Number

System
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 Number system

In earlier days, people used to exchange their things for
other things. The requirement for numbers primarily
originated from the need to count.

They used the numbers 1,2,3,.that served the people for
many years because all they needed to count was their
crops, and animals.

Later on numbers such as zero, integers, rational
numbers, irrational numbers were introduced.

There is evidence that as early as 30,000 BC our ancient
ancestors were tallying or counting things. That is where
the concept of number systems began.

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 Numbers
 Natural Numbers:

A natural number is a number that comes naturally,
 Natural numbers are greater than zero we can use this
numbers as counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ….…, }.

Whole numbers:

Whole numbers are just all the natural numbers plus a
zero: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……………… , }.


If our system of numbers was limited to the Natural
Numbers then a number such as –2 would have no
meaning. The next number system is the Integers.

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 numbers

Integers:

Integers include the Natural numbers, zero, and the
negative Natural numbers.

Numbers in the form of negative and positive numbers { ….-4,
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4, …. }.
 Rational number:
 p
Which can be written in the form of .
q

Where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a rational
number, so all the integers are rational number .

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 numbers

Irrational numbers :
p

The number can not be written in the form of . q
 Pythagorean in Greece were first to discover irrational
number .

2, 3, are irrational number .
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 numbers

Real numbers:

All the numbers including rational and irrational numbers are
called real number

The official symbol for real numbers is a bold R.

Prime numbers:

The real number which is divisible by 1 and itself is called prime
number Ex- 1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17, …..

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 The Real Number System
Real Numbers
(all numbers are real)

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

…any number that is

…-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 not rational
Natural Numbers Example:
= 3.14159……
Whole Numbers
Integers e= 2.71828…..
p
Which can be written in the form of
. q

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 Number system

A number system defines how a number can be
represented using distinct symbols.

A number can be represented differently in different
systems.

For example, the two numbers (2A)16 and (52)8 both refer to
the same quantity, (42)10, but their representations are
different.

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 Common Number
Systems

Number system can be categorized as

Decimal number system

Binary number system

Octal number system

Hexadecimal Number System
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 Common Number Systems

Each number system is associated with a base or radix

The decimal number system is said to be of base or radix 10


A number in base r contains r digits 0,1,2,...,r-1

Decimal (Base 10): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
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 The decimal system (base 10)

The word decimal is derived from the Latin root decem
(ten). In this system the base b = 10 and we use ten
symbols.
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Binary system (base 2)


The word binary is derived from the Latin root bini (or
two by two).

In this system the base b = 2 and we use only two
symbols,
S = {0, 1}

The symbols in this system are often referred to as
binary digits or bits.
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 The hexadecimal system
(base 16)

The word hexadecimal is derived from the Greek root
hex (six) and the Latin root decem (ten).

In this system the base b = 16 and we use sixteen
symbols to represent a number.

The set of symbols is
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

The symbols A, B, C, D, E, F are equivalent to
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 respectively.

The symbols in this system are often referred to as
hexadecimal digits.

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 The octal system (base 8)

The word octal is derived from the Latin root octo (eight).

In this system the base b = 8 and we use eight symbols to
represent a number.

The set of symbols is:
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

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 Converting Decimal to Binary

To convert a decimal integer into binary, keep dividing by 2
until the quotient is 0. Collect the remainders in reverse order

To convert a fraction, keep multiplying the fractional part by 2
until it becomes 0. Collect the integer parts in forward order

Example: 162.375: So, (162.375)10 = (10100010.011)2
162 / 2 = 81 rem 0
0.375 x 2 = 0.750
81 / 2 = 40 rem 1
0.750 x 2 = 1.500
40 / 2 = 20 rem 0
0.500 x 2 = 1.000
20 / 2 = 10 rem 0
10 / 2 =5 rem 0
5 /2 =2 rem 1
2 /2 =1 rem 0
1 /2 =0 rem 1
14
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 15
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The end