lumens/Watt. [11]
Color Rendering Index – 3. [11]
Color Temperature – Yellow (2,200K). [11]
Lamp Life – up to 16,000 hours. [11]
Warm up – 10 minutes, hot re-strike – up to 3 minutes. [11]

2.1.4.5 Mercury Vapor Lamps

Mercury vapor lamps are the oldest style of HID lamp. Although they have long life and low initial
cost, they have poor efficacy (30 to 65 lumens per watt, excluding ballast losses) and exude a pale
green color. Perhaps the most important issue concerning mercury vapor lamps is how to best
avoid them by using other types of HID or fluorescent sources that have better efficacy and color
rendering. Clear mercury vapor lamps, which produce a blue-green light, consist of a mercury-
vapor arc tube with tungsten electrodes at both ends. These lamps have the lowest efficacies of the
HID family, rapid lumen depreciation, and a low color rendering index. Because of these
characteristics, other HID sources have replaced mercury vapor lamps in many applications.
However, mercury vapor lamps are still popular sources for landscape illumination because
of their 24,000 hour lamp life and vivid portrayal of green landscapes. [7]

The arc is contained in an inner bulb called the arc tube. The arc tube is filled with high purity
mercury and argon gas. The arc tube is enclosed within the outer bulb, which is filled with nitrogen.

13
Figure 6: Mercury Vapor Lamps [11]

 Features
Efficacy – 50 - 60 lumens/Watt. [11]
Color Rendering Index – 3. [11]
Color Temperature –Intermediate. [11]
Lamp Life – up to 16,000 hours, poor lumen maintenance. [11]
Third electrode means control gear is simpler and cheaper to make. [11]
Arc tube contains 100 mg mercury and argon gas. Envelope is quartz
No cathode pre-heating; third electrode with shorter gap to initiate discharge
Outer phosphor coated bulb. It provides additional red light using UV, to correct the
Blue/green bias of the mercury discharge. [11]
The outer glass envelope prevents UV radiation escaping. [11]

2.1.4.5 Blended Lamps

Blended lamps are often described as two-in-one lamps. This combines two source of light
enclosed in one gas filled bulb. One source is a quartz mercury discharge tube (like a mercury
lamp) and the other is a tungsten filament connected in series to it. This filament acts as a
ballast for the discharge tube to stabilize the lamp current; hence no other ballast is needed. [15]
The tungsten filament coiled in construction encircles the discharge tube and is connected in series
with it. The fluorescent powder coating is given on inside of the bulb wall to convert the emitted
ultraviolet rays from the discharge tube to visible light. At ignition, the lamp emits only light from
the tungsten filament and during the course of about 3 minutes, the arc in the discharge
tube runs up to reach full light output. [15]

14
Figure 7: Blended lamp [15]

(Source: Best practice manual lighting, 2006)

 Features
Typical rating 160 W
Efficacy of 20 to 30 Lm/W. [11]
High power factor of 0.95. [11]
Life of 8000 hours. [11]
2.1.4.6 Metal Halide Lamps

The halides act in a similar manner to the tungsten halogen cycle. As the temperature
increases there is disassociation of the halide compound releasing the metal into the arc.
The halides prevent the quartz wall getting attacked by the alkali metals. [7]

 Features
Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt. [11]
Color Rendering Index – 1A –2 depends on halide mix. [10]
Color Temperature – 3,000K – 6,000K. [11]
Lamp Life – 6,000 - 20,000 hours, poor lumen maintenance. [11]
Warm-up – 2-3 minutes, hot re-strike 10-20 minutes. [11]

15
Figure 8: Metal Halide Lamps [15]

2.1.4.7 LED Lamps

The principle of light emitting diodes is the emission of light by a semi-conductor as an electrical
current passes through it. LEDs are commonly found in numerous applications, but the recent
development of white or blue diodes with a high light output opens new perspectives, especially
for signaling (traffic lights, exit signs or emergency lighting). [15]
Basic components are:
• LEDs
• Driver (power conversion device)
• Control devices (dimming controls, color mixing controls)
• Optics
• Fixture (housing, including heat sink devices, to contain all components)

An LED driver converts a system voltage (e.g., 120vac) into power required by the LED
system. Delivering proper power to an LED system is crucial to maintaining correct light
levels and life expectancy of the LEDs. The driver also regulates power delivered to the LEDs to
counter any fluctuations in system conditions. Drivers also isolate the LED system from the high
voltage system to reduce shock hazards and make a lighting system safer. [15]

LED lamps are the newest addition to the list of energy efficient light sources. While LED
lamps emit visible light in a very narrow spectral band, they can produce "white light". This is
accomplished with either a red-blue-green array or a phosphor-coated blue LED lamp. LED lamps
last 40,000 to 100,000 hours depending on color. LED lamps have made their way into numerous

16
lighting applications including exit signs, traffic signals, under-cabinet lights, and various
decorative applications. Though still in their infancy, LED lamp technologies are rapidly
progressing and show promise for the future. [15]

Colored LEDs used in applications such as traffic signals and channel letters can be up to
90% more efficient than neon and incandescent. This is true because these applications have
historically filtered white light to get a specific color of light. [7]

Figure 9: Led lamp [15]

2.1.4.8 High power fluorescent lamps without electrodes

Discharge in this lamp does not begin and end in two electrodes like in a conventional fluorescent
lamp. The shape of close ring of the glass of the lamp allows to have a discharge without electrodes,
since energy is supplied from the outside by a magnetic field. Such magnetic field is produced in
two ferrite rings, which constitutes an important advantage for lamp duration. [11]

Figure 10: High power fluorescent lamps without electrodes [11]

17
The system has an electronic equipment (at a frequency of approximately 250 kHz) separated from
the lamp besides a fluorescent tube without electrodes. This allows to preserve optimal energy of
discharge in the fluorescent lamp and reach a high luminous potency with a good efficacy. [11]

 Features
Extremely long life: 60 000 hours. [11]
Luminous flux up to 12 000 lumens. [11]
Luminous efficacy of 80 lm/W. [11]
Low geometric profile that allows the development of flat luminaires. [11]
Comfortable light without oscillations. [11]
2.1.5 Luminaires

Due to the high luminance of lamps, it is necessary to increase the emission apparent surface in
order to avoid visual problems (glare).Also, it is necessary to shield lamps to protect them from
external agents and to direct their flux in the most convenient way for visual task. [15]
Thus, different studies and contemporary research place great emphasis on the combination formed
by the source of light and the luminaire. [15]
2.1.5.1Main components of a luminaire

1. Body: This is the minimum physical element which supports and defines the volume of the
luminaire and contains the key components. According to this criterion, several types may be
defined:
-For indoor or outdoor areas. [11]
-Surface or embedded mounted. [11]
-Suspended or rail mounted. [11]
-Wall, bracket or pole mounted. [11]
-Open or enclosed. [11]
-For normal or harsh environments (corrosion or explosion). [11]

2. Control gear: Appropriate control gear would be selected to suit different sources of artificial
light, according to the following classification:
-Regular incandescent with no auxiliary elements. [11]
-High voltage halogen to regular voltage, or low voltage with converter or electronic source. [11]

18
-Fluorescent tubes, with reactances or ballasts, capacitors and starters, or electronic combinations
of ignition and control. [11]

-Discharge, with reactances or ballasts, capacitors and starters, or electronic combinations of

ignition and control. [11]

3. Reflector: A specific surface inside the luminaire which models form and direction of the lamp
flux. Depending on how luminous radiation is emitted, it may be:
-Symmetric (with one or two axes) or asymmetric. [11]
-Narrow beam (lower than 20º) or wide beam (between 20 and 40º; greater than 40º).
-Specular (with scarce luminous dispersion) or non-specular (with flux dispersion). [11]
-Cold (with dichroic reflector) or normal. [11]
4. Diffuser: This forms the cover of the luminaire in the direction of the luminous radiation. The
most frequently found types are:
-Opal (white) or prismatic (translucent). [11]
-Lamellae or reticular (with a direct influence on the shielding angle). [11]
-Specular or non-specular (with similar characteristics to reflectors). [11]

5. Filters: In possible combination with diffusers, they are used to protect or lessen certain
characteristics of luminous radiation. [15]

2.1.6 Emergency lighting

The main reason for installing an emergency lighting system is to enable the building to meet fire
safety legislation in a way that is visually acceptable and meets the user’s needs for ease of
operation and maintenance. Consequently it is important to establish all the relevant legal
requirements for emergency lighting and fire alarm systems before commencing the design these
should ideally be agreed between the system designer, user, fire authority, building control officer
and system installer. [1]

2.1.6.1 Emergency lighting design

When designing an emergency lighting we follow those steps:

Step 1: LOCATE LUMINAIRES AT MANDATORY “POINTS OF EMPHASIS”

Initial design is conducted by situating luminaires to reveal specific hazards and highlight safety
equipment and signs, in addition to providing illumination to assist safe travel along the escape
route. This should be performed regardless of whether it is an emergency escape route or an open

19
(anti-panic) area. Only when this is accomplished should the type of luminaire or its light output
be considered. [1]

BS5266 Pt 7: 1999 requires that the luminaires sited at points of emphasis must comply with BS
EN 60 598-2-22.

Figure 11: Places where to place emergency lighting [1]

At each exit door all safety exit signs outside and near each final exit

Figure 12: Places where to place emergency lighting [1]

Near stairs to light each step at each change of direction near each first aid post

20
Figure 13: Places where to place emergency lighting [1]

Near any other change of floor level at each intersection of corridors near each piece of fire fighting

equipment and call point

Note: the term near means within 2 meters measured horizontally

Step 2: ENSURE THAT EXIT SIGNS ARE OF CORRECT FORMAT AND SIZE
Section 4.1 of BS5266 Pt 7 states that “Signs which are provided at all exits intended to be used
in an emergency and along escape routes shall be illuminated to indicate unambiguously the route
of escape to a point of safety”. Where direct sight of an emergency exit is not possible, an
illuminated directional sign (or series of signs) shall be provided to assist progression towards the
emergency exit. [1]

 Maximum viewing distances

For all format of safety signs the maximum viewing distances and luminance conditions are given
in BS 5266 pt7/EN 1838 Signs can be either internally illuminated, such as exit boxes or edge lit
emergency luminaires with a screened sign that have a controlled illuminance, or painted signs
with an external emergency light illuminating them. Maximum viewing distances are:
Figure 14: Internally illuminated signs [1]

21
Figure 15: Externally illuminated signs [1]

 Illumination requirements
The sign must conform to the colors of ISO 3864, which defines that exit and first aid signs must
be white with green as the contrast color. The ratio of luminance of the white color to the green
color must be between 5:1 and 15:1. The minimum luminance of any 10mm patch area on the sign
must be greater than 2cd/m2 and the ratio of maximum to minimum luminance shall be less than
10:1 for either color. [1]

Step 3: LOCATE LUMINAIRES AT THE FOLLOWING ESSENTIAL AREAS IN THE

BUILDINGS
These locations are not part of the escape route but because of their risk they require protection by
emergency lighting.
a) Lift cars - although only in exceptional circumstances will they be part of the escape route,
do present a problem in that the public may be trapped in them in the event of a supply
failure. [1]
b) Toilets - all toilets for the disabled and facilities exceeding 8m2 floor area or without
borrowed lights.
c) Escalators - to enable users to get off them safely. [1]

d) Covered car parks - the normal pedestrian routes should be provided with non-maintained
luminaires of at least 1 hour duration. [1]

e) Motor generator, control or plant rooms - require battery supplied emergency lighting to
assist any maintenance or operating personnel in the event of failure. [1]

22
Step 4: ESCAPE ROUTE LIGHTING
When the points of emphasis have been covered, it is essential to provide any additional luminaires
to ensure that minimum illuminance levels are met to enable the routes to be used safely. In
addition, every compartment on the escape route must have at least two luminaires, to provide
some light in the event of luminaire failure. [1]

Light Level Requirements

BS 5266 Pt 7: 1999 (EN1838) calls for a minimum of 1 lux anywhere on the center line of the
escape route for normal risks. A uniformity ratio of 40:1 maximum to minimum must not be
exceeded. This illuminance must be provided must be provided for the full duration and life of the
system. 50% of the illuminance must be available within 5 seconds and the full value within 60
seconds of supply failure. [1]

Step 5: OPEN (ANTI-PANIC) CORE AREAS

Areas larger than 60m2, open areas with an escape route passing through them, or hazards
identified by the building risk assessment all require emergency lighting. [1]

• Light Level Requirements

BS5266 Pt 7/EN1838 - 4.3 calls for 0.5 lux minimum of the empty core area, which excludes a
border of 0.5m of the perimeter of the area. [1]
Step 6: HIGH RISK TASK AREA LIGHTING
Areas of high physical risk, or the control rooms of dangerous plant and production lines, need
emergency lighting to enable them to be shut down safely. BS5266 Part 1: 1999 defines that
emergency lighting should provide 10% of the normal lighting level at the hazard. [1]

Step 7: CONTROL
Non-maintained luminaires must be activated by failure of supply to the normal lighting. They
must therefore be connected to the local normal lighting final circuit. [1]

Once the design has been completed it becomes apparent that the performance of the luminaire
depends as much on the light distribution as it does the light output available. Consequently it
becomes essential that luminaire types specified for a particular design do not get changed without
a re-appraisal of the photometric design. [1]

23
2.2 Socket outlets

2.2.1 General overview

A socket outlet is a female socket connected to the power wiring in the building and will accept
the male plug attached at the end of the flexible cord of an appliance such as a vacuum cleaner,
electric fire or electronic equipment. [19]

In the case of socket outlets the front plate is usually integral with the outlet. In Great Britain the
majority of socket outlets intended for domestic or commercial use are BS 1363 sockets, and are
designed to accept 13A plugs. These plugs have three rectangular pins and the sockets have
three corresponding rectangular slots to take the pins. [19]

Each plug also has a fuse inside it, so that each appliance has its own fuse at the feeding end of its
flexible cable or cord. This protects the cable or cord, and the fusing arrangements of the building
wiring need protect only the permanent fixed wiring of the building. The sockets are installed
around the room in suitable locations, and a wall switch at the doorway controls the lighting socket
circuit. The reading lamps are then all turned on together. [19]

Two of the three pins are for the line and neutral cables, and the third one is for a separate circuit
protective conductor. It should be noted that although a separate circuit protective conductor was
not always provided on many older installations, it is essential with all present-day methods of
wiring buildings. [19]

Typical socket outlets are illustrated in Fi. It will be seen that they are available with and without
switches. Unswitched sockets have the contacts permanently connected to the wiring and are,
therefore, permanently live. The appliance to be connected is turned on as soon as the plug is
pushed into the socket, and is disconnected when the plug is pulled out. [19]

Figure 16: Power sockets outlets [19]

If, however, a switch is incorporated in the socket outlet, the switch must be turned on before the
line contact becomes connected to the supply. The switch mechanisms built into socket outlets for

24
this purpose are of the same type as those used for lighting switches. It is possible to leave a plug
half in and half out of a socket so that on older types of plug, parts of the bare pins are left exposed.
[18]

If the socket is permanently live the exposed part of one of the pins is live and in this half-way
position it could be touched by a small finger or a piece of metal. Newer types of plug have the
rear end of the pins insulated so that the problem with older types of plug top has been alleviated.
[18]

2.2.2 Socket outlets circuits

2.2.2.1 Radial circuit

A radial circuit is a mains power circuit found in some homes to feed sockets and lighting points.
It is simply a length of appropriately rated cable feeding one power point then going on to the next.
The circuit terminates with the last point on it.

Figure 17: radial circuit [4]

There is no limit to the number of sockets used on a radial circuit, spurs or extra sockets can be
added. The number of spurs must not exceed the number of existing sockets. [4]

Two types of radial circuit are permitted for socket outlets.

20 Amp fuse or miniature circuit breaker protection with 2.5 mm² cable can feed a floor area of
not more than 50 m².The maximum length of cable is 33m. [4]

30 Amp cartridge fuse or miniature circuit breaker of 20 amp with a 4 mm² cable can supply a
floor area no greater than 75m². The maximum length of cable to be used is cable is 38m when
used with a cartridge fuse and only 33m when used with an MCB. [4]

2.2.2.2 Radial circuit

A ring main is exactly what it says on the tin. It is a ring of wires, circling you home, carrying the
mains electricity to sockets on the way. It gets the power from the consumer unit delivers it to the
sockets. As both ends of the ring are connected to the same terminals at the consumer unit, the
current runs in both directions imposing less of a load on the cables. Electricity loses power
overlong lengths of cable and trying to put too much power through a cable which is not designed

25
for it, is dangerous, so a ring main delivers power from both ends to keep the load as light as
possible. [4]

Figure 18: Ring main circuit [4]

A ring main uses 2.5mm cable comprising of a live, neutral and earth. This is called two core &
earth cable. The 2.5mm is the measurement of the cross sectional area of the cables. The floor area
a ring main serves is also governed. This is because the regulation people have some idea of how
much power and lighting we can expect to use in such an area. The maximum area for a ring main
is 100 square meters. An average house has a footprint of about 64-70 square meters so this allows
for the continuation of the ring into a porch or garage etc. The ring main must be protected by a
30amp fuse if it is on a cartridge fuse board, or a 32amp MCB fuse. The cable itself can be up to
60 meters long if it is protected by a cartridge fuse and 50 meters long if protected by an MCB. [4]

There is no limit to the number of sockets you can have on a ring main but there is a limit to
The number of spurs you can have from those sockets or from the wiring between them. [4]

2.3 electrical protection

2.3.1 Types of protection devices

The consumer unit or distribution board contains devices for the protection of the final
Circuits against:

 overload
 short-circuit
 Earth fault. [5]
Functions overload and short-circuit are carried out usually by one device, a fuse or a circuit-
breaker. Function earth fault are carried out by the fuse or circuit-breaker provided for functions
overload and short-circuit by a residual current device. [5]

26
2.3.2 Types of electrical protection

2.3.2.1 Overload protection

Every electric circuit in a wiring system must be protected against overloads. A circuit overload
occurs when the amount of current flowing through the circuit exceeds the rating of the protective
devices. [18]

The amount of current flowing in a circuit is determined by the load or the demand for current.
For example, if a circuit is rated for 15 amps maximum, then a fuse or circuit breaker of that rating
will be in that circuit. If the current exceeds 15 amps, the circuit breaker will open up, cutting off
any more current flow. Without overload protection wires can get hot, or even melt the insulation
and start a fire. [18]

2.3.2.2 Fault current protection

Fault protection is given by limiting the magnitude and duration of voltages that may appear under
earth fault conditions between simultaneously accessible exposed conductive-parts of equipment,
and between them and extraneous-conductive-parts or earth. This may be effected by:
Connecting all exposed conductive parts to the main earthing terminal via circuit Protective
conductors, and selecting appropriate fault current protective devices (fuses, circuit breakers,
MCCBs or RCDs) that will operate in the event of a fault, or the use of double or reinforced
insulation. [5]

2.3.2.3 Protection against electric shock

Electrical insulation and enclosures and barriers give protection against contact with live parts.
Non-sheathed insulated conductors must be protected by conduit or trunking or be within a suitable
enclosure. A 30mA RCD may be provided to give additional protection against contact with live
parts but must not be relied up on for primary protection. [5]

2.4 Electrical distribution board

2.4.1 General overview

A distribution board (DB) is where the electrical supply is distributed from within the building.
The main supply cable comes into the board and is then distributed to the breakers and from there
to all the circuits, e.g. lights, plugs. It usually houses all the contact breakers, earth leakage unit
and may house items such as a door bell transformer and timers. Various sizes of distribution
boards are available. [17]

27
The main distribution board is usually in the house where the main electrical cable enters and
smaller boards, together with contact breakers and possibly earth leakage units are at other points,
such as swimming pool pumps, gate motors and outbuildings. Various types of distribution boards
are available; as surface mounted, flush mounted or floor standing; with closing doors or see
through plastic covers or doors and in different sizes which are determined by the number of
circuits rewired within the board to which some manufacturers refer to as modules and others as
“way” e.g. 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, etc. way or module. [17]

The interior of the distribution board is pre fitted with a clip tray or DIN rail for mounting the
miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and other devices. These two different types of MCB’s re
referred to as “mini rail” or “DIN” which are only inter changeable if special adaptor brackets are
used. Whilst mini rail MCB’s can be slightly narrower than DIN MCB’s thus giving an advantage
of fitting more into the same space available the number of accessories on the market for this type
of distribution board is limited as many manufacturers are now using the DIN format for their
equipment. With the DIN format the normal range of earth leakage units, disconnecting switches
as well as MCB’s are available. [17]

Distribution boards can be purchased either as an empty enclosure to enable the contractor to equip
it or as a ready wired standard unit or as a specially manufactured item to the client’s requirements.
Also available are distribution boards for specific applications such as swimming pools, ready
boards for low cost housing, irrigation systems, etc. Each distribution board must be controlled by
a switch disconnect or (mains or main switch) the switch disconnector. [17]

2.5 Electrical standby generator

A standby generator is a back-up electrical system that operates automatically. The concept is
really simple. Standby generators are permanently installed outside and operate just like a central
air conditioner with two major differences.

 Standby generators have engines, not motors like AC units, which do not run off of
electricity.
 Generators use an automatic transfer switch, not a thermostat, to turn on/off.

2.5.1 Automatic Transfer Switches

Standby generators use an automatic transfer switch to monitor your utility power. Within seconds
of a utility outage the automatic transfer switch senses the power loss, commands the generator to
start and then transfers the electrical load to the generator. The standby generator begins supplying
power to the circuits. After utility power returns, the automatic transfer switch transfers the
electrical load back to the utility and signals the standby generator to shut off. It then returns to
standby mode where it awaits the next outage. To ensure a proper response to an outage, a standby
generator runs weekly self-tests. Most units run on diesel, natural gas or liquid propane gas. [15]

28
2.6 Earthing system

2.6.1 Types of earthing system

According to BS 7671, there are five types of earthing system:

TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT. [3]

T = Earth (from the French word Terre) [3]

N = Neutral [3]

S = Separate [3]

C = Combined [3]

I = Isolated (The source of an IT system is either [3]

2.6.1.1 TN-S system earthing

A TN-S system, shown in fig , has the neutral of the source of energy connected with earth at one
point only, at or as near as is reasonably practicable to the source, and the consumer’s earthing
terminal is typically connected to the metallic sheath or armor of the distributor’s service cable
into the premises. [3]

Figure 19: TN-S system earthing [3]

2.6.1.2 TN-C-S system earthing

A TN-C-S system, shown in fig, has the supply neutral conductor of a distribution main connected
with earth at source and at intervals along its run. This is usually referred to as protective multiple
earthing (PME). With this arrangement the distributor’s neutral conductor is also used to return
Earth fault currents arising in the consumer’s installation safely to the source. To achieve this, the

29
distributor will provide a consumer’s earthing terminal which is linked to the incoming neutral
conductor. [3]

Figure 20: TN-C-S system earthing [3]

2.6.1.3 TT system earthing

A TT system, shown above, has the neutral of the source of energy connected as for TN-S, but no
facility is provided by the distributor for the consumer’s earthing. With TT, the consumer must
provide their own connection to earth by installing a suitable earth electrode local to the
installation. [3]

Figure 21: TT system earthing [3]

30
2.6.2 Earthing system requirement

2.6.2.1 Earth electrodes

There are a wide variety of types of earth electrode, which include earth rods, earth plates and
underground structural metal work. The soil resistivity of the ground is probably the single most
important factor in the determination of the type of earth electrode. Rods can only be as effective
as the contact they make with the surrounding material. Thus, they should be driven into virgin
ground, not disturbed (backfilled) ground. Where it is necessary to drive two or more rods and
connect them together to achieve a satisfactory result, the separation between rods should be at
least equal to their combined driven depth to obtain maximum advantage from each rod. [2]

In some locations low soil resistivity is found to be concentrated in the topsoil layer, beneath which
there may be rock or other impervious strata which prevents the deep driving of rods, or a deep
layer of high resistivity. Only a test or known information about the ground can reveal this kind of
information. In such circumstances, the installation of copper earth tapes, or pipes or plates, would
be most likely to provide a satisfactory earth electrode resistance value. [2]

2.6.2.2 Earthing conductors

Earthing conductors which are protective conductors connecting the main earthing terminal of an
installation to an earth electrode or other means of earthing must be adequately sized particularly
where buried partly in the ground, and be of suitable material and adequately protected against
corrosion and mechanical damage. The size of an earthing conductor is arrived at in basically the
same way as for a circuit protective conductor, except that Table 29 must be applied to any buried
earthing conductor. [2]

2.6.2.3 Sizing of circuit protective conductors

There are several factors which may influence or determine the size required for a circuit protective
conductor. A minimum cross-sectional area of 2.5 mm2 copper is required for any separate circuit
protective conductor, such a circuit protective conductor must also be suitably protected if it is
liable to suffer mechanical damage or chemical deterioration or be damaged by electrodynamics
effects produced by passing earth fault current through it. If mechanical protection is not provided
the minimum size is 4 mm2 copper or equivalent.
The easier method is to determine the protective conductor size from Table 29 but this may produce
a larger size than is strictly necessary, since it employs a simple relationship to the cross-sectional
area of the phase conductor(s). [2]

31
The second method involves a formula calculation. The formula assumes that no heat is dissipated
from the protective conductor during an earth fault and therefore errs on the safe side. [2]

The cross-sectional area will be determined by the following formula:

Where
S is the cross section area
I is the value of fault current
t is the operating time of the disconnecting device in seconds corresponding to the fault current
k is a factor taking account of the resistivity, temperature coefficient and heat capacity of the
conductor material, and the appropriate initial and final temperatures. [2]
2.6.3 Equipotential bonding

The purpose of the protective conductors is to provide a path for earth fault current so that the
protective device will operate to remove dangerous potential differences, which are unavoidable
under fault conditions, before a dangerous shock can be delivered. Equipotential bonding serves
the purpose of ensuring that the exposed conductive parts of the installation is connected to other
metalwork to ensure that no dangerous potential differences can occur. The resistance of such a
bonding conductor must be low enough to ensure that its volt drop when carrying the operating
current of the protective device never exceeds 50 V. There are two types of equipotential bonding
conductors. [2]

2.6.3.1 Main equipotential bonding conductors

These conductors connect together the installation earthing system and the metalwork of other
services such as gas and water. This bonding of service pipes must be effected as close as possible
to their point of entry to the building. Metallic sheaths of telecommunication cables must be
bonded, but the consent of the owner of the cable must be obtained before doing so. The minimum
size of bonding conductors is related to the size of the main supply. [2]

2.6.3.2 Supplementary bonding conductors

These conductors connect together extraneous conductive parts - that is, metalwork which is not
associated with the electrical installation but which may provide a conducting path giving rise to

32
shock. The object is to ensure that potential differences in excess of 50 V between accessible
metalwork cannot occur. [2]

2.7 Lightning protection system

Lightning stroke can be fatal and cause damage to structures, and could lead to malfunction of the
electric/electronic equipment. The lightning strokes may vary from area to area depending on the
characteristics. The lightning itself is an emission or discharge of electricity from cloud to ground,
from ground to cloud and from cloud to cloud. [12]

A properly installed lightning protection system performs the simple, yet invaluable task of
providing a network of low resistance paths for lightning current to follow in preference to other
parts of a structure. While the concept behind lightning protection is relatively simple, the
requirements for proper installation are specific and often complex. The single best way to ensure
proper system design and installation is to specify compliance with the international standards for
lightning protection. Strict compliance with the requirements of these standards is essential to
proper system performance. As is true with any safety system, ensuring correct installation the
first time is a must, since waiting for nature to send down a bolt of lightning to test the system’s
quality can have catastrophic results. [12]

2.7.1 Essential Components of a lightning protection system

a) A network of roof-top air terminals

b) A network of ground terminations
c) A network of conductors interconnecting the air terminals and grounds
d) Interconnections with metallic bodies
e) Surge suppression devices on all incoming power and communication lines

The first three elements serve to intercept, conduct and dissipate the main lightning discharge. The
fourth element addresses the secondary effects of a lightning strike by limiting the dangers of the
harmful current jumping or side flashing within a structure. The last element protects power lines
and connected equipment from damaging currents traveling on utility lines. Each of these elements
is essential for proper system performance. Failure to make proper provisions for any of these five
elements can result in inadequate. [8]

2.7.2 Structure protection

Determining the correct methodology for designing a system of protection is critical to its
efficiency and functionality. An average size structure, with a simple roof type, one roof elevation,
No uneven vertical changes, and the protection techniques can be rather straightforward and easy
to design. [12]

33
However, if the building structure becomes complex with changes in roof elevations such as a
Multi-story section, defined shapes such as dormer projections, or tall objects such as stacks, it
Will require different considerations for design to afford proper protection of the entire structure.
There are three basic methodologies for determining a protection design scheme. Each of the
methods listed below is important, and can be used to develop an effective basic design.
The protection schemes shown here are considered Class I; those are buildings less than 75 feet
in height and Class II structures those exceeding 75 feet in height the protection shall include those
for Class I but with Class II Air Terminals, cable connectors and splices shall be bolted or welded
and rated Class II. [12]
Cable and cable connectors for Class II shall be rated as such and conductor cable shall be rated
Class II and be continuous from air terminal to ground and interconnected with the balance of the
System. [12]

Lightning protection methods:

 Air Terminal Placement

Using the standard grid placement scheme. When establishing a zone of protection the air terminal
tip is located at not less than 10 inches above the protected object if the interval spacing is not
more than 20 feet between air terminals. If a 24-inch air terminal is used, the air terminal spacing
may be increased to 25 feet when the roof exceeds 50 feet in length or width or both directions the
spacing can be increased up to 50 feet between terminals on flat or gently sloping roofs. Pending
roof design, air terminals may be permitted to be in a pattern not exceeding 50 feet apart in the
center part of the roof plan. The perimeter edge spacing can be up to 25 feet between terminals
when 24-inch air terminals are used. [12]

When the roof is pitched with eaves height of 50 feet or less above grade and having no structural
projections such as roof dormers or other projections, it requires protection only be mounted to
the ridge of the projection roofline. Air terminals can be mounted on the ridge at spacing not greater
than 25 feet. If other projections or are present such as a dormer, irregular roof lines or lower or
higher elevations that area may need air terminal placement based on its physical size and shape.
Air terminals 10 inches in height and spaced not greater than 20 feet apart are permitted, interval
spacing may be increased to 25 feet when 24-inch terminals are installed. [12]

The figure below (Figure 22) will illustrate the typical roof protection scheme for most installations
with flat roof structures that would be found on warehouse, strip malls and many commercial office
structures. Air terminal spacing can be either 20 or 25 feet pending on terminal height. Perimeter
and down conductors, with connections to ground rods are also shown. [12]

34
Figure 22: Types of roofs [12]

 Rolling Sphere Design

The rolling ball or more correctly the rolling sphere method uses an imaginary spherical shaped
ball with a 150-foot radius that rolls over the building structure touching only the tips of the air
terminals mounted on the roof. This dimension is based on the fact that the lightning strike distance
near the surface of the earth is about 150-foot or less. The sphere is tangent to earth and will contact
three or more correctly spaced air terminals when rolled over any portion of the roof structure.
When using this imaginary sphere and rolling up over and down the other side of the building, it
will only touch the roof mounted air terminals, never the building structural roof surfaces. [12]

35
When using the spherical shape to determine the zone of protection for the building structure all
possible placements of the sphere on the structure shall be considered for terminal placement. A
protected building that exceeds the height of the lower building structure will protect the lower
structure when it lies within the zone of protection of the rolling sphere. [12]

Remember that the protective sphere has a 150 ft. radius or is really a 300 foot diameter round
ball. A protected building that is more than a 150 feet high will provide protection for lower
elevation roof areas of adjacent, or connected structures, when the lower structure roof is protected
by the arc of the sphere that is tangent to the side of the protected building, and to the earth. [12]

Figure 23: Zone of protection of various heights [12]

 Protective angle

The protective angle method is not depicted diagrammatically in UL 96A but is based on a ratio
of upper building height and size to lower building area height and size with location and
placement of air terminals. These methods do not apply to structures over 50 ft. in height. Methods
A, B should be utilized. [12]

If not more than 25 feet to the lower eaves, a 2:1 ratio (2 horizontal feet of building coverage for
each vertical foot in elevation) can protect the lower portion of a building or out to the first air
terminal location on a large roof structure. If not more than 50 feet to the eaves or to the perimeter
air terminal location on a higher flat roof, the lower roof is protected by the higher roof in a 1:1
ratio (1 foot horizontal coverage for each vertical foot from the upper structure). This ratio would
also cover the larger flat roof to the first air terminal based on the height ratio. In the diagrams
below you can see how this ratio is applied. [12]

36
2.7.3 Surge Suppression

Standards require the installation of lightning arrestors on all incoming lines. This includes
electricity, cable television, telephone, antenna feed, satellite dish lines, etc. Arrestors provide
protection from overvoltage travelling on these lines as a result of a nearby lightning strike.
Lightning arrestors are an essential first line of defense to protection electrical systems and
connected equipment. In many cases to fully protect sensitive electronic systems and components,
along with the required arrestors, transient voltage surge suppression (TVSS) devices need to be
installed at subpanels and at the point of use. The requirements in national standards are limited to
the installation of the lightning arrestors. TVSS is outside of the scope of the standards and should
be included in specifications as an additional provision. [8]

2.8 Inspection and Testing

2.8.1 General overview of inspection and testing

A periodic Inspection is a test and inspection to ascertain the condition of an existing electrical
installations, to identify any deficiencies against electrical standards set by local and international
regulatory utilities and organizations. [21]

All non-domestic electrical installations should be subject to a regular programme of testing and
inspection to comply with current legislation. You must ensure that all necessary precautions are
being taken to reduce the risk of injury or death through electrical failure. There are many good
reasons for adopting periodic testing. You may need to inspect and test to comply with the
standards or if you have recently acquired ownership or tenancy of business and workplace
premises you may wish to ensure the installation is safe. If you suspect there is a fault or risk of
failure, you must take steps to inspect the affected circuits urgently. [21]

2.8.2 The Inspection and Test Service

Following a visual appraisal and verification of the entire electrical installation, the following test
procedures are applied where appropriate, in order to ascertain the safety of electrical installation:

 Continuity- to ascertain that the earthing is continuous throughout the circuit. [21]
 Bonding conductors continuity- to ensure bonding is in place and effective. [21]
 Ring circuit continuity- ascertains whether or not the ring is complete. [21]
 Insulation resistance- to test whether there has been any breakdown in insulation to the
installation. [21]
 Polarity- to check that the installation is correctly wired. [21]
 Earth fault loop impedance- to ascertain the impedance of the installation. [21]

37
 Earth electrode resistance- applies to TT systems only, to test the earthing rods. [21]
 RCD testing- to check that residual current device disconnects the supply in the event of a
fault. [21]
 Functional testing of isolators and breakers- to ensure that they disconnect supply. [21]

Upon completion of the electrical testing, a detailed Periodic Inspection Report is supplied
containing the following certification:

• Guidance Notes for recipients. [21]

• Schedule of Inspection and Schedule of Test Results. [21]

The engineer who carried out your testing will also talk through the results with you and explain
if any remedial work is necessary in order to remedy an unsafe installation. If the electrical
installation has any faults, they will be listed under the section of observations and
recommendations and will be given one of the following codes:

• code one - requires urgent attention. [21]

• code two - requires improvement. [21]
• code three - requires further investigation. [21]
• code four - does not comply with the local and international standards. [21]

IEE recommends the maximum time between periodic inspections:

• Commercial premises - max 5 years. [21]

• Industrial premises - max 3 years. [21]
• Hotels and Public Houses - max 5 years. [21]
• Shops and Offices - max 5 years. [21]
• Domestic - max 10 years or at change of occupancy. [21]
• Residential - max 5 years or at change of occupancy. [21]
• Launderettes - max 1 year. [21]
• Community Centers/Village Halls - max 5 years. [21]
• Churches - max 5 years. [21]
• Educational premises - max 5 years. [21]
• Places of public entertainment and theatres - max 3 years. [21]
• Leisure complexes (excluding swimming pools) - max 3 years . [21]
• Swimming Pools - max 1 year. [21]
• Construction site/temporary installations - every 3 months. [21]

38
2.9 Electrical safety

The voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in regular businesses and homes
has enough power to cause death by electrocution. Even changing a light bulb without unplugging
the lamp can be hazardous because coming in contact with the "hot", "energized" or "live" part of
the socket could kill a person. [20]

2.9.1 Types of injuries result from electrical currents

People are injured when they become part of the electrical circuit. Humans are more conductive
than the earth which means if there is no other easy path, electricity will try to flow through our
bodies. [20]

There are four main types of injuries: electrocution (fatal), electric shock, burns, and falls. These
injuries can happen in various ways:

 Direct contact with exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. When electrical current
travels through our bodies, it can interfere with the normal electrical signals between the
brain and our muscles (e.g., heart may stop beating properly, breathing may stop, or
muscles may spasm). [20]
 When the electricity arcs from an exposed energized conductor or circuit part through a
gas to a person who is grounded. [20]
 Thermal burns including burns from heat generated by an electric arc, and flame burns
from materials that catch on fire from heating or ignition by electrical currents or an electric
arc flash. Contact burns from being shocked can burn internal tissues while leaving only
very small injuries on the outside of the skin. [20]
 Thermal burns from the heat radiated from an electric arc flash. Ultraviolet (UV) and
infrared (IR) light emitted from the arc flash can also cause damage to the eyes. [20]
 An arc blast can include a potential pressure wave released from an arc flash. This wave
can cause physical injuries, collapse your lungs, or create noise that can damage hearing.
[20]
 Muscle contractions, or a startle reaction, can cause a person to fall from a ladder, scaffold
or aerial bucket. The fall can cause serious injuries. [20]

2.9.2 Electrical general safety tips

 Inspect portable cord-and-plug connected equipment, extension cords, power bars, and
electrical fittings for damage or wear before each use. Repair or replace damaged
equipment immediately. [20]

39
  Always tape extension cords to walls or floors when necessary. Nails and staples can
damage extension cords causing fire and shock hazards. [20]
 Use extension cords or equipment that is rated for the level of amperage or wattage that
you are using. [20]
 Always use the correct size fuse. Replacing a fuse with one of a larger size can cause
excessive currents in the wiring and possibly start a fire. [20]
 Be aware that unusually warm or hot outlets may be a sign that unsafe wiring conditions
exists. Unplug any cords or extension cords to these outlets and do not use until a qualified
electrician has checked the wiring. [20]
 Always use ladders made with non-conductive side rails when working with or near
electricity or power lines. [20]
 Place halogen lights away from combustible materials such as cloths or curtains. Halogen
lamps can become very hot and may be a fire hazard. [20]
 Risk of electric shock is greater in areas that are wet or damp. Install Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupters (GFCIs) as they will interrupt the electrical circuit before a current sufficient
to cause death or serious injury occurs. [20]
 Use a portable in-line Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) if you are not certain that
the receptacle you are plugging your extension cord into is GFCI protected. [20]
 Make sure that exposed receptacle boxes are made of non-conductive materials. [20]
 Know where the panel and circuit breakers are located in case of an emergency. [20]
 Label all circuit breakers and fuse boxes clearly. Each switch should be positively
identified as to which outlet or appliance it is for. [20]
 Do not use outlets or cords that have exposed wiring. [20]
 Do not use portable cord-and-plug connected power tools with the guards removed. [20]
 Do not block access to panels and circuit breakers or fuse boxes. [20]

Do not touch a person or electrical apparatus in the event of an electrical accident. Always
disconnect the power source first. [20]

2.10 Electrical bill of quantities

A Bill of Quantities are prepared to provide an extensive and itemized trade list, including a
description and quantity, of each of the components or items required for an electrical construction
project.[23]

The main purpose of a Bill of Quantities is to itemize and define a project so that all tenderers are
preparing their price and submission on the same information. A Bill of Quantities helps to
eliminate the ‘guesswork’ and also minimize discrepancies in the tender documents. [23]

Sufficient time needs to be set aside in the design and documentation schedule and before tendering
for the preparation of the BQ, which will take several weeks, the BQ is best based on complete

40
documentation (complete drawings), And it really is not helpful for the consultants to be using this
measurement period as a chance to finish-off incomplete documents (or even start new ones),
which then need to be re-issued for re-measurement and inclusion into the BQ. [23]

41
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A research project requires collecting data, and data used in this research project are collected in
two parts which are primary and secondary data.
3.1Primary data collection

Primary data were taken from:

 Consulting my supervisor
 Consulting experts in the field
 Reading books and standards related to electrical installation
 Reading electrical installation design project
 Reading internet journals and articles related to electrical installation

3.2 Secondary data

Secondary data are:

 The architecture drawings that were provided by GMK Architecture Sarl.

 The computer aided design software ARCHICAD to be used in design
 Cost of materials and equipment from quincaillerie BRICOTECH
 Technical specifications of luminaires from Philips lighting catalogue

42
CHAPTER IV: DESIGN

4.1 Introduction

The design in electrical installation helps you know the number of light fittings required at certain
place based on its surface and the illumination; it also helps you get the number of power socket
outlets based on all kinds of appliances that need power. With the design we are able to know the
number and the size of cables supplying all parts of the building and also the ratings of fuses or
circuit breakers needed to protect the circuits or predict the necessary test results when testing the
installation.
4.2 Lighting design

When doing the lighting design you first choose the type of luminaire to be used in your design
and select the required illumination level according to the standards. The table 2 shows the type of
luminaire used in this design and the table 3 shows the recommended illumination levels by
IESNA. In design also when the luminous flux of the luminaire was not given by the manufacturer,
the designer uses the standard luminous efficacy of lamps to determine the required number of
luminaires in a given place, the table 3 shows the standard luminous efficacy of lamps as published
by the Canada natural resource.

Table 2: Types of luminaire used

Type of luminaire Description

Type A 1X36 W Fluorescent tube with diffuser
attachment for use with popular pack batten
Luminaire opal with spring loaded white plastic
caps
Type B 1X23 W Waterproof 200 mm Diam ceiling
Fluocompact luminaire with clear attachment
and spring loaded white plastic caps
Type C 40 W City Spirit LED BDS480 64xGRN-1S/740.
DX LED luminaire

Type D 53 W Residium Aluminium BGS425 LED

luminaire
Type E 8W fluorescent lamp self-contained single sided
exit sign for maintained emergency lighting for
3HRS.

43
 Type F 1X23 W Waterproof wall luminaire ,200 mm
Diam ceiling Fluocompact luminaire with clear
attachment and spring loaded white plastic caps

Table 3: Recommended lighting levels by IESNA

44
Table 4: lamp luminous efficacy[7]

4.2.1 Lighting design

Since all buildings are typical, one building design is typical to other buildings.
4.2.1.1 Landscape and parking lighting and spacing

 Landscape lighting

 In the land scape the luminaire chosen is type C(see Table 2), which has 6720 lm according
to Philips Led luminaire catalogue
 The required illumination is between 0.5-2fc(see Table 3) which is about 5-20 lux and we
choose to use 10 lux
 The total area of the landscape is 4897.532m2
 Referring to the the polar intensity diagram of the luminaire, the number of luminaire is
therefore 24 and the span between them is 13.75m

 Parking lighting

 In the parking the luminaire chosen is type D(see Table 2), which has 4500lm
 The required illumination is between 0.5-2 fc(see Table 3) which is about 5-20 lux and we
choose to use 10 lux
 The total area of the parking is 3483.343 m2
 Referring to the polar intensity diagram of the luminaire, the number of luminaire is
therefore 24 and the span between them is 11.34m

45
4.2.1.2 Typical ground, first, second, third and fourth floor lighting for the first building

The ground floor has 20 typical rooms

 Lighting for 20 typical rooms

 The luminaire chosen is type A (see Table 2), which has 36w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 70lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 36w x 70lm/w=2520lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 150 lux since students can still read in the
bedrooms.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The width W of the room is 3.2m and its length L is 4.2m
 The area of the room A= L x W= (4.2x3.2) m2 = 13.44 m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor
N= (150x13.44)/ (0.45x0.85x2520) = 2.091, so we are going to use 2 luminaires in 20
typical rooms.

 Spacing for 20 typical rooms

Luminaires are placed parallel to the length of the room, they are placed in the center of the room
where the luminaire is the distance between twice the distance between the luminaire and the wall.
The distance between the width walls and luminaires must be equal to equally share the
illumination.
 Calculations for spacing
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire,
The total distance to be shared is 4a = width - 2x thickness of the luminaire,
4a = 3.2-2x (0.150)
4a = 2.9, a= 0.725
The distance between the luminaire and the wall is 0.725m and the distance between two
luminaires is 1.45m

46
The distance between the luminaires and the width walls = (length of the room - length of the
luminaire)/2 = (4.2-1.2)/2=1.5, so the distance is 1.5m

 Lighting for the two typical corridors

 The luminaire chosen is type A (see Table 2), which has 36w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 70lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 36w x 70lm/w=2520lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 5fc which is about 50 lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The width W of the corridor is 1.5m and its length L is 20.20m
 The area of the corridor A= L x W= (20.2x1.5) m2 = 30.3m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (50 x 30.3)/ (0.45x0.85x2520) = 1.5717, so we are going to use 2 luminaires in the first
corridor.
 Spacing for the two typical corridors
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire, the distance between the luminaires is
twice the distance between the luminaire and the wall
The total distance to be shared is 4a = length distance – 2 x length of the luminaire,
4a = 20.2-2x (1.2)
4a = 17.8, a= 4.45
The distance between the luminaire and the wall is 4.45m and the distance between two luminaires
is 8.9m
The distance between the luminaires and the length walls = (length of the corridor - thickness of
the luminaire)/2 = (1.5-0.15)/2= 0.675, so the distance is 0.675m
Note that the luminaires are placed with their length parallel to the length of the wall.

47
 Lighting for entrance and lobby

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 5fc which is about 50lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The width W of the entrance and lobby is 5.2m and their length L is 8.790m
 The area of the room A= L x W= (8.790 x 5.2) m2 = 45.708m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (50x45.708)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 5.619, so we are going to use 6 entrance and lobby.

 Spacing for entrance and lobby

The formula below calculate the average lamp Spacing where
N is the number of luminaires
A the area of a given place

ALS for entrance and lobby = √ (40.708/6) = 2.604

Number of luminaires on a row Nr = Width/ALS = 5.2/2.604 = 1.996
So Nr = 2 luminaires
Number of luminaires on a column Nc = Length/ALS = 8.790/2.604 = 3.37
So Nc = 3 luminaires
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire on a row,
The total distance to be shared on a row is 4a = width distance – 2 x diameter of the luminaire
4a = 5.2-2x (0.2)

48
 4a = 4.8, a= 1.2
The distance between the luminaire and the wall on the row is 1.2m and the distance between two
luminaires is 2.4m
The total distance to be shared on a column is 6a = length – 2 x diameter of the luminaire
6a = 8.790 -3x (0.2)
6a = 8.19, a= 1.365
The distance between the luminaire and the wall on the column is 1.365m and the distance between
two luminaires is 2.73m

 Lighting for the two typical toilet blocks

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 10fc which is about 100lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The width W of the two toilet blocks is 4.4m and their length L is 1.85m
 The area of the room A= L x W= (4.4 x 1.85) m2 = 8.14m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (100 x8.14)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 1.85, so we are going to use 2 luminaires on each

toilet block.
 Spacing for the two typical toilet blocks
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire, the distance between the luminaires is
twice the distance between the luminaire and the wall
The total distance to be shared is 4a = length – 2 x diameter of the luminaire,
4a = 4.4-2x (0.2)
4a = 4, a= 1
The distance between the luminaire on the column and the wall is 1m and the distance between
two luminaires is 2m.

49
Distance between the column of the luminaires and the wall = (width – diameter of the luminaire)/2
= (1.85-0.2)/2 = 0.85, so the distance is 0.85m

 Lighting for the two typical toilet circulation

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 10fc which is about 100lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The total area of the toilet circulation measured by archicad A= 11.327m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (100 x 11.327)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 2.77, so we are going to use 3 luminaires on each

toilet block.
 Spacing for the two typical toilet circulations
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire, the distance between the luminaires is
twice the distance between the luminaire and the wall
The total distance to be shared is 6a = length – 3 x diameter of the luminaire,
6a = 6.45-3x (0.2)
6a = 5.85, a= 0.975
The distance between the luminaire on the column and the wall is 0.975 m and the distance between
two luminaires is 1.95m.
Distance between the column of the luminaires and the wall = (width – diameter of the luminaire)/2
= (1.2-0.2)/2 = 0.5, so the distance is 0.5m

 Lighting for the bathrooms block

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 10fc which is about 100lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The width W of the bathrooms block is 1.85m and their length L is 5.2 m
 The area of the bathrooms block A= L x W= (5.2 x1.85) m2 = 9.62m2

50
  The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (100 x 9.62)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 2.18, so we are going to use 2 luminaires on each

toilet block.
 Spacing for the two typical toilet blocks
Let a be the distance between the wall and the luminaire, the distance between the luminaires is
twice the distance between the luminaire and the wall
The total distance to be shared is 4a = length – 2 x diameter of the luminaire,
4a = 5.2-2x (0.2)
4a = 4.8, a= 1.2
The distance between the luminaire on the column and the wall is 1.2m and the distance between
two luminaires is 2.4m
Distance between the column of the luminaires and the wall = (width – diameter of the luminaire)/2
= (1.85-0.2)/2 = 0.85, so the distance is 0.85m

 Lighting for the ironing area

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 2) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 10fc which is about 100lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The total area of the ironing area measured by archicad A= 14.238m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

51
 N= (100 x 14.238)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 3.2, so we are going to use 3 luminaires in the
ironing area.

 Lighting for two typical ducts

 The luminaire chosen is type F (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 15fc which is about 150lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The total area of the duct measured by archicad A= 0.787m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (150 x 0.787)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 0.2683, so we are going to use 1luminaire in the

ducts.

The luminaire will be placed on the wall at 1.2m from the surface level

 Lighting for main staircases

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 5fc which is about 50lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The total area of the main staircases measured by archicad A= 12.6m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

52
 N= (50 x 12.6)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 1.541, so we are going to use 2luminaire on the main
staircases.

 Lighting for two typical side staircases

 The luminaire chosen is type B (see Table 2), which has 23w.considering its luminous
efficacy to be 50lm/w(see Table 4) , The total luminous flux = 23w x 50lm/w= 1150 lm
 We choose the required illumination to be 5fc which is about 50lux.
 The maintenance factor(MF) and utilization factor(UF) are chosen to be 0.45 and 0.85
 The total area of two typical side staircases measured by archicad A= 8.64m2
 The formula used to calculate the number of luminaire is

[7]

Where E: the required illumination

A: the total area
F: the luminous flux (lm)
UF: the utilization factor
MF: the maintenance factor

N= (50 x 8.64)/ (0.45x0.85x1150) = 1.056, Because of the irregularities of the area 1

luminaire can not share equally the illumination, so 2 luminaires are decided to be used on
the two typical staircases.

 Emergency lighting
For emergency, luminaire type E (see table 2) is placed at all door of escape routes.
4.3 Circuits for lighting

Lighting circuits are from L1 up to L21 (see table 5) for the descriptions of the circuits),
4.3.1 Landscape and parking lighting power circuits

 Landscape lighting circuits

In the landscape we have 24 type C (see Table 2) luminaires which are devised into 3 equal circuits
L15, L16, L17. For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2 and it carries 13.5A. One circuit has
8 luminaires, each luminaire has 40w and a p.f. of 0.7, the phase voltage Vp is 220V
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 320/ (3x220 x 0.7) = 0.692 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A

53
 Parking lighting circuits
In the landscape we have 24 type D (see Table 2) luminaires which are devised into 3 equal circuits
L18, L19, L20. For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2 and it carries 13.5A according to table
4D1A from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004. Each circuit has 8 luminaires, each luminaire has
53w and a p.f. of 0.7, the phase voltage Vp is 220V
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 424/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 0.917 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A
4.3.1 Lighting circuits for typical ground, first, second, third and fourth floor

On the ground floor we have lighting circuits from L1 up to L21 (see table 5) for the descriptions
of the circuits),
 Circuits L1, L3, L5 and L7 have each 6 luminaires of types A, each luminaire has 36w and a
p.f. of 0.6, the phase voltage Vp is 220V .For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2 and it
carries 13.5A according to table 9 rom BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)=216 / (3x 220 x 0.6) = 0.545 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A.
 Circuits L2, L4, L6, L8 and L9 have each 4 luminaires of types A, each luminaire has 36w
and a p.f. of 0.6, the phase voltage Vp is 220V .For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2
and it carries 13.5A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)=144 / (3x 220 x 0.6) = 0.363 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A.
 Circuits L10, L11, L12 and L14 have each 7 luminaires of types B, each luminaire has 23w
and a p.f. of 0.6, the phase voltage Vp is 220V .For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2
and it carries 13.5A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)=161 / (3x 220 x 0.6) = 0.403 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A.
 Circuit L13 has 6 luminaires of types B, each luminaire has 23w and a p.f. of 0.6, the phase
voltage Vp is 220V .For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2 and it carries 13.5A
according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.
The current in circuit L13 = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)=138 / (3x 220 x 0.6) = 0.346 A

54
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A.
 Circuits L21 has 6 luminaires of types E, each luminaire has 8w and a p.f. of 0.6, the phase
voltage Vp is 220V .For lighting the size of cable used is 1.5mm2 and it carries 13.5A
according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)=48 / (3x 220 x 0.6) = 0.12 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 13.5A, and the rating of the circuit breaker to be used is
16A.
4.4 Power socket design

4.4.1 Number of sockets per circuit

Circuits for sockets are from P1 up to P10 (see table5 for circuit description)
4.4.1.1 Number of sockets per circuit for typical Ground, 1st and 2nd floor

 Circuits P1, P3, P5 and P7 have 12 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w,
an estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of
cable used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations
2004.

The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 1800/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 3.89 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.
 Circuits P2, P4, P6 and P8 have 8 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w,
an estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of
cable used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations
2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 1200/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 2.596 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.
 Circuits P9 and P10 have 4 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w, an
estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of cable
used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.

The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 0.6/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 1.296 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.

55
4.4.1.2 Number of sockets per circuits for typical 3rd floor to 4th floor

 Circuits P1, P3, P5 and P7 have 12 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w,
an estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of
cable used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations
2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3xVp x p.f.)= 1800/ (3x220 x 0.7) = 3.89A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.
 Circuits P2, P4, P6 and P9 have 8 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w,
an estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of
cable used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations
2004.
The current in each circuit = P/ (3x Vp x p.f.)= 1200/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 2.956 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.
 Circuits P8 and P10 have 4 sockets and each socket has an estimated power of 150w, an
estimated p.f for an appliance to be plugged in each socket is 0.7, for power the size of cable
used is 2.5mm2 and it carries 18A according to table 9 from BS IEE wiring regulations 2004.

The current in each circuit = P/ (3x Vp x p.f.)= 600/ (3x 220 x 0.7) = 1.296 A
The current in the circuit is not exceeding 18A, an RCBO of 20A, 30mA is to be used.
4.5 Design of MV Switch board and distribution boards

 The three buildings have each 5 24 ways TPN 63A distribution board namely: DB-GF, DB-
F1, DB-F2, DB-F3, and DB-F4. They are fed with 10 mm2 PVC cable and the whole board is
controlled by a 40A circuit breaker and they are flush mounted in the ducts.
 The service cable from EWSA of 2(4x185) mm2 PVC cable, a current transformer and a
voltage transformer are on this cable to measure the current and the voltage.
 The Apparent power of the installation according to table 5 is 350.64 KVA, multiplying it
with the diversity factor of 0.7, we get 245.448KVA so we will use a standby generator of
250 KVA.
 A cable of 2(4x185) mm2 PVC cable is used to supply the power from Standby generator to
the distribution system.
 A 560A Automatic transfer switch (ATS) is used to switch to the standby generator in case of
a power outage from EWSA, and to switch it back to the EWSA power in case the power is
back.
 From the ATS the power is fed to three 560A bus bars, three 2(4x185) mm2 PVC cable taking
power from the bus bars are used to supply the three buildings with four poles 200A circuit
breakers as protective devices.

56
 The external luminaires are supplied by a 4x1.5 mm2 PVC cable and protected by a four poles
16A circuit breaker.
 Determination of the size of the power factor correction equipment

The reactive power of the installation according to table 5 is 110.94 KVAR so we will use an
automatic power factor regulator of 110 KVAR
4.6 Earthing system Design

 The preferred lengths of extensible earth rods are 1.2 m for 9 mm rods and 1.2 m or 1.5 m for
15 mm rods.
 The size of earthing conductors are determined based on their fault current. The Size of
Neutral Earthing Strip should be capable to carry neutral current of that equipment.
The Size of Body Earthing should be capable to carry half of neutral Current.
 The earth resistance measured before the installation of the earthing system is 6.2 ohms
 We have then decided to use a triangle ground electrode system, where three ground
electrodes are interconnected with four grids of each building. Twelve 1.2 m for 9 mm ground
rods are used
 The triangle ground electrode system is used to get the earth resistance value of 0.2 ohms

 Determination of the size of the earthing conductors to be used

The neutral current for building1 (In) = 197.82A, so the half of the neutral current is 98.911A.
Looking at the table 10 we will use the copper strip earthing conductor of 20mm x3 mm.
The earthing conductors are connected to the earth rods around the building to form a ring.
4.7 Lightning protection system Design

For lightning protection system lightning arresters of 50m coverage are the ones used in this
project.
Two lightning arresters are placed on the edges of the building see figure 32 to provide an optimum
protection of the building, the copper strip lightning conductors of 20mm x3 mm are used to
interconnect the lightning arresters with earthing system.

57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The entire world essentially runs on electricity, electricity is an integral utility in modern society.
The purpose of design in electrical engineering systems is to provide safety, efficiency, reliability
and effectiveness in electrical installations. Because buildings contain a number of electrical
systems, these plans include specific electrical designs and additional documentation to verify that
the design conforms to all required codes.
There is a common problem in electrical installation services rendered in
Rwanda, many of the electrical installation designs are done by non-professionals who do not have
the required skills and certificates needed for standard electrical installation, as a result we are now
facing the problem of many houses that do not have required and basic electrical services and
safety. More so some of the big projects in this domain are executed by expatriates at large sums
of money.
As a student who did electrical installation design 1 and 2, I provided an
electrical installation design for BUTARE Hostel that complies with the IESNA standard and
based on the legal requirements of IEE 2004 British standard.
5.2 Recommendation

As a student who did electrical installation design of Butare Hostel I would recommend this to:
 The University of Rwanda/college of science and technology, that one part of the final
year project should be done in third year, this is because in fourth year students have a
lot of work and find it hard to do with perfection the final year project.
 The government of Rwanda, to invest much in research because students are not
committed to doing research because they don’t have a clear support, as a result we don’t
have inventions and so many innovations in our country and not because students are
lazy.
 The students, to try their best in doing research and have a clear target when doing
researches.

58
REFERENCES

1. BS 5266. (1999). Emergency lighting design guide. London, UK: Institute of electrical engineers
and BSI
2. BS 7430. (1998). Code of practice for earthing. London, UK: BSI
3. BS7671. (1997). autumn wiring matters. London, UK: BSI
4. BS7671. (2004).IEE wiring regulations 16th edition. London, UK: Institute of electrical
engineers and BSI
5. BS7671. (2008). IET wiring regulations 17th edition. London, UK: Institute of engineering and
technology and BSI
6. Copper development association. (1997). Electrical Design 123rd Ed. Retrieved from
http://www.cda.co.uk
7. Devki Energy Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. (2006). Best practice manual lighting. Retrieved from
http://www.devkienergy.com
8. Jennifer A. Morgan. (2008).Lightning Protection Basics
9. Jones, Bartlett. (2007). Electrical plan design.NP
10. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. (2000). Light in design.
11. Lighting engineering. (2002).lighting handbook. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-
engineering-portal.com
12. National electrical engineering consultancy. (2002). Lightning protection design.

13. Robert, Hickey.2002. Electrical Construction Data book. Sydney: McGraw Hill Lightning
Protection Marking and Application Guide

14. RURA. (2013).electrical installation regulations.

15. United state environmental protection agency. (1997). Lighting fundamental. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/greenlights.html
16. Edvard. (2012).Basic principal of an automatic transfer switch. Electrical engineering portal
technical articles. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com
17. Edvard. (2012).Electrical distribution panels. Electrical engineering portal articles. Retrieved
from http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com
18. Edvard. (2012).Protection against Overload. Electrical engineering portal technical articles.
Retrieved from http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com

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19. Edvard. (2013). Power socket outlets. Electrical engineering portal technical articles.
Retrieved from http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com
20. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. (2013). Electrical hazards. Retrieved from
Http://www.ccohs.ca
21. Empower energy technology. (2012).electrical inspection and testing. Retrieved from
http://www.empoweret.com
22. Feyen, Zylstra. (2012). Design built advantage. Retrieved from http:// www.feyenzylstra.com

23. Geoffrey, M. (2012). Basic of cost planning. Retrieved from http://costplanner.com.au

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1
Figure 24: site map

61
Appendix 2
Figure 25: Ground floor lighting plan

62
Appendix 3
Figure 26: Building1 Typical F1 to F4 lighting plan

63
Appendix 4
Figure 27: Building1 ground floor power

64
Appendix 5
Figure 28: Typical F1 to F4 power

65
Appendix 6
Figure 29: Main distribution board schematic

66
Appendix 7
Figure 30: Typical 63A TPN 24 ways for GF to F4 and for all buildings

67
Appendix 8:
Figure 31: Earthing system design of one building

68
Appendix 9:
Figure 32: Lightning protection design for one building

69
Appendix 10:
Table 5: Building1 Load Schedule

70
71
72
73
74
Appendix 11:
Table 6: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (Floors installation)

75
76
Appendix 12:
Table 7: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (main power distribution)

77
Appendix 13
Table 8: BUTARE hostel electrical installation BOQ (Special equipment)

78
Appendix 14:
Table 9: Copper conductors [4]

79
Appendix 15:
Table 10: Earth fault currents (in kA) for copper strip earthing conductors [2]

80