Design of Simply supported Singly reinforced Beam

Span = 6 m. ( simply supported rectangular beam )

characteristic load = 24 KN / m inclusive of its self-weight
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm
Material M20 grade concrete ( Given )
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement
The beam is resting on R.C.C. columns.
Solution : -
Factored load = 1.5 x 20 = 36 KN /m.
Mu = w x ℓ2 / 8
= 30 x 62 / 8
= 162 KNm
Vu = w x ℓ / 2
= 30 x 6 / 2 Overall depth required = 545.172 mm
= 108 KN Depth required = 505.172 mm
( a ) Moment steel : 30 mm cover
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10 OR Mu,lim = Q x b x d2.
= 560 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5652 x 10-6
Mu / b d = 135 x 106 / ( 230 x 5652)
2
= 199.073 KNm
= 2.25 < 2.76 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu <
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.84 )
415 / 15
= 0.734
Ast = ( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 946 mm2.
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a ) For Fe415 0.205 % minimum steel.
Minimum steel , As = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 264.04 mm2. O.K.
From Table 6-4 For M20 & Fe415 0.96 % permissible steel.
Ast,lim = 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 1236.48 mm2. O.K.
Provide 20 mm O. Area of one bar = 314 mm2.
No. of bar provide = 798 / 201 = 3 no. Bent Up Provided
Provide 20 mm O. - 2 no. 628 1030
Let 0 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 0 mm, from the face of the sup
( b ) Check for development length : 16 2 200.96 mm2.
 ( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L d = 47 O ( Table 7-6 )
From the centre of the support , i.e. 56 x 16 = 940 mm.
in this case , the distance is ( 3000 - 750 ) = 3000 mm. (safe)
( 2 ) For the remaining bars , Ast = 628 mm2.
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 - [( fy Ast ) / ( fck b d ) ] )
= 0.87 x 415 x 402 x 565 ( 1 - [ ( 415 x 402 ) / ( 15 x 230 x 565 ) ] ) x 10 -6
= 126.97 x 0.90
= 114.13 KNm
Vu = 108 KN. L0 = 260 mm ( assume )
As the reinforcement is confined by compressive reaction
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x 74.97 x 106 / 90 x 103 +12 O ≥ 56 O
1633.76 ≥ 47 O
O ≤ 34.76 mm
Oprovided = 20 mm. (safe)
( c ) Check for shear : in support bar should be extend 313.333 mm
At support , Vu = 108 KN. 390 mm
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
will be used for checking shear at support.
Vu = 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 87.84 KN. Vus = 26.828
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / bd
= 73.05 x 103 / ( 230 x 565 )
= 0.839 N / mm2 2.8 (safe)
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 402 ) / ( 230 x 565 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 0.488
β = 4.76274 say 4.763
design ( permissible ) shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.474 N / mm2 < actual ‫ﺡ‬v
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d OR Vus = ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x
= 73.05 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10 -3 = 46.99
= 73.05 - 48.86
= 46.99 KN
Capacity of bent bars to resist shear
= 2 x 201 x 0.87 x 415 x sin 45º x 10 -3 ( 0.87 fy Asv sin α )
= 123.477 KN
Bent bars share 50 % =13.41 KN.
Stirrups share 50 % = 13.41 KN.
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) two legged stirrups , Asv = 57
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus fy = 250 N / mm2.
 = 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 565 / 12.09 x 10 3
= 256.6 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 57 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 133.6 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 565 = 420 mm.
( iii ) ≤ 133.6 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 256.6 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c.
At 1.25 D = 0 mm from face of the support where contribution of bent bars is not availab
Vu = 90 - 0.75 x w = 90 - 0.75 x 30 = 108 KN.
Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d
= 67.5 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10 -3
= 67.5 - 61.01 2.15261 m 1.69478 m
= 46.988 KN 30.506006 KN
Provide minimum 6 mm O M.S. two -legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c throught the be
( d ) Check for deflection : 18 no. cantilever
Basic span / d ratio = 20 simply supported simply supported
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 804 / 230 x 565 = 0.80 continuous
modification factor = 1.14 <= 2 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 20 x 1.1 = 22.831095 1.14155 fs = 0.58 fy As required/As Provided =

Actual span / d = 6000 / 565 = 10.71 ( safe )

( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) : Modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*f s)+(0.625*log
Clear distance between bars
= 230 - 50 - 2 x 16 = 32.666667 mm.
Minimum clear distance permitted O 2-10
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 16 mm ( O of bar ) greater i.e.
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-200 , table 15 ) ( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig. 565 600

O 2-10

230 O 16 -4
 + O ( 2 straight 16 -4
750 ) bent 2

mm O @ 130 mm c/c 6
 Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
d = √ Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P t,lim , SP : 16

( 2 ) For a given factored moment ,width and depth of section .

Obtain Mu,lim = Qlim bd2 .
If Mu < Mu,lim : design as under-reinforced section (singly reinforced beam) as exp

1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )

Pt = 50
fy / fck
If Mu = Mu,lim : design as balanced section as explained in ( 1 ).

If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of sect
reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of resis
obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement an
30 x 5652 x 10-6

Mu,lim Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )

Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
% minimum steel. Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
ssible steel. Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )

mm2. O.K.
from the face of the support .
Table 6-2
 ( Table 7-6 ) Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
fy , N / mm2 250 415 500 550
Mu,lim / fck b d2 0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck 21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck N / fy, N / mm2 415
mm2 250 415 500 550 250
15 2.22 2.07 2 1.94 20 2.96
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.7 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

Table 6-4
ear at distance d Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
KN f N/ fy, N / mm2 415
ck
mm 2
250 415 500 550 250
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.5 20 1.75
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
19 table 7-1 ) 25 2.19 1.2 0.95 0.83
30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99

IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for

562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10 -3
Structural Members
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
mm2. d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm2 .
 b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall n

Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
For HYSD steel , Fe500 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17

For checking development length , l 0 may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD bars ( usua
not provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U hook is provided usually whose anchorag
of bent bars is not available

' ‫ﺡ‬bd = β √ fck

300 mm. β varies with type of steel
check for development length β=
mm c/c throught the beam. IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd β=
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
or tension reinforcement Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
221.023 Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
( ‫ﺡ‬bd ) N / mm2 1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
5+(0.00322*f s)+(0.625*log10pt)) Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
O 2-10
25 mm. For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M 1 / V + L 0
600 L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

O 16 -4 Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars M20
mm2
 fy N /
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20 M15
250 55 26 44 37 415 56
415 56 47 45 38
500 69 58 54 46

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.3
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.5 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.6
1.00 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.7 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.9 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.9 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0

IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N/mm2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4

IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided
such that : Asv / b sv ≥ 0.4 / 0.87 fy
where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member ,
breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
 fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm 2
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N / mm 2 .

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10 / span in
metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should
be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
Clear distance between bars
N / mm2 mm mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300 300
415 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195

Requirements of flexural members :

(1 ) The factored axial stress on the member due to earthquake loading shall not ex
( 2 ) The width to depth ratio of the member shall preferably be more than 0.3.
( 3 ) The width of the member should not be less than 200 mm.
( 4 ) The total depth D of the member shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the cl
( 5 ) The minimum percentage of tension steel on any face at any section is 24 √ f ck
( 6 ) The maximum percentage of steel on any face at any section is 2.5.
( 7 ) The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative stee

Beam reinforcement
( 1 ) Over a length of 2d at either end of the beam, the spacing of hoops shall not ex
( b ) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar. However, the spacing sh
( 2 ) The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
( 3 ) At other places the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spacing not exceeding
 may be assumed Grade of concrete Steel dia of bar
M15 Fe250 6
M20 Fe415 8
ed moment ) M25 Fe500 10
M30 Fe550 12
M35 14
out from table P t,lim , SP : 16 ,2.3 M40 16
18
20
25

gly reinforced beam) as explained below.

d in ( 1 ).

ng the dimensions of section or deign as Over

dditional moment of resistance M u2 needed is
an

Maximum shear stress

M20 2.8
M25 3.1
M30 3.5
 415 500 550
2.76 2.66 2.58

415 500 550

0.96 0.76 0.66

sion reinforcement
nsion reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.

s 8 O for HYSD bars ( usually end anchorage is

d usually whose anchorage length is 16 O.

β varies with type of steel

0.28 for plain bar
0.5 for deformed bar
1.25 β for compression

ession

is greater
 M20 M15 M20
47 45 38

l be provided

e in shear ,

anged beam , and

ent in N / mm 2

pto 10 m :

ied by 10 / span in
calculations should

n tension

hquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 f ck

bly be more than 0.3. 0.38333 > 0.3 ………O.K.
230 > 200 ………O.K.
not more than 1/4 of the clear span. 1500 > 600 ………O.K.
ce at any section is 24 √ f ck / fy where fck and fy are in N / mm2. 0.25863 < 0.800
ny section is 2.5. 0.800 < 2.5 ………O.K.
ual to half the negative steel at that face. 0 < 78.5 ………Not O.K.

pacing of hoops shall not exceed ( a ) d/4, and 140 140 > 130
r. However, the spacing shall not be less than 100 mm. 100 100 < 130
50 mm from the joint face.
at a spacing not exceeding d/2. 280 > 260 ………O.K.
dia of bar
………O.K.

………O.K.
………O.K.
 Design of Simply supported Doubly reinforced Beam
Span = 5 m. ( simply supported rectangular beam )
super-imposed load = 46 KN / m
Beam section = 230 mm. x 600 mm. ( Given )
Material M20 grade concrete
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement of grade
Solution : -
DL of beam 0.23 x 0.60 x 25 = 3.45 KN / m
super-imposed load = 46 KN / m
Total 49.45 KN / m
Factored load = 1.5 x 43.45 = 74.18 KN / m
Mu = w x ℓ2 / 8
= 65.18 x 52 / 8 604.276 mm
= 231.797 KNm 664.276 mm
Vu = w x ℓ / 2
= 65.18 x 5 / 2
= 185.438 KN
( a ) Moment steel : Cover 30 mm
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in two layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) - 20 - 10 Mu,lim = Q x b x d2.
= 540 mm OR Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6
Mu / b d = 203.67 x 106 / ( 230 x 5452)
2
= 185.108 KNm
= 3.46 > 2.76 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu >
The section is doubly reinforced (over reinforced )
Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6 = 185.1077 KNm
Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim = 203.67 - 141.41 = 46.69 KNm
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 40
d' / d = 40 / 545 = 0.07
consider d' / d = 0.00
Stress in compression steel , fsc = 354.04 N / mm2 ( refer to table 6-6 )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
= 62.26 x 106 / 353 ( 545 - 40 ) minimum Pt 0.205 %
= 264 mm2 maximum As 5520 mm2
Corresponding tension steel
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
= 349 x 353 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 258.6 mm2 Xu,max = 0.48 xd= 259.2
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) ) 256.373 (safe)
 = 141.41 x 106 / ( 0.87 x 415 ( 545 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 545 ) )
= 141.46 x 106 / 361.05 ( 435.13 )
= 1189 mm2
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
= 900 + 341.5 mm2
= 1447.8 mm2 20 2 314
Provide 20 mm O. Bottom. Area of one bar = 314 mm2.
No. of bar provide = 1241.6 / 314 = 5.0 no.
Provide 20 mm O. - 3 no. = 1570
Provide 16 mm O. Top. Area of one bar = 201 mm2.
No. of bar provide = 349 / 201 = 1 no.
Provide 16 mm O. - 2 no. = 402
( b ) Check for development length : 16 0 200.96 mm2.
As all the bars are taken into support , M u1 may be taken as Mu .
Assume L0 = 12 O. Ld = 47 O ( From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x 203.67 x 106 / 162.94 x 103 +12 O ≥ 56 O
1625 ≥ 35 O
O ≤ 46.43 mm
O provided = 20 mm. ( safe )
( c ) Check for shear
Vu = 185.438 KN
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / bd
= 162.94 x 103 / ( 230 x 545 )
= 1.5 N / mm2 2.8 (safe)
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 545 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.26 β = 1.83706 say1.83706
design ( permissible ) shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.7 N / mm2 < ( ‫ﺡ‬v ) shear design is necessa
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d will be used for
checking shear at support . At 540 mm , shear is equal to
Vu = 162.94 - 0.545 x 43.45 = 145.38 KN
Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d
= 139.26 - 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10 -3 = 61.43 KN
Assuming 8 mm O two - legged stirrups Asv = 100 mm2.
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 / 63.99 x 10 3
= 318.924 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 8 mm O stirrups.
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 100 x 415 / 0.4 x 230
= 394.329 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 545 = 405 mm.
( iii ) ≤ 394.329 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 318.924 mm ( designed )
Minimum shear reinforcement of 8 mm O @ 300 mm c/c will be used.
At support provide 8 mm O @ 300 mm c/c.
Shear resistance of beam with minimum shear reinforcement
= ( 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv )+ ‫ﺡ‬c b d
= (0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 x 10 -3 / 390 ) + 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10-3
= 65.30 + 83.9568
= 149.26 KN
Designed shear reinforcement is required from face of the support upto the
distance equal to (162.94 - 125.97) / 43.45 = 0.732 m.
No. of stirrups = ( 851 / 300 ) + 1 = 3.44 say 3
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c upto
and 8 mm O @ 300 mm c/c in remaining central portion .
( d ) Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 20 simply supported fs = 0.58 fy As required/As Provided =
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 545 = 1.26 Modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*f s)+
modification factor = 1.0 <= 2 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension
100 Asc / b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 545 = 0.32 1.0
modification factor = 1.1 <= 1.5 1.1 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compress

Span / d permissible = 20 x 0.97 x 1.08 = 21.87 Modification factor = 1+(Pt / ( 3+ Pt ))

Actual span / d = 5000 / 545 = 9.26 ( safe )
( e ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 55 mm.
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 20 mm ( O of bar ) greater i.e. 25
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) (safe)
The design beam is shown in fig.

O 2-16 O 2-16
 545 600

600 O ( straight ) 20 -4 600

bearing
230 O 20 -4
c/c 5000

DIA O8 O8 O8
.NO 4 rest 4
.SPA 300 390 300
 Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck N / fy, N / mm2
mm2 250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2 1.94 20
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.7 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT f sc , N /
mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
fy N / mm2 d'/d
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217 217
415 355 355 353 342 329
500 424 424 412 395 370
30 x 5452 x 10-6 550 458 458 441 419 380
354.037
Mu,lim
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions
deign as Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The addition
resistance Mu2 needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinfo
additional tensile reinforcement. M u2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .

mm . Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )

Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
254.61 mm2 If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
 Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )

Maximum shear stress

M20 2.8
M25 3.1
M30 3.5

mm2. Tension. O.K.

mm2. Compression.
O.K. check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
able 7-6 ) Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1.1

Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30
( ‫ﺡ‬bd ) N / mm2 1 1.2 1.4 1.5
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
19 table 7-1 ) IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
shear design is necessary L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is grea
be used for if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy = 415 N / mm2. fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 26 44 37
415 56 47 45 38
 500 69 58 54 46
check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.5
mm c/c will be used. 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59
1.00 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.7 0.71
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.8
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84
cantilever 2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88
simply supported 2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91
continuous 2.75 0.71 0.82 0.9 0.94
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96
3 no. from face of the support. The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 )
6xβ
fy As required/As Provided = 221.965 β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 1/(0.225+(0.00322*f s)+(0.625*log10pt)) IS 456-2000 , Table 20
e 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
0 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30
= 1+(Pt / ( 3+ Pt )) ( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N/mm2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5

IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be pro
such that : Asv / b sv ≥ 0.4 / 0.87 fy
where,
mm. Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in sh
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member ,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N / mm 2 .
check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10
 cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection calcula
be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tens
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15
Clear distance between bars
N / mm2 mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300
415 125 155 180 210
500 105 130 150 175

Requirements of flexural members :

(1 ) The factored axial stress on the member due to earthquake
( 2 ) The width to depth ratio of the member shall preferably be
( 3 ) The width of the member should not be less than 200 mm.
( 4 ) The total depth D of the member shall preferably be not mo
( 5 ) The minimum percentage of tension steel on any face at an
( 6 ) The maximum percentage of steel on any face at any secti
( 7 ) The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to h

Beam reinforcement
( 1 ) Over a length of 2d at either end of the beam, the spacing
( b ) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar. Howe
( 2 ) The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm
( 3 ) At other places the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spa
 d' / d
0.05
0.1
415 0.15
250 415 500 550 0.2
2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58

0.07
1 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
217 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 217.00
329 415 354.04
370 418.22
380 449.81

creasing the dimensions of section or

orced beam ).The additional moment of
compression( top ) reinforcement and
as explained below .

gly reinforced )

bly reinforced )
 ' ‫ﺡ‬bd = β √ fck
β varies with type of steel
β= 0.28 for plain bar
0.5 for deformed bar
β = 1.25 β for compression
5
plain bars in tension
M35 M40
1.7 1.9
% for bars in compression
nfirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
60 %.

r 12 O , whichever is greater
ned by a compressive
.3 M1 / V )

M20
M15 M20 M15 M20
415 56 47 45 38
1
oncrete , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
ete grade
M35 M40
0.29 0.3
0.37 0.38
0.5 0.51
0.59 0.6
0.67 0.68
0.73 0.74
0.78 0.79
0.82 0.84
0.86 0.88
0.9 0.92
0.93 0.95
0.96 0.98
0.99 1.01
e following formula
8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 )

but not less than 1.0

2
s , ‫ﺡ‬C N / mm2
M35 M40
3.7 4

um shear reinforcement
orm of stirrups shall be provided

stirrup legs effective in shear ,

ngth of the member ,
adth of the web of flanged beam , and
e stirrup reinforcement in N / mm 2
eater than 415 N / mm 2 .

h ratios for spans upto 10 m :

 (a) may be multiplied by 10 / span in
ch case deflection calculations should

nce between bars in tension

n Bars ( Clause

section considered
+30
ween bars
mm
300
235
195

member due to earthquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 f ck

ember shall preferably be more than 0.3. 0.38333 > 0.3 ………O.K.
not be less than 200 mm. 230 > 200 ………O.K.
shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the clear span. 1250 > 600
sion steel on any face at any section is 24 √ f ck / fy where fck and fy are in N / mm2.
el on any face at any section is 2.5. 1.588 < 2.5 ………O.K.
must be at least equal to half the negative steel at that face. 1570 >

of the beam, the spacing of hoops shall not exceed ( a ) d/4, and 135
lest longitudinal bar. However, the spacing shall not be less than 100 mm. 0
nce not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
ave vertical hoops at a spacing not exceeding d/2. 270 > 0
Grade of concretSteel dia of bar
M15 Fe250 6 250
M20 Fe415 8 415
M25 Fe500 10 500
M30 Fe550 12 550
M35 14
M40 16
18
20
25
………O.K.
………O.K.
………O.K.
0.49 < 1.264 ………O.K.

200.96 ………O.K.

0 < 0 ………Not O.K.

100 > 0 ………Not O.K.

………O.K.
 Design of Cantilever Beam
A cantilever rectangular bracket projects from a column of size 230 mm
in the direction of 500 mm for a length of 3 m.
Factored load of 20 KN / m inclusive of self - weight
Material M20 grade concrete M15
Fe415 grade of HYSD reinforcement
Solution : -
Vu = w x ℓ = 20 x 3 = 60 KN
Mu = w x ℓ2 / 2 = 20 x 32 / 2 = 90 KNm
( a ) Moment steel : Depth Required 376.53 mm
Take size of Beam 230 mm x 550 mm overall.
Assuming 16 diameter bars in one layer 30 mm
d = 550 - 25 ( Cover ) -8 OR
= 512 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5172 x 10-6
Mu / b d2 = 90 x 106 / ( 230 x 5172) = 166.409 KNm
= 1.49 < 2.76 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu <
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) beam
1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck

Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
415 / 15
= 0.457 0.95 maximum steel
Ast = ( 0.466 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 538 mm2 1122.78 mm2
Provide 16 mm O Area of one bar = 201 mm2
No. of bar = 554 / 201 = 3.0 No.

Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm2

Use 2 - 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length : 16 0 200.96 mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd ' ‫ﺡ‬bd = 1.2
Stress in bar σs = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 415 x 554 / 603 = 322.3 N / mm2
" ‫ﺡ‬bd " = 1.6 x 1 = 1.92N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd

= O 331.6 / ( 4 x 1.6 )
= 41.96 O
= 51.82 x 16
= 671 mm
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an anchorage
of 800 mm. The bearing stress inside the bend is now checked .
O= 16 mm
a= 77 mm for internal bar ( centre to centre distance between bar )
= 25 + 16 = 46 mm for external bar . ( = cover + dia of bar )
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 46
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x fck / [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
= 22.5 / 1.78 780.8
= 17.69 N / mm2 314 109.9 247
At the centre of bend , the anchorage available = 279 + 147 = 423.9 mm
Stress in bar at centre of the bend = 331.6 x ( 829 - 426 ) / 829
= 119 N / mm2
Fbt = 161 x 201 x 10-3 = 23.87 KN ( area of 16 O bar = 201 mm2 )
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O r= 140 mm
= 32.40 x 10 / 180 x 16
3

= 10.66 N / mm2 < 17.69 N / mm2 ( safe )

The arrangement is thus satisfactory.
( c )Check for shear :
Vu = 60 KN
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / bd
= 60 x 103 / ( 230 x 517 )
= 0.510 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 603 ) / ( 230 x 517 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 0.512 β = 4.53594 say 4.54
design ( permissible ) shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.483 N / mm2 < "‫ﺡ‬v "
shear design is necessary
At support , Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d OR Vus = ( 0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10-3

= 60 - 0.46 x 230 x 517 x 10-3 = 3.12

= 60 - 54.6986
= 3.12 KN
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups Asv = 57
fy = 250 N / mm2
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 517 / 5.03 x 10 3
= 2016 mm 104.901
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
 = 0.87 x 57 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 133.6 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 517 = 384 mm.
( iii ) ≤ 133.6 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 2016 mm ( designed ) 104.901 mm designed
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c.
( d ) Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7 cantilever
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 603 / 230 x 517 = 0.512 fs = 0.58 fy As req./As provided
modification factor =
1.36039 <= 2 1.360 Modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*f s)+(0

Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.2 = 9.523 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension r
Actual span / d = 3000 / 517 = 5.9 < 9.523 ( safe )
( e ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 = 61 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 16 mm ( O of bar ) greater i.e.
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) (safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.

50
O 3-16
279
295
r internal radius
108 r = 180
r 550
295
150 O 2-10

500 mm 3000

Stirrups mm O @ 130 mm c/c 6

 x 500 mm

( given )

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
230 x 517 x 10
2 -6
fck N fy, N / mm2
/ mm2 250 415 500
Mu,lim 15 2.22 2.07 2.00
20 2.96 2.76 2.66
25 3.70 3.45 3.33
30 4.44 4.14 3.99
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
minimum steel Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd

241.195 mm2 IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1

Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in te
Concrete
O.K. grade M15 M20 M25
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm 1.0
2
1.2 1.4
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in com

Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 17

the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M 1 / V + L 0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whicheve
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compres
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M
an anchorage Table 7-6
Safe Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm ) mm2 M15 M20 M15
250 55 O 26 O 44 O
33 82 82 33
mm. 415 56 O 47 O 45 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O
16 25
550

IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends

230 The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502
not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend shall
calculated as given below :
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
Where ,
Fbt = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
r = internal radius of the bend , and
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f ck / [ ( 1
Where,
fck is the characteristic strength of concrete and
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar
19 table 7-1 ) bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover plus
(O)
check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10 -3
Table 7-1
KN Design shear strength of concrete ,
Pt = 100 x As b Concrete grade
xd M15 M20 M25
mm2 . ≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82
 2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92
The above given table is based on the following formu
Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x

cantilever β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than

simply supported
continuous IS 456-2000 , Table 20
fy As req./As provided 214.849 Table 7-2
= 1/(0.225+(0.00322*f s)+(0.625*log10pt)) Maximum shear stress ,
Concrete
e 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement grade M15 M20 M25
( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N/mm 2
2.5 2.8 3.1

IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinfor

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups sh
such that : Asv / b sv ≥ 0.4 / 0.87 fy
25 mm . where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effec
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the memb
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforce
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N /
O 3-16 check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
O 2-10 For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multip
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which cas
230 calculations should be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section consider
fy -30 -15 0
Clear distance between bars
N / mm2 mm mm mm
250 215 260 300
415 125 155 180
500 105 130 150
 Grade Steel dia.
250 M15 Fe250 6
415 M20 Fe415 8
500 M25 Fe500 10
550 M30 Fe550 12
M35 14
M40 16
18
20
25
3
tor Q lim, N / mm2
sections
/ mm2 415
550 250 415 500 550
1.94 20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
2.58
3.23
3.87

O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
(‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension

M30 M35 M40 M20

1.5 1.7 1.9 1.2
ed by 25 % for bars in compression
' ‫ﺡ‬bd β √ fck
d bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , =

eased by 60 %. β varies with type of steel

β= 0.28 for plain bar
0.5 for deformed bar
β = 1.25 β for compression

members or 12 O , whichever is greater

are confined by a compressive
y 30 % ( 1.3 M 1 / V )
6
gle mild steel bars
Compression bars
M20
37 O
38 O
46 O

s at bends
ooks described in IS : 2502-1963 need
end in any other bend shall be

or group of bars,

ar of equivalent area
hall not exceed 1.5 f ck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]

or group of bars , for a bar or group of

be taken as the cover plus size of bar

6-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
ngth of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm
C
2

Concrete grade
M30 M35 M40
0.29 0.29 0.30
0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.50 0.51
0.59 0.59 0.60
0.66 0.67 0.68
0.71 0.73 0.74
0.76 0.78 0.79
0.80 0.82 0.84
0.84 0.86 0.88
 0.88 0.90 0.92
0.91 0.93 0.95
0.94 0.96 0.98
0.96 0.99 1.01
sed on the following formula
0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0

6-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
ear stress , ‫ﺡ‬C, N / mm2

M30 M35 M40

3.5 3.7 4.0

6 Minimum shear reinforcement

ent in the form of stirrups shall be provided
≥ 0.4 / 0.87 fy

al area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,

ng the length of the member ,
m or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
ngth of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm 2
taken greater than 415 N / mm 2 .

ctive depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :

values in (a) may be multiplied by

for cantilever in which case deflection
e.

mum distance between bars in tension

e Between Bars ( Clause
3.3 )
o or from section considered
+15 +30
tance between bars
mm mm
300 300
210 235
175 195
 Design of Cantilever Beam
Span = 3 m
Characteristic U.D.L. = 20 KN /m
Assume that sufficient safety against overturning is there
( Given )
and reinforcement anchorages are also available.
Material M20 grade concrete
Fe415 mild steel reinforcement.
Solution : -
Assume an initial trial section of 230 mm. x 570 mm.
overall depth to consider self-weight.
The self-weight = 0.23 x 0.6 x 25 = 3.2775 KN / m
Total load = 12 + 3.45 = 23.2775 KN / m
Factored load = 1.5 x 15.45 = 34.9 KN / m
Factored S.F. = w x ℓ = 23.2 x 3 = 104.7 KN
Factored B.M. = w x ℓ2 / 2 = 23.2 x 32 / 2 = 157.1 KNm cover 30
Depth required = √M / Q b = √( 104.3 x 106 ) / ( 2.22 x 230 ) ( From Table 6-3 )
= 498 mm 557.51 mm Q = 2.76
Using two layer of 20 mm O bars and overall depth of 570 mm
d = 550 - 25 - 10 = 510 mm …O.K. OR KNm 104.4
Mu / b d2 == 104.3 x 106 / ( 230 x 5152) Mu,lim = 2.22 x 230 x 5152 x 10-6
= 2.63 < 2.76 ( Table 6-3 ) = 165.111 KNm
The section is singly reinforced ( under reinforced ) Mu < Mu,lim
1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck

Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.89
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1048 mm2
Provide 20 mm O. Area of one bar = 314 mm2
No. of bar provided = 1103 / 314 = 4.0 say 2
Provide 2 no. 20 mm O giving Ast = 1256 mm2 O.K.
Check for development length : 20 2 314 mm 2

Ld = 1103 / 1256 = 47 O ( From Table 7-6 ) 39.22

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 ) ' ‫ﺡ‬bd = 2.23607

Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd

= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1103 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 25.94 O
= 47.73 x 20
= 519 mm
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 784 mm. Provide
anchorage of 0 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example . Unsafe
Check for shear :
Vu = 104.7 KN
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / bd
= 69.5 x 103 / ( 230 x 515 )
= 0.893 N / mm2 2.8 safe
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.07 β = 2.16875 say 2.16875
design ( permissible ) shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.64 N / mm2 < " ‫ﺡ‬v " shear design is necessar
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam , 86.94
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6 Use 6 O stirrups. Area of two-legged stirrup
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups.
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b fy = 250 N / mm2.
= 0.87 x 57 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 133.6 mm 517.596 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 383 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.6 mm ( minimum )
517.6 Design
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7 cantilever
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.07 fs = 0.58 fy As req./As provided
modification factor = 1.1 <= 2 1.1 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension r
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 7.86276 Modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*fs)+(0
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.88 < 7.862758 ( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :

Clear distance between bars

= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 130.00 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 20 mm ( O of bar ) greater i.e.
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.

O 20- 4
 O 20- 4

v v v v

550
Fixed end O 2-12
support
v v
1200 3000
230

O @ 130 c/c 6 Stirrups 6 O @ 130 c/c

 grade Steel
M15 Fe250
M20 Fe415
M25 Fe500
M30 Fe550
M35
M40

Table 6-3
KN /m 23.2 Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck N fy, N / mm2
m3 / mm 2
250 415 500
mm. 15 2.22 2.07 2.00
KN 69.6 20 2.96 2.76 2.66
25 3.70 3.45 3.33
30 4.44 4.14 3.99
KNm 104.4 -
check for development length
230 x 5152 x 10-6 IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd

IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1

Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm 1.0
2
1.2 1.4 1.5
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression

Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,

the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M 1 / V + L 0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is great
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M 1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
 mm. Provide fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
g. anchored in mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 26 44 37
415 56 47 45 38
500 69 58 54 46
check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

9 table 7-1 ) Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
shear design is necessary ≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
KN 0.74 12.11 0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
Area of two-legged stirrups 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
= 57 mm2. 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
cantilever 3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
simply supported The above given table is based on the following formula
continuous Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
fy As req./As provided 200.843 6xβ
e 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 1/(0.225+(0.00322*fs)+(0.625*log10pt)) IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ‫ﺡ‬C, N / mm2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N/mm 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7

25 mm . IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided
such that : Asv / b sv ≥ 0.4 / 0.87 fy
where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,
O 4-20 Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member ,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm 2
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N / mm 2 .
check for deflection
O 2-12 Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
Clear distance between bars
N / mm2 mm mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300 300
mm. 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195
 dia.
250 6
415 8
500 10
550 12
14
16
18
20
3 25
tor Q lim, N / mm2
sections
/ mm2 415
550 250 415 500 550
1.94 20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
2.58
3.23
3.87

e 26.2.1.1
5
plain bars in tension

M35 M40 M20

1.7 1.9 1.2
% for bars in compression

nfirming to IS : 1786-1985 , ' ‫ﺡ‬bd = β √ fck

60 %. β varies with type of steel
β= 0.28 for plain bar
0.5 for deformed bar
β = 1.25 β for compression

r 12 O , whichever is greater
ned by a compressive
1.3 M 1 / V )
 M20
M15 M20 M15 M20
415 56 47 45 38

‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

1+5xβ-1)

ss than 1.0

mm2

M40
4.0

reinforcement
rrups shall be provided

gs effective in shear ,
e member ,
web of flanged beam , and
einforcement in N / mm 2
415 N / mm 2 .

or spans upto 10 m :

be multiplied by
hich case deflection

n bars in tension
 Design of Simply supported Singly reinforced Beam

Characteristic Load KN/m Beam Width Beam Height Concrete Steel Cover
Span ( m )
inclusive of self weight ( mm ) ( mm ) Grade Grade mm

6 24 230 600 M20 Fe415 30

The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) 545.17 mm depth required
(safe)
Developm
Cracking
ent Deflection
Shear Check ( Spacing of
Length Check
Bar ) Check
Check
(safe) shear design is necessary . ( safe ) ( safe )
100 x As / b d = 0.488 simply supported
in support bar should be extend 313.33 mm
spacing should not exceed if support width 300 mm 390 mm
(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 420 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.62 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 256.60 mm ( designed ) 18 no.
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c.
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.
Design of Simply supported Doubly reinforced Beam

Super imposed load KN Beam Width Beam Height Concrete Steel Cover
Span ( m )
/m ( mm ) ( mm ) Grade Grade mm

5 46 230 600 M20 Fe415 30

The section is doubly reinforced (over reinforced ) (safe) 664.27598 mm depth required
(safe) if unsafe then increase top bar untill safe )
Developm
Cracking
ent Deflection
Shear Check ( Spacing of
Length Check
Bar ) Check
Check
( safe ) shear design is necessary (safe) ( safe )
100 x As / b d = 1.26 simply supported

spacing should not exceed

(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 405 mm
( iii ) ≤ 394.33 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 318.92 mm ( designed )
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.
 At support provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300

Design of Cantilever Beam

Characteristic Load KN/m Beam Width Beam Height Concrete Steel Cover
Span ( m )
excluding of self weight ( mm ) ( mm ) Grade Grade mm

3 20 230 570 M20 Fe415 30

The section is singly reinforced ( under reinforced ) 557.51 mm depth required
safe
Developm
Cracking
ent Deflection
Shear Check ( Spacing of
Length Check
Bar ) Check
Check
784 shear design is necessary ( safe ) ( safe )
1200 100 x As / b d = 1.07 cantilever
Unsafe
spacing should not exceed
(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 383 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.62 mm (minimum) ( iv) 517.60
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130

Design of Cantilever Beam

Cantilever Project from a column 230 500 mm in the direction of 500

Factored Load KN/m Beam Width Beam Height Concrete Steel Cover
Span ( m )
inclusive of self weight ( mm ) ( mm ) Grade Grade mm

3 20 230 550 M20 Fe415 30

The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) beam 376.53 mm depth required

Developm
Cracking Bearing
ent Deflection
Shear Check ( Spacing of Stress
Length Check
Bar ) Check Check
Check
671 shear design is necessary (safe ) ( safe ) ( safe )
800 100 x As / b d = 0.512 cantilever
Safe
spacing should not exceed
(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 384 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.62 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 2015.67 mm ( designed ) 104.9 mm (designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130

Design of Continuous Beam

Span Beam Width Beam Height Concrete Steel Cover

Live Load KN/m2
( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) Grade Grade mm

6000 3 230 570 M20 Fe415 30

Developm
Cracking
ent Development Length
Shear Check ( Spacing Deflection
Length Check @ contraflexure
@A of Bar ) Check
Check @ i.e. 1.245 m from B
Check
A
(O.K.) (O.K.) shear design is necessary ( safe ) (safe.)
100 x As / b d = 0.28 continuous

spacing should not exceed

(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 397.5 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.62 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 183.55 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130

Shear Check @ B
shear design is necessary
100 x As / b d = 0.62

spacing should not exceed

(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 397.5 mm
( iii ) ≤ 133.62 mm (minimum)
( iv ) 144 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130

Design of Continuous Beam

At Support A ( - )

Compres
sion
Span Beam Height ( Concrete Steel Cover
Beam Width ( mm ) reinforce
( mm ) mm ) Grade Grade mm
ment
cover

5520 230 450 M20 Fe415 30 58

 Table 1 Force resultant in Beam AB Maximum.
Left end Centre Right end The section is doubly reinforced (over
shear Moment ( KN- shear Moment
Moment ( KN-m) shear ( KN )
( KN ) m) ( KN ) ( KN-m)
111.15 -102.491 110.64 51.24 -110.64 -101.099
51.24 51.24

Top Reinforcement
Left end Center Right end
Hogging
moment -102.491 - -101.099
-Mu/bd2 3.05 - 3.01 2.76
Mu,lim = 92.63 - 92.63
doubly reinforced doubly reinforced
Top( mm2) 925 - 915.4
Bottom(mm ) 2
462.75 - 457.7

Bottom Reinforcement Beam is Flanged Beam

Left end Center Right end Min. Centre
Sagging
moment 51.24 51.24 51.24
Mu,lim = 535.66 535.66 535.66
singly
singly reinforced reinforced singly reinforced
Top(mm ) 2
222 222 222 231.37498
Bottom(mm2) 444 444 444 231.37498

So Provide greater of above two,

Top( mm2) 925 231.37498107 915.4
Bottom(mm )
2
463 444 457.7
Left end Centre

Provide Dia. No. Area ( mm2). Dia. No.

Top 12 5 1017 12 6
12 4 O.K.

Bottom 12 3 565 12 4
12 2 O.K.

Developm Developm
Cracking
Shear ent ent
Deflection ( Spacing
Check @ Length Length
Check of Bar )
A Check @ Check @
Check
A Centre
shear design is not necessary (safe.) ( safe ) (O.K.) (O.K.)
100 x As / b d = 0.77 continuous

spacing should not exceed

(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 286.5 mm
 ( iii ) ≤ 394.33 mm (minimum)
( iv ) -64.06 mm ( designed )
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 125

Shear Check @ B
shear design is not necessary
100 x As / b d = 1.16

spacing should not exceed

(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 286.5 mm
( iii ) ≤ 394.33 mm (minimum)
( iv ) -62 mm ( designed )
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 125
At other places provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @
ced Beam

Ast
Ast Required Ast Permissible Bottom A Top Bar
Bar mm No. of Bar st Provided Nominal No. of Bar
( mm2 ) Minimum
( mm2 ) Dia. ( mm2 ) mm Dia.
( mm )2

945.7 264.04 1236.48 20 2 1030 10 2

O.K. O.K. Bent Up Provided O.K.
16 2

mm dia two
6
legged @
10 mm dia - 2 No.

600

20 mm dia - 2 No. 230

750 Bent Up Provided 750

2.15261 m from support

1.69478 m central portion 6m
Beam

Compre Tension
Compres
ssion Bottom Bottom Ast Provided
sion Top No. of Top Bar Asc Provided
reinforc d' / d steel Ast Bar mm ( mm2 mm Dia. No. of Bar
steel Asc Bar ( mm2 )
ement Required
Dia. )
cover Required
( mm ) 2
( mm ) 2

40 0.07 264 1447.80 20 3 1570 16 2 402

20 2 O.K. 16 0 O.K.

16 mm dia - 2 No.

600

20 mm dia - 3 No.
 mm c/c.

5m

Tension
Top Bottom
steel Ast Top Bar No. of Bar Ast Provided Bar No. of
mm Dia. ( mm2 ) Nominal Bar
(
Required mm Dia.
mm2 )

1048 20 2 1256 12 2
20 2 O.K.

6
20 mm dia - 2 No.

570

12 mm dia - 2 No.

mm 1200 3m
mm c/c

mm

Tension
Top Bottom
steel Ast Top Bar No. of Bar Ast Provided Bar No. of
mm Dia. ( mm2 ) Nominal Bar
(
Required mm Dia.
mm2 )

538 16 3 603 10 2
16 0 O.K.

6
16 mm dia - 3 No.

800 550

10 mm dia - 2 No.

mm (designed ) 3m
 m
mm c/c

Maximu
m
Maximum Maximum Maximum
Moment
Floor Moment Moment Moment Span Ast Required Bottom
at
Finish at Span at Span at Span AB or bf / bw Bar mm No. of Bar
Support CD bf ( mm2 )
KN / m2 AB or CD BC ( - ) BC ( + ) Dia.
B or C
( + ) KNm KNm KNm
(-)
KNm
1 110.4 111.6 11.6 51.6 1650 7.17 657.7 12 6
Beam Act as Flanged Beam

O.K.
Df / d = 0.23
design as under-reinforced section ( singly reinforced beam)

A B
`
10 mm dia - 2 No. + 16 mm dia - 3 No.
1500 1500 1500 1500

mm c/c ( O.K.)

12 mm dia - 6 No. 12 mm dia - 3 No.

6000 mm 6000 mm 6000mm

A B C
A B
0.15 l should not be less than Ld

mm c/c ( O.K.)

At Support A ( - ) At Support A ( + ) Provide

Ast Bottom Factored

Bottom Top steel Top steel Top steel Load KN/m
Bottom A steel Ast
d' / d steel Ast Ast Required bf bf / bw st Required
Ast Required inclusive
Required
( ( mm2 ) Required
( mm2 ) Required
( mm2 ) of self
( mm2 ) ( mm2 ) weight
mm ) 2

0.15 463 925 1624 7.06 444 222 463 925 40.179
 0.2 Beam Act as Flanged Beam
The section is doubly reinforced (over reinforced ) O.K.

design as under-reinforced section ( singly reinforced beam)

12mm - 5
12mm - 4 12 mm -

12mm - 3 12 mm -
12mm - 2 12 mm -

A B
5520 mm 5520

1380 1380 1380

Centre Right end

Area Area
Dia. No.
( mm2). ( mm2).
678 12 5 1017
O.K. 12 4 O.K.

452 12 2 565
O.K. 12 3 O.K.
mm c/c

mm c/c will be used over a length of 2d at either end of the beam

165 mm c/c
 when depth of web exceed 750 mm side face reinforcement provided
such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 % of the web area Grade of concrete
side face reinforcement spacing not exceed 300 mm or web thickness
whichever is less.

M15
M20
M25
M30

130 mm c/c.
M35
M40

mm dia 300 mm c/c.

two legged
@

230
 mm dia 130 mm c/c.
two legged
@

230

mm dia 130 mm c/c.

two legged
@

230
 Span BC Support B
Ast Provided Ast Bottom Ast Provided or C Ast Top Bar A
Bar mm No. of Bar No. of Bar st Provided
( mm2 ) Required ( mm 2
) Required mm Dia. ( mm2 )
Dia.
( mm2 ) ( mm2 )

678 304 12 3 339 649 10 2 157

O.K. O.K. + 16 3 603

The section is under-reinforced O.K.

20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 674 =

mm dia
No. 6 two legged 130 mm c/c
@

570

12 mm dia - 6 No. 230

mm
D
6 mm dia
8
two legged 125 mm c/c
@
450

2
3 230

C
mm
Grade of concrete Steel dia of barcantilever d' / d bf/bw
Pt = 100 x As
bxd
Fe250 6 simply supported 0.05 1
Fe415 8 continuous ≤ 0.15 0.1 2
Fe500 10 0.25 0.15 3
Fe550 12 0.50 0.2 4

14 0.75 5
16 1.00 6
18 1.25 7
20 1.50 8
25 1.75 9
2.00 10
………..Not 2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
span = 0.2 x 674 = 130 mm2