Sandra Bland Act Info Packet

1. Sandra Bland Act Policy Paper - explains the criminal justice policies passed
through the Sandra Bland Act (Page 2)

2. County Affairs 85th Interim Report - summarizes the hearings County

Affairs held regarding the implementation of the Sandra Bland Act (Page 6)

3. April 2017 Just Liberty Class C Report - analysis of on Class C Misdemeanor

arrests and use-of-force incidents at Texas traffic stops that were recorded
because of the Sandra Bland Act (Page 18)

4. Just Liberty Appendix - raw data on Class C Misdemeanor arrests in Texas

that were recorded because of the Sandra Bland Act (Page 22)

5. 5/5/19 Grits for Breakfast article - Regarding traffic stop data collection
(Page 30)

6. 3/14/19 Houston Chronicle story - Regarding traffic stop data collection

(Page 39)
The Sandra Bland Act: Criminal Justice Reform page 1

The Sandra Bland Act: Criminal Justice Reform

The Sandra Bland Act is a major criminal justice reform bill which passed the Texas
Legislature during the 85th Regular Session. The Sandra Bland Act as originally
introduced presented the gold standard of what can be done in criminal justice reform.
Though some parts of the original bill did not pass, the Sandra Bland Act is still a major
improvement to Texas' criminal justice system.

Below is an explanation of several of the key criminal justice reform policies that are in
the bill as passed. Specifically de-escalation training, inmate safety, new traffic stop data,
and outside investigation of jail deaths.

The staggered effective dates for these policies are important because it gives the needed
time for the thousands of law enforcement agencies in Texas to properly implement these
polices.

These policies will improve Texas' criminal justice system and help prevent people from
ending up in a situation that Ms. Bland ended up in.

Peace Office and Jailer Training

De-escalation Training: The Sandra Bland Act will help prevent traffic stops from
becoming violent by ensuring that all law enforcement officers receive de-escalation
training for all situations, not just for encounters with people suffering from mental
illness. As of April 1, 2018 all new cadets will receive a mandatory 40 hour training
program on de-escalation and crisis intervention training. Additionally, all current
officers now have de-escalation training as part of their required continuing education
every two years.

This de-escalation training teaches officers how to tactically use communication, time,
and space to calm a situation down instead of taking a command approach to try to end
the situation as quickly as possible.

De-escalating the situation is vital for Texas' criminal justice system because it will
prevent officer and civilian injuries and deaths. It will also prevent traffic stops from
escalating to a point in which a person needs to be brought to jail for the traffic offense or
for committing another crime due to the escalated situation.

Jailer Mental Health Training: The Sandra Bland Act moreover adds new training for
jailers in how to interact with people with a mental illness. It requires all jailers to receive
The Sandra Bland Act: Criminal Justice Reform page 2

a minimum of 8 hours of mental health training by August 31, 2021. Before this Act passed
there was no required mental health training for jailers in statute.

Having a well-trained jailer staff checking cells is important because it allows jailers to
identify problems early. A properly trained jailer will be able to identify inmates who may
be a danger to themselves or others.

Inmate Safety

The Sandra Bland Act makes several improvements to inmate safety in Texas county jails.
The Act improves inmate safety by putting in measures to ensure cell checks are timely
done, continuity of medication for inmates, gathering new jail data, and providing
funding for tele-health equipment.

The Sandra Bland Act ensures that cell checks are properly done by providing funding for
automated electronic sensors or cameras. Automated electronic sensors and cameras
create a clear log of when a cell check is made. It is the expectation that all county jails in
Texas will have electronic means of verifying that cell checks were properly done by
September 1, 2020.

The Sandra Bland Act gives prisoners the ability to access a mental health professional at
the jail through a telemental health service 24 hours a day, or if a health professional is
unavailable through telemental health or the jail, provide for a prisoner to be transported
to access a health professional. Telemental health technology can be used for tele-
medicine which gives a physician the ability to examine a patient and prescribe proper
medication or course of treatment. The technology can also be used for tele-health by a
nurse or physician assistant to treat inmates within their scope of practice. The equipment
can also be used by mental health professionals to perform a variety of mental health
services. The grant funding to allow for automated electronic sensors and cameras can
also be used to fund telemental health equipment.

Other uses of this equipment include using it for tele-magistrate which allows inmates to
more expediently see a judge after they are booked into jail. Consequently, it will allow
judges to more quickly respond to changing circumstances or new information.

The Sandra Bland Act creates a serious incident report that every county jail in Texas will
fill out every month which began January 1, 2018. The serious incident report requires
each jail to report to the Texas Commission on Jail Standards (TCJS) the number of
suicides, attempted suicides, deaths, serious bodily injury, assaults, escapes, sexual
assaults, and uses of force resulting in serious bodily injury every month. The TCJS will
The Sandra Bland Act: Criminal Justice Reform page 3

be able to use this data to better identify jails that may have problems instead of relying
on their once every two-year inspection. The data included in the serious incident report
will also be made available to the public.

The Sandra Bland Act requires passage of a jail administrator examination for the person
assigned to the jail administrator position overseeing the county jail. This examination
consist of 75 questions and requires a 100% score to pass.

The Act helps create a more humane and safe jail system which is important to criminal
justice reform.

New Traffic Stop Data

The Sandra Bland Act adds requirements for collection of information relating to a traffic
stop in which a ticket, or warning is issued. Prior to the Act, only stops which resulted in
citations would have information collected. As part of the Act, law enforcement agencies
will now have to report whether the peace office used physical force that resulted in bodily
injury, the location of the stop, and the reason for the stop. This information gathering
began September 1, 2018. The new data being reported in accordance with the Sandra
Bland Act will supplement the data already being collected of the driver's race, whether a
search was conducted, and if the officer knew the driver's race before pulling them over.
The new and old data will work together to give policymakers and the public a better
understanding of the disparities that are happening in Texas' criminal justice system.

The Sandra Bland Act will make it easier to make a complaint or compliment about an
officer by including information how to do so on every ticket or warning. This began on
January 1, 2018. By making this information easily accessible, it should increase the
amount of feedback law enforcement agencies get about their officers.

The Sandra Bland Act removes the exemptions for some agencies not to report both the
old and new data, and increases the penalties for law enforcement agencies that do not
report their data. The Act also requires all law enforcement agencies in Texas to review
both their old and new data to see if improvements can be made. This self-review will
hopefully lead to individual agencies correcting bad behavior before legislative or
punitive action is needed.

The Act requires the law enforcement agency to exam the feasibility of equipping each
peace officer who regularly detains or stops moto vehicles with a body worn camera.

With all this additional data law enforcement departments and the public can better
understand what is really happening. Moreover, the new data provided by the Sandra
The Sandra Bland Act: Criminal Justice Reform page 4

Bland Act, policymakers can better identify problems and why they are happening,
allowing for further and better criminal justice reform.

Outside Investigation of Jail Deaths

The Sandra Bland Act requires all jail deaths on or after January 1, 2018 to be investigated
by an outside agency instead of the agency in charge of the jail. In Texas, county jails are
run by the county sheriff's department. Allowing the county sheriff's department to
investigate a jail death creates a cloud of doubt around investigation due to perceived bias
of the investigating agency. The Sandra Bland Act creates a system that when a death in
custody occurs, an outside agency will be promptly notified. Thus, the outside agency will
be able to conduct a proper, unbiased investigation quickly.

Similar to many deaths in jail, Sandra Bland's death raised a number of questions. Being
able to ensure to the public that the death was investigated by an outside party without
bias will increase public confidence in Texas' criminal justice system.

More Mental Health

The Sandra Bland Act also creates a duty for peace officers to make a good faith effort to
divert individuals suffering from substance abuse or mental health into treatment for
non-violent offenses, starting on September 1, 2017. To make this viable the Sandra Bland
Act also removes the statutory restriction that prevented funding for Health Community
Collabratives from only being located in Texas’ 5 largest cities (Houston, Dallas, Ft.
Worth, San Antonio, and Austin). The Sandra Bland Act also creates Regional Rural
Healthy Community Collabratives which allows multiple rural counties under 100,000
population to join together to get matching funding from the state to create a Regional
Rural Healthy Community Collabrative, beginning on September 1, 2017. In addition to
the Sandra Bland Act Representative Coleman also joint authored/sponsored HB 13
(Price) and SB 292 (Huffman) which also create programs similar to Healthy Community
Collabratives that help divert people out of the criminal justice system and into treatment.
In total these 3 efforts will provide $92.5 million in matching grants over FY2018-2019.

The Sandra Bland also requires the Sheriff or his staff to notify the magistrate within 12
hours down from 72 hours of receiving information that would create a reasonable belief
that the inmate has an intellectual disability, this start on September 1, 2017.
Interim Report
to the 85 th Texas Legislature

House Committee on
County Affairs

January 2017
 ISSUE: 3 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND CRIMINAL
JUSTICE REFORM

SUMMARY OF COMMITTEE ACTION

Committee Hearings
July 30, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.026, Austin, Texas
September 15, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
November 18, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
September 20, 2016, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
November 16, 2016, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas

Witnesses
July 30, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.026, Austin, Texas
x Dominique Alexander (Next Generation Action Network)
x Janet Baker (Self)
x Yannis Banks (Texas NAACP)
x Cynthia Cole (Self; AFSCME 1550)
x Michele Deitch (Self)
x Durrel Douglas (Self; Houston Justice Coalition)
x Barbara Frandsen (League of Women Voters of Texas)
x Greg Hansch (National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Texas)
x Vincent Harding (Self)
x Merily Keller (Self; Mental Health America of Texas & Texas Suicide Prevention
Council)
x Katharine Ligon (Center for Public Policy Priorities)
x Sherman Livingston (Self)
x Brandon Mack (Self)
x Steven McCraw (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Kathy Mitchell (Self)
x Lelani Russell (Next Generation Action Network)
x Teri Saunders (Self)
x Matt Simpson (ACLU of Texas)
x Douglas Smith (Texas Criminal Justice Coalition)
x Kathy Swilley (Self; Cops Holdin Cops Accountable)
x Fran Watson (Self)
x Michael Webb (Self)
x Doris Williams (Self)
x Dennis D. Wilson (Sheriff’s Association of Texas)
x Brandon Wood (Texas Commission on Jail Standards)
September 15, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
x Lee Johnson (Texas Council of Community Centers)
x Christopher Kirk (Sheriff’s Association of Texas)

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 x Lauren Lacefield Lewis (Department of State Health Services)
x Kelly Rowe (Sheriff’s Association of Texas)
x Brandon Wood (Texas Commission on Jail Standards)
November 18, 2015, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
x Fidel Acevedo (Self; Lulac District XII)
x Frank Baumgartner (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
x Steven McCraw (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Elia Mendoza (League of United Latin American Citizens)
x David Gibson (Self)
x Lauren Lacefield Lewis (Department of State Health Services)
x Michael Laughlin (Dallas County Criminal Justice)
x Donald Lee (Texas Conference of Urban Counties)
x Brandon Wood (Texas Commission on Jail Standards)
September 20, 2016, State Capitol, Room E2.016
x Phillip Adkins (DPS)
x Frank Baumgartner (Self)
x Rhonda Fleming (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Gilbert Gonzales (Bexar County)
x Luis Gonzalez (Texas DPS)
x Mike Lozito (Bexar County Judicial Services)
x Fatima Mann (Self; Austin justice coalition)
x Dwight Mathis (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Steve McCraw (DPS)
x Kathy Mitchell (Texas Criminal Justice Coalition)
x Tom Rhodes (Self)
x Philip Steen (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Sandra Thompson (Self)
x Trisha Trigilio (ACLU of Texas)
November 16, 2016, State Capitol, Room E2.016, Austin, Texas
x Craig Pardue (Self)
x Michele Deitch (Self)
x Tony Fabelo (Council of State Governments, Justice Center)
x Amanda Gnaedinger (Texas Criminal Justice Coalition)
x Gregory Hansch (National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Texas)
x Steve McCraw (Texas Department of Public Safety)
x Ranjana Natarajan (Self)
x Alex Stamm (UT School of Law Civil Rights Clinic)
x Craig Washington A. (Self)
x Ashton Woods (Black Lives Matter Houston)

BACKGROUND
In July of 2015, Trooper Brian Encinia pulled over Sandra Bland for failure to signal when
changing lanes. The encounter escalated unnecessarily, leading to Ms. Bland’s arrest and being

89
taken to the Waller County Jail. Ms. Bland remained in the jail for three days where she later
committed suicide in her jail cell. Her story made national headlines and sparked the Texas
House Committee on County Affairs to launch an investigation into the systemic practices that
led to Ms. Bland’s tragic death.

Improving Law Enforcement

Sandra Bland’s death prompted Chairman Coleman to begin working on improvements to the
criminal justice system in Texas. By understanding all factors that led to Ms. Bland’s death, the
Chairman and Committee could identify specific issues needing to be addressed in order to
improve policing practices and community relations. The initial Sandra Bland hearing, held in
July of 2015, provided an avenue for the public to air their grievances about law enforcement
and testify about their own personal experiences with multiple police agencies, in an effort to
paint a picture of what people live through in the midst of law enforcement encounters.

It became clear that police agencies, the criminal justice system, and county jails need significant
reforms in order to better the treatment of the public and better the outcomes for individuals who
enter the criminal justice system. This system is so intertwined that one fix, in one agency, will
not provide the overall reforms needed. Change is necessary within all aspects of this system to
stop the systematic profiling of certain races and reduce the unnecessary escalation of encounters
with law enforcement due to a lack of respect among all parties.

The Committee’s investigation was conducted over a year and a half. The Committee heard
testimony from multiple entities and experts in criminal justice, and identified specific reforms
needed for improvement to the following:
x Texas Department of Public Safety
x Increasing minimum county jail standards
x Mental health treatment and diversion
x Police/Community relations
x Complete removal of consent searches
x Increased training in de-escalation techniques

FINDINGS
Texas Department of Public Safety
Sandra Bland’s death raised many question regarding DPS’ practices and policies regarding
traffic stops, consent searches, command voice and command stance, and de-escalation. In order
to determine whether racial disparities were in fact occurring by DPS Troopers, Chairman
Coleman issued a public information request and obtained data on traffic stops, traffic tickets,
consent searches, arrests, and more to determine if there were clear biases based on race. The
Chairman released the information to Dr. Frank Baumgartner, Professor at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who conducted a statistical analysis of the data. Dr. Baumgartner
found there is statistical evidence to support that minority races are being pulled over, searched,
and ticketed at significantly higher rates than Whites.

Specifically, “controlling for everything that we can…based on data made available by the Texas
DPS, Black male drivers are 59 percent more likely to be searched, and Black females are 15

90
percent more likely to be searched than their White counterparts.” 74 When trying to determine
73F

the rate of stops and searches conducted for Hispanics, it became clear that better reporting needs
to be done. Until 2010, when applying for a Texas Driver’s License, there was no box marked
“Hispanic” to check in order to identify as this race. Officers use what the individual has marked
on their driver’s license to code race during law enforcement encounters. Unless the individual
wrote on the driver’s license application Hispanic, the majority of these people checked “Other.”
While statistic information cannot specifically say Hispanics are more often ticketed and
searched than Whites, we can say individuals who identified as “other” are more likely than
Whites to be ticketed and searched. 75
74F

Additional issues arise when trying to research potential racial disparity practices for consent
searches. Currently, the consent searches require no form of written approval or information
provided to the citizen of their right to refuse. According to DPS, whenever a trooper initiates a
traffic stop, the camera installed in their vehicle automatically begins to record. Steve McCraw,
Director of Texas Department of Public Safety, testified verbally before the committee, stating
whenever a trooper turns on their lights in pursuit of an individual, their camera automatically
records from the moment the lights are turned on. This recording allows DPS to investigate any
potential wrongdoing of troopers in incidents involving escalation. 76 75F

Although Director McCraw testified at multiple hearings that DPS is trained and implements de-
escalation techniques for all of their troopers, more could be done to improve the use of this
training. In the case of Sandra Bland, the trooper could have used de-escalation during this
encounter and prevented her death. Cell phone evidence shows law enforcement continuing to
ignore de-escalation training, exacerbating increased tensions between the public and law
enforcement. While testimony from the Director stated a review of trooper video in cases where
escalation occurred, there is a clear need for increased training on de-escalation and ramifications
for when it is ignored.

Increasing the Minimum County Jail Standards

Sandra Bland’s death could have possibly been prevented by better screening methods in place
during her initial intake at the Waller County Jail. It is important to mention that Waller County
was not responsible for Ms. Bland ending up in their custody. However, they were responsible
for her well-being while in their custody.

During the initial investigatory hearings conducted after Ms. Bland’s death, Chairman Coleman
initiated the revision of the initial inmate intake screening form (see Appendix A). This revision
came as a result of testimony stating the intake screening form lacked ability to accurately screen
and identify individuals who may be suffering from mental illness. The Texas Commission on
Jail Standards worked with forensic and criminal justice policy experts to create a revised form.
However, while the questions included in the new form provide more opportunity to identify an
individual with mental health issues and suicidal ideations, an inmate can still mask their
intentions.

The main difference between the old form, used to screen Sandra Bland, and the new form (see
Appendix B) implemented after her death is the requirement to notify the mental health service

91
provider contracted with the jail. As a result of the new form, local mental health authorities and
magistrates are seeing an increase in the number of inmates being screened as possibly suffering
from mental health issues. 77 This increase in individuals being flagged as possibly suffering
76F

from mental illness has decreased the number of suicides in Texas jails since its implementation.

Advocates, while happy with the intake screening form revision, provided testimony regarding
the Texas Commission on Jail Standards overall minimum standard enforcement authority.
Currently, the Texas Commission on Jail Standards (TCJS) is only enforcing the minimum
standards required by federal law and has oversight over the following:
1. the construction, equipment, maintenance, and operation of jail facilities under its
jurisdiction;
2. the custody, care and treatment of inmates;
3. programs of rehabilitation, education, and recreation for inmates confined in county and
municipal jail facilities under its jurisdiction. 78
77F

In order to enforce the minimum standards, TCJS currently conducts one unannounced
inspection of each jail under its jurisdiction annually. By increasing funding for TCJS, the
agency could increase the number of surprise visits and better protect offenders in their custody.
Additionally, there are many standards TCJS is silent on. Michele Deitch, J.D., M.Sc., Senior
Lecturer at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs and the School of Law at The
University of Texas at Austin, provided the following suggested changes for increased ability to
enforce additional standards:
x Increase funding for the Texas Commission on Jail Standards to hire additional jail
inspectors and provide additional technical assistance on suicide prevention.
x Direct TCJS to develop standards on use of force, sexual assault, and detoxification.
x Direct TCJS to ensure that the PREA standards are incorporated into its own standards
and that TCJS staff are certified as PREA auditors.
x Direct TCJS to develop more detailed standards on what a jail’s plans for medical care,
mental health care, and suicide prevention should include.
x Require TCJS to collect from jails around the state all serious incident reports and to
prepare publicly-available aggregated statistical reports about the nature of these
incidents. 79
78F

Waller County Lawsuit

After the death of Ms. Bland, her family issued Waller County a wrongful death lawsuit. During
investigation into Ms. Bland’s death, it was discovered the jail had falsified jail cell checks in
their records. This falsification of cell checks was a practice taught to the jailers upon obtaining
employment. The settlement agreed to by both parties included changes to the jail intended to
prevent falsification of jail checks moving forward by requiring the jail to install an automated
electronic sensor system. This system decreases the ability to falsify logs by requiring the jailer
to swipe their key-card in front of the sensor located outside each jail cell to ensure eyes-on
supervision.
Additionally, Waller County was required to employ a 24 hour a day on-duty nurse or EMT.

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Other requirements of the settlement include:
• The Waller County Judge pledges to actively seek passage of state legislation providing
for more funding for jail intake, booking, screening training and other jail support like
telemedicine access for Texas county jails.
• The Waller County Sheriff's Office shall provide additional jailer training (including
ongoing continuing education) on booking and intake screening. 80 79F

It is important to note that Sandra Bland was originally arrested for a non-jailable offense.
Currently in Texas, individuals can be arrested and taken to jail for non-jailable offenses. With
additional tools, law enforcement can avoid bringing low-level defendants to jail and instead
focus arrests on more serious offenders.vii

Mental Health Treatment and Diversion

People who commit a crime while in the midst of a mental health crisis should not end up with
an arrest record. These individuals need treatment instead of incarceration. Bexar County
employs a diversion before booking program where they immediately divert individuals they
screen and identify as suffering from mental health issues straight into treatment instead of
booking them before diverting them.

Most jurisdictions, if they have a diversion program in place, they divert post booking. This
results is the individual having an arrest record as a result of their illness. Once the individual
has received treatment and is ready to return to normalcy, this arrest record can prevent them
from obtaining employment, housing, and other vital things necessary to live a productive life.
Bexar County’s diversion before booking is a great model to be replicated in other jurisdictions.
If diversion is not an option for communities due to lack of available option to divert individuals
to, telemedicine is an option that could be used to address this problem. The use of telemedicine
to assess and treat individuals who suffer from mental health issues is a viable, cost-efficient way
to address the provider shortage in rural areas.

Statistics show that a large percentage of persons entering county jails have a diagnosed mental
illness, with a large number of those persons living in poverty and receiving federal aid such as
Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, or Social Security Disability Insurance benefits. When
this population is arrested and enters a county jail their benefits are terminated, even before they
are found guilty. After being released either on bond or because the charges are dismissed the
individual must reapply for their benefits. Due to the application process there is a lag time
where it can take up to a month for individuals to get back their benefits. As a result they are
unable to continue their treatment and sometimes end back in jail or in the ER room because of
this break in benefits. 81
80F

Last session the Texas Legislature passed H.B. 839 by Representative Naishtat that changed the
law to suspend the medical benefits juveniles where receiving when they entered a juvenile
justice detention center instead of terminating their benefits. This new law allows the juveniles
benefits to be reinstated once they are released - eliminating any disruptions in their treatment.
The same concept should be applied to all individuals who enter jail to ensure no one's treatment
is unnecessarily disrupted.

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Police/Community Relations
Law enforcement’s obligation is not only to reduce crime but also to do so fairly while protecting
the rights of citizens. Any prevention strategy that unintentionally violates civil rights,
compromises police legitimacy, or undermines trust is counterproductive from both ethical and
cost-benefit perspectives. Ignoring these considerations can have both financial costs (e.g.,
lawsuits) and social costs (e.g., loss of public support).

It must also be stressed that the absence of crime is not the final goal of law enforcement. Rather,
it is the promotion and protection of public safety while respecting the dignity and rights of all.
And public safety and well-being cannot be attained without the community’s belief that their
well- being is at the heart of all law enforcement activities. 82
81F

Complete Removal of Consent Searches/Racial and Ethnic Profiling

Based on detailed analysis conducted by the Austin American Statesman from data provided by
DPS, we know that searches are being conducted at disproportionate rates of African-Americans
than they are of Whites. Yet, the data reflects officers are only half as likely to find illegal
contraband in the possession of minority drivers. There is strong evidence that ethnic and racial
profiling is happening amongst law enforcement. However, there is little to no action taken
against troopers for profiling. According to the Austin American Stateman’s Article “Not So
Black and White:”
• 35 percent of the 1,138 troopers included in the analysis searched Black and Hispanic
motorists at least twice as often as White drivers.
• 231 of the officers who searched Black and Hispanic motorists at two times or more the
rate at which they searched white drivers were less likely to find contraband while
searching the minority drivers.
• 65 DPS officers searched minority drivers at least three times more often than the white
motorists they stopped yet found contraband less often.
• 16 officers searched minority motorists more than four times as often as Anglos, with
lower contraband hit rates. 83
82F

What many people may not know is many have the right to refuse a consent search. In order to
ensure people understand their right to refuse, Texas should consider doing away with consent
searches entirely. Elimination of consent searches would ensure no violation of people’s rights
occurs.

Consent searches rarely result in the discovery of contraband or other wrongdoing. As such, the
practice of conducting consent searches diminishes public safety by diverting critical resources
(officer time and energy) away from more productive crime-fighting tasks. 84 In addition,
83F

probable cause searches also have a low rate of discovery of contraband or other wrongdoing.
Therefore, raising the standard of searches from probable cause to preponderance of the evidence
better protects individual's rights while maintaining the ability of law enforcement to properly
investigate potential criminal activity.

Eliminating Pre-textual Stops

Despite Department of Public Safety policy that prohibits troopers from performing pre-textual
stops (sometimes referred to as investigatory stops) detailed analysis conducted by Professor

94
Frank Baumgartner from data provided by DPS, shows a strong indication that pre-textual stops
do happen and that they are more likely to happen to African-Americans than they are of Whites.
Professor Baumgartner's analysis of DPS stops showed that an "out-of-state Black male pulled
over for speeding while going 68 MPH in a 65 MPH zone would have an extremely high
likelihood of [being] searched". 85
84F

Pre-textual stops are hard to prove in an individual situation because, law enforcement officers
have a low-burden of proof to meet when showing justification for a stop or search. Officers are
legally allowed to stop a vehicle based on reasonable suspicion that a crime is being committed,
and able to either receive consent or have probable cause that a crime is being committed to
search the entire vehicle in most circumstances.

Increased Training in De-escalation Techniques

Director Steve McCraw, Texas Department of Public Safety, testified at numerous hearings,
stating that state troopers do receive de-escalation training. While this may be the case,
increased evidence of escalation instead of de-escalation begs the question of what type of
training officers are receiving as well as how much de-escalation is emphasized within the
agency.

In the case of Sandra Bland, video evidence exists to show that the escalated actions which lead
to her ultimate arrest could have been avoided had the officer implemented some of his de-
escalation training. Furthermore, Director McCraw agreed with Chairman Coleman in the
November 16, 2016 County Affairs Legislative hearing that law enforcement officer should be
held to a higher standard due to the nature of their service. This standard should include the
ability to remove emotion from the situation, think logically about the dangers in the situation,
and de-escalate when no danger is present.

Therefore, while de-escalation training may be provided, it should be a tool actively used by
officers in the line of duty.

Crisis Intervention Training (CIT) is a specific type of de-escalation training that trains officers
how to properly handle a situation where an individual is suffering from a mental health crisis.
Unique de-escalation training is needed to handle mental health crisis because, to an untrained
officer it can be difficult to distinguish between a person who is in crisis and one who is being
aggressive. During the 79th Legislature, Senate Bill 1473, sponsored by Chairman Garnet F.
Coleman, requires individuals licensed as peace officers for more than two years to complete a
Commission developed training program on “de-escalation and crisis intervention techniques.”
Additionally, this requirement is included for any peace officer seeking an intermediate
proficiency certificate. 86 By increasing this training from the current 16 hours to the national
85F

standard of 40 hours, officers can better identify a mental health crisis and resolve the situation
in a peaceful manner.

95
 RECOMMENDATIONS

The Texas Legislature should require the Texas Department of Public Safety to accurately
record race for individuals who receive warnings, tickets, arrests, and searches.
Correctly recording races for individuals experiencing encounters with DPS will accurately reflect
racial profiling practices within the agency and help Texas address said profiling through
whatever action deemed appropriate.

The Texas Legislature should increase de-escalation training for law all enforcement
officers and increase ramifications in situation where de-escalation should be used but is
not.
With increasing tension between the public and law enforcement, it is important to work on de-
escalating situations. Law enforcement should be able to determine when de-escalation is
appropriate while maintaining the appropriate level of command to ensure safety. Officers should
be able to read each situation on an individual basis and determine the appropriate response.

The Texas Legislature should increase Crisis Intervention Training (CIT) for all law
enforcement officers from 16 to 40 hours in the certification requirement.
During the 79th Legislature Chairman Coleman sponsored Senate Bill 1473 which requires
Commission developed training program on “de-escalation and crisis intervention techniques”
during the intermediate proficiency certification to become a peace officer. The current
requirement for this training is 16 hours. Increasing the number of required hours law
enforcement officers receive to the national standard will help better train officers at properly
identifying and peacefully resolving a situation where an individual is suffering from a mental
health crisis.

The Texas Legislature should consider requiring all county jails to install an electronic
monitoring system.
To prevent falsified jail checks and logs, the Legislature should require all county jails to install
an electronic system. This system would decrease the ability to falsify cell checks and ensure that
individuals are getting the proper eyes-on supervision required.

The Texas Legislature should increase the number of required training hours for mental
health awareness for county jail staff.
As a result of the Sandra Bland settlement, Waller County Jail staff will now undergo continuing
education on mental illness. This continuing education requirement should be replicated for all
county jails in Texas to prevent future tragedies.

The Texas Legislature should assist counties with implementing diversion before booking
programs.
Bexar County has created a diversion before booking program, where individuals are immediately
diverted into treatment at a restoration center instead of taken to the county jail. While the
Committee recognizes that many counties do not have the same resources as Bexar County,
counties that do have these resources should implement a similar diversion policy.

The Texas Legislature should assist counties in areas with medical provider shortages to use

96
telemedicine to assess and treat individuals in their jail.
The use of telemedicine is a cost-efficient, technology savvy way to address provider shortages in
Texas while still providing adequate medical services to those in need.

The Texas Legislature should require that medical benefits such as Medicaid, Supplemental
Security Income, and Social Security Disability Insurance benefits are suspended when an
individual enters a county jail instead of terminated.
Suspending individuals medical benefits such as Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, and
Social Security Disability Insurance benefits instead of terminating them when they enter county
jail will allow them to be reinstated upon release. This will eliminate disruptions in treatment
caused by the need to reapply for their benefits after being released from jail.

The Texas Legislature should require law enforcement agencies to adopt similar policies
and those recommended in a revised racial and ethnic profiling law.
Searches are being conducted at disproportionate rates of African-Americans than they are of
Whites. Yet, the data reflects officers are only half as likely to find illegal contraband in the
possession of minority drivers. Even more troubling are the rates at which this is happening
among law enforcement, with little to no action taken against troopers for blatant profiling. What
many people may not know is that they have the right to refuse a consent search. In order to
ensure people understand their right to refuse, Texas should consider doing away with consent
searches entirely. Elimination of consent searches would ensure no violation of people’s rights
occurs. Lastly, the current racial profiling statute does not include those problems found in our
findings. In order to include all of the mentioned disparity problems, the Texas Legislature must
change the statute of the Racial and Ethnic Profiling Law.

The Texas Legislature should create policies that appropriately encourage and increase the
use of personal recognizance bonds such as requiring magistrates to perform risk
assessments, indigence screenings, and reason for setting a commercial bond.
The understanding of someone's risk to public safety and ability to pay allows the judge to better
determine whether a personal recognizance or commercial bond should be set. Additionally,
requiting reasoning for the setting of a commercial bond will ensure that individuals are not
unnecessarily detained before proven guilty.

The Texas Legislature should prohibit the use of consent searches, and increase the
standard of both stops based on 'reasonable suspicion' and searches based on 'probable
cause' to a 'preponderance of the evidence'.
Increasing the standard of both stops and searches will help prevent and detour the use of pre-
textual stops. This standard ensures that rights are protected while still ensuring that law
enforcement officers are able to catch criminals.

The Texas Legislature should strengthen the language and enforcement of Texas'
racial/ethnic profiling laws.
There is strong evidence that ethnic and racial profiling is happening amongst law enforcement.
However, there is little to no action taken against troopers for profiling.

The Texas legislature should prohibit the arresting of individuals for non-jailable offenses.

97
With additional tools, law enforcement can avoid bringing low-level defendants to jail and
instead focus arrests on more serious offenders

The Texas Legislature should require local law enforcement agencies to adopt similar
policies to improve the criminal justice system as those recommended in this Texas House
Committee on County Affairs report to the 85th Legislature.

98

Thousands of Sandra Blands: Analyzing Class-C-misdemeanor
arrests and use-of-force incidents at Texas traffic stops
New Data: Tens of thousands arrested in 2018 for fine-only infractions at traffic stops
Summary -- Since the tragic death of Sandra
Bland, and really since Gail Atwater of Lago
Vista took her no-seat-belt case to the US
Supreme Court nearly two decades ago –
Texans have debated whether police should
be allowed to arrest them for low-level
traffic offenses. Law enforcement officials
have generally said such arrests are rare.
But new data gathered from local agencies
this year for the first time under the Sandra
Bland Act confirms that tens of thousands
of people are arrested at traffic stops for
Class C misdemeanors, and those arrests
may result in unnecessary injury over the
most minor infractions.
Just Liberty reviewed Class-C-misdemeanor
arrests reported from Texas police
departments in municipalities with a
population more than 50,000 and sheriffs in
counties over 100,000 1. Top findings:
• Drivers were arrested and jailed
over a Class-C misdemeanor (not
warrants) at about 0.67% of traffic
stops in our sample, but the volume
of traffic stops is high and that
represents tens of thousands.
• There is tremendous local variability
in the rate of traffic stop arrest and
jail for fine-only infractions: Waco
police jail 4.5% of drivers they pull
over, far higher than average.
1|April 2019
Scott Henson, Executive Director
scott@justliberty.org
(512) 417-0120
Justliberty.org
• Some arrests at traffic stops result in
injury due to use of force by law
enforcement, with thousands of
stops resulting in bodily injury to
drivers each year. The data does not
tie the force to the type of charge.
• The rate of force incidents at traffic
stops, like the rate of Class-C arrests,
varies between jurisdictions but
Houston PD used force most often
at traffic stops in our sample.
Arresting people for fine-
only violations: the new
Sandra-Bland data
Class-C misdemeanors in Texas are low-
grade offenses (mostly traffic infractions)
where the maximum punishment is only a
fine, not jail time. Officers currently can and
do arrest drivers for minor traffic
infractions. When Breaion King was
arrested in Austin, she was guilty only of
speeding. Like most drivers would, King
objected to what seemed like a violation of
her rights and was told by the officer who
drove her to jail that arrest for a minor
traffic infraction was absolutely allowed and
not atypical. At the time she was pulled
from her car in Waller County, Sandra Bland
had failed to signal a lane change.
Just Liberty
The 2017 Sandra Bland Act, devised to While fewer than one percent of drivers
address issues related to her untimely pulled over at traffic stops were arrested in
death in jail, also added to the annual racial 2017 (0.67%), with more than 3 million
profiling report requirements for law stops in the dataset, that means thousands
enforcement. This new data was recently of people are arrested and booked into jail
released, giving Texans our first real look at each year for the most minor infractions. In
the volume of this brand of
Class C
aggressive traffic Arrests Arrest
enforcement. Departments 2018 Arrests
for City Rate
Department Traffic for Traffic
now must report arrests Ordinance (per
Stops Violations
Violations 10k
for Class C misdemeanors
Stops)
(traffic violations and city Waco PD 12,604 568 1 451.44
ordinance violations) at
League City PD 16,551 669 3 406.02
traffic stops, and
Baytown PD 18,358 442 221 361.15
separately, how many
Harlingen PD 11,113 304 2 275.35
people agencies arrested
San Antonio PD 152,099 832 2908 245.89
for outstanding warrants
Odessa PD 24,049 563 5 236.18
at traffic stops. Finally, we
Ector CSO 3,418 67 2 201.87
learned how often law
Killeen PD 12,490 215 11 180.94
enforcement engaged in
use of force at traffic stops Lewisville PD 18,791 318 5 171.89

that resulted in physical, Rowlett PD 12,653 210 0 165.97

bodily injury.
Just Liberty has compiled a spreadsheet
related to use of force and arrests for Class
C misdemeanors at traffic stops in larger,
Texas jurisdictions. We examined data for
all municipalities with more then 50,000
residents and all counties with more than
100,000 population.2 The spreadsheet with
this data for all sampled jurisdictions is
attached to this report.
Arrests for Class C
misdemeanors
The Sandra Bland Act required departments
to report separately arrests for traffic
offenses and Class C municipal ordinances.
our sample, 22,927 people were arrested
and booked on Class C charges in 2018.
This analysis confirms the findings from a
recently released study by Texas Appleseed
on jail bookings: Class C fine-only infractions
were the 6th most common charge at
booking and accounted for 7% to 16% of
bookings in most counties, and far more in
some jurisdictions. 3
There is a great deal of variability in arrest
rates at the local level. Some jurisdictions
rarely arrest for Class C violations, while
others do so routinely. The average rate of
Class C arrests at traffic stops in 2018 was
66.7 arrests per 10,000 stops. Several
agencies arrest at far higher rates.

2|April 2019 Just Liberty

In Waco, 4.5% of drivers pulled over at a
traffic stop are arrested for a Class C
misdemeanor, meaning drivers are arrested
in Waco on such petty charges at nearly
seven times (7x) the statewide average.
Use of Force
Agencies must now also report use of force
at traffic stops resulting in physical, bodily
injury. Remembering that this data is about
traffic stops, we would expect the use of
force resulting in injury to be exceedingly
rare and it is indeed negligible in many
jurisdictions. Of the 96 agencies in our
sample, about a third had 0 to 3 such
incidents. Meanwhile, about one in five
departments had more than 30 injury
causing force incidents.
In Houston, both the volume and rate of
force incidents resulting in injury at traffic
stops stood out as relatively high.
The total stops resulting in injury in this
sample are 3,911, 4 with the average rate for
the sample at 7.9 incidents per 10,000
traffic stops. By contrast, the Texas
Department of Public Safety by itself was
responsible for more injury-causing force
incidents than all these agencies: 4,414
total incidents in 2018, at a rate more than
double the statewide average (17.0 per
10,000 stops).
Among local agencies, Houston PD reported
use of force at traffic stops resulting in
bodily injury at a rate of 53.2/10,000. There
were almost 1,900 traffic stops where force
resulted in injury in that jurisdiction. This
rate represents an outlier.
The new dataset includes both Class C
arrests and use of force at traffic stops
because unnecessary arrests (booking
someone for speeding or failure to signal)
may well lead to unnecessary use of force,
making traffic stops less safe for both
drivers and officers.

Use of Force Resulting in Injury at Traffic Stops The new data does not tie the force
incidents at traffic stops to specific
Traffic charges. Further, force incidents
Stops w/
Force resulting in injury is likely a small
Resulting subset of all force incidents at traffic
UOF in Bodily Total stops (as it is a small subset of all force
Department Rate Injury stops incidents generally). In a high-profile
Houston PD 53.2 1891 355,132
case out of Austin, Breaion King was
Grapevine PD 48.8 93 19,040
Collin CSO 43.8 56 12,793 slammed onto the hood of a car in a
Denton PD 42.0 86 20,476 dramatic and scary episode, but
New Braunfels PD 38.9 58 14,904 wasn’t seriously injured. Her arrest,
El Paso CSO 37.1 195 52,556 while disturbing, would not have been
Cameron CSO 29.8 5 1,680
included in this data.
Corpus Christi PD 23.7 205 86,649
Ector CSO 23.4 8 3,418 These limitations mean we cannot
Hays CSO 21.2 30 14,187
know the full extent of risks that may

3|April 2019 Just Liberty

be incurred by drivers and officers related
to Class C arrests.
However, the questions raised by the new
racial profiling data can be followed up on
locally. Departments retain detailed
information on all force incidents, and
especially force incidents resulting in injury.
These cases deserve a high level of scrutiny
and oversight.

Conclusion
This sample of the new racial profiling data
confirms that drivers are frequently
arrested at traffic stops for Class C traffic
violation(s), and that this occurs at wildly
varying rates by department. While it is
certainly true that these arrests are a small
fraction of the 3 million traffic stops in this
dataset, they represent a significant
number of arrests. Based on these data, it is
reasonable to estimate that more than
45,000 Texas drivers were arrested at traffic
stops for Class C misdemeanors last year. 5
Taxpayers spend millions to book and jail
these drivers, with no public safety benefit.
Traffic stops are the most common way in
which police interact with Texans. Most
traffic stops result in a citation and both
parties drive away. By contrast, a traffic
stop that results in an arrest can cause
harms far in excess of the import of the
original infraction.
For that reason, traffic stops resulting in
arrest over minor traffic infractions should
be strictly limited by departmental policy to
those incidents where there is an active and
immanent public safety risk.

4|April 2019 Just Liberty

Appendix 2: Credits and Errata
Chris Harris assisted with this data analysis and
Kathy Mitchell edited this document.
Of the agencies examined for this report, 15
PDs and sheriff's offices submitted incomplete
or likely incorrect data. Fort Worth PD was the
largest agency not to submit data, followed by
Richardson PD. The chart below lists law-
enforcement agencies that failed to fully report
or submitted questionable data.
In addition, Austin PD initially overreported use-
of-force numbers, giving the number for all use
of force incidents instead of only at traffic stops.
We have updated their use-of-force information
in this analysis.

Agencies Reporting Incomplete or Likely Inaccurate Data

Traffic Stops
2018 Arrests Arrests for City Arrests for
w/ Force
Department Traffic for Traffic Ordinance Outstanding
Resulting in
Stops Violations Violations Warrants
Bodily Injury

Fort Worth PD 38,468

Williamson CSO 20,413 330* 0 93 27
Cameron CSO 1,680 2 5
Galveston CSO 5,524 12 41 3
Webb CSO 3,713 0 0 7
Midland CSO
Ector CSO 3,418* 67 2 43 8
Taylor CSO** 3,529 12 0 162 0
Parker CSO
Wichita CSO 6,201* 25 0 157 3
Pearland PD
Tom Green CSO 8,626 33 0 39
Richardson PD 23,451 4
Missouri City PD
Galveston PD 14,718 19

1
The data sample does not include the Texas
Department of Public Safety, although its totals are
mentioned in the report for comparison.
2
See appendix for a commentary on data omissions
and limitations at some agencies.
3
“An Analysis of Texas Jail Bookings: How Texas
Counties Could Save Millions of Dollars by Safely
Diverting People from Jail,” Texas Appleseed, April,
2019. This analysis found more than 30,000 jail
bookings in 11 counties for Class C arrests. This
includes all Class C arrests, not only traffic stops.
4
Some agencies in our sample did not report the use
of force data point.
5
There were 22,927 Class C arrests among local
agencies in this 96-agency dataset. Texas DPS
accounted for another 4,758. In addition, more than
2,000 other agencies are required to publish an
annual racial profiling report because they make
some amount of traffic stops. Sampling smaller
agencies, we believe the number of stops and rate of
arrests among them is significant. To clarify
assumptions: If the agencies in our sample plus DPS
make up 60% of stops in the state, and the rate-of-
arrest was the same for the other 40%, there would
be 46,141 total Class C arrests at traffic stops
statewide.

5|April 2019 Just Liberty

Appendix 1: Table of dataset
County Department Department
Typepulation
(2017 Es2018 Traffic Stopsts for Traffic Viola
McLennan Waco PD Police 136,436 12,604 568
Galveston League City PD Police 104,903 16,551 669
Harris Baytown PD Police 76,804 18,358 442
Cameron Harlingen PD Police 65,467 11,113 304
Bexar San Antonio PD Police 1,511,946 152,099 832
Ector Odessa PD Police 116,861 24,049 563
Ector Ector CSO Sheriff 157,087 3,418 67
Bell Killeen PD Police 145,482 12,490 215
Denton Lewisville PD Police 106,021 18,791 318
Dallas Rowlett PD Police 62,868 12,653 210
Williamson Williamson CSO Sheriff 547,545 20,413 330
Jefferson Beaumont PD Police 119,114 18,756 287
Harris Houston PD Police 2,312,717 355,132 4450
Midland Midland PD Police 136,089 18,938 98
Collin Collin CSO Sheriff 969,603 12,793 175
Brazos Bryan Police 84,021 20,351 268
Dallas Dallas CSO Sheriff 2,618,148 44,150 83
Travis Austin PD Police 950,715 119,320 1466
Williamson Georgetown PD Police 70,685 11,155 129
Bell Temple PD Police 74,503 17,701 186
Cameron Brownsville PD Police 183,299 22,157 195
Brazoria Brazoria CSO Sheriff 362,457 10,054 80
Smith Smith CSO Sheriff 227,727 3,444 29
Grayson Grayson CSO Sheriff 131,140 2,414 20
Brazos Brazos CSO Sheriff 222,830 9,000 73
Dallas Grand Prairie PD Police 193,837 68,201 354
Collin Frisco PD Police 177,286 48,822 384
Williamson Round Rock PD Police 123,678 22,368 173
Victoria Victoria PD Police 67,106 12,570 76
Tarrant Euless PD Police 55,174 18,086 76
Gregg Longview PD Police 81,522 24,316 139
Dallas Mesquite PD Police 143,949 28,981 135
Dallas Carrollton PD Police 135,710 41,113 185
Tarrant North Richland Hi Police 70,441 24,687 117
Kaufman Kaufman CSO Sheriff 122,883 5,627 26
Harris Pasadena PD Police 153,520 29,599 135
Guadalupe Guadalupe CSO Sheriff 159,659 10,563 50
Comal Comal CSO Sheriff 141,009 11,312 52
Montgomery Conroe PD Police 84,378 21,294 98
Harris Harris CSO Sheriff 4,652,980 90,388 410
Hays San Marcos PD Police 63,071 17,049 53
Collin McKinney PD Police 181,330 24,284 96
Dallas Garland PD Police 238,002 46,698 192
Denton Flower Mound PDPolice 76,681 18,371 22
Wichita Wichita CSO Sheriff 132,000 6,201 25
Tom Green Tom Green CSO Sheriff 118,019 8,626 33
Dallas Dallas PD Police 1,341,075 62,656 192
Hays Hays CSO Sheriff 214,485 14,187 49
El Paso El Paso PD Police 683,577 116,547 361
Lubbock Lubbock PD Police 253,888 51,172 176
Collin Allen PD Police 100,685 25,613 84
Taylor Taylor CSO Sheriff 136,290 3,529 12
Dallas Desoto PD Police 53,568 12,355 41
Comal New Braunfels PDPolice 79,152 14,904 42
Nueces Corpus Christi PDPolice 325,605 86,649 263
Fort Bend Sugar Land PD Police 88,485 40,596 94
Wichita Wichita Falls PD Police 104,747 25,757 79
Randall Randall CSO Sheriff 134,442 2,687 7
Johnson Johnson CSO Sheriff 167,301 2,037 6
Tarrant Mansfield PD Police 68,928 17,083 50
Travis Pflugerville PD Police 63,359 14,487 41
Lubbock Lubbock CSO Sheriff 305,225 3,891 11
Tarrant Arlington PD Police 396,394 123,625 331
Brazos College Station PDPolice 113,564 26,730 64
Tom Green San Angelo PD Police 100,119 23,931 54
Ellis Ellis CSO Sheriff 173,620 2,153 5
Dallas Irving PD Police 240,373 51,150 109
Galveston Galveston CSO Sheriff 335,036 5,524
Williamson Cedar Park PD Police 75,704 21,494 46
Jefferson Port Arthur PD Police 55,498 7,049 13
Bell Bell SCO Sheriff 347,833 5,010 9
Taylor Abilene PD Police 121,885 26,755 45
Potter Amarillo PD Police 199,826 55,067 96
Collin Plano PD Police 286,143 89,323 154
Hidalgo McAllen PD Police 142,696 23,596 37
Fort Bend Fort Bend CSO Sheriff 764,828 26,916 43
Travis Travis CSO Sheriff 1,226,698 34,537 52
Denton Denton PD Police 136,268 20,476 18
Gregg Gregg CSO Sheriff 123,367 5,133 7
Smith Tyler PD Police 104,991 43,166 20
Hidalgo Hidalgo CSO Sheriff 860,661 5,568 7
Montgomery Montgomery CSOSheriff 570,934 61,185 68
McLennan McLennan CSO Sheriff 251,259 4,758 4
Tarrant Tarrant CSO Sheriff 2,054,475 24,114 10
Hidalgo Pharr PD Police 79,487 16,004 6
Hidalgo Edinburg PD Police 90,280 18,588 4
Tarrant Grapevine PD Police 53,982 19,040 3
El Paso El Paso CSO Sheriff 840,410 52,556 10
Bexar Bexar CSO Sheriff 1,958,578 64,405 8
Denton Denton CSO Sheriff 836,210 12,594 1
Webb Laredo PD Police 260,654 27,507 0
Galveston Galveston PD Police 50,497 14,718
Hidalgo Mission PD Police 84,424 11,829 0
Jefferson Jefferson CSO Sheriff 256,299 10,658 0
Webb Webb CSO Sheriff 274,794 3,713 0
Potter Potter CSO Sheriff 120,458 2,905 0
Nueces Nueces CSO Sheriff 361,221 1,753 0
Tarrant Fort Worth PD Police 874,168 38,468
Cameron Cameron CSO Sheriff 423,725 1,680
Midland Midland CSO Sheriff 165,049
Fort Bend Missouri City PD Police 74,497
Parker Parker CSO Sheriff 133,463
Brazoria Pearland PD Police 119,940
Dallas Richardson PD Police 116,783
Total/Avg 3,024,888 17,620
r City Ordinance for Outstanding W
/ Force Resulting Use of Force Rat Warrant Arrest R Class C Arrest Ra
1 31 1 0.8 24.6 451.4
3 470 15 9.1 284 406
221 310 14 7.6 168.9 361.2
2 6 3 2.7 5.4 275.4
2908 973 57 3.7 64 245.9
5 344 24 10 143 236.2
2 43 8 23.4 125.8 201.9
11 365 9 7.2 292.2 180.9
5 168 31 16.5 89.4 171.9
0 4 16 12.6 3.2 166
0 93 27 13.2 45.6 161.7
0 631 9 4.8 336.4 153
868 3678 1891 53.2 103.6 149.7
170 547 4 2.1 288.8 141.5
0 9 56 43.8 7 136.8
0 325 1 0.5 159.7 131.7
470 306 72 16.3 69.3 125.3
9 3130 80 6.7 262.3 123.6
0 65 0 0 58.3 115.6
7 212 5 2.8 119.8 109
10 24 4 1.8 10.8 92.5
5 17 6 6 16.9 84.5
0 54 5 14.5 156.8 84.2
0 46 3 12.4 190.6 82.9
0 107 1 1.1 118.9 81.1
195 531 1 0.1 77.9 80.5
2 298 38 7.8 61 79.1
1 69 2 0.9 30.8 77.8
0 137 4 3.2 109 60.5
30 106 10 5.5 58.6 58.6
3 1149 3 1.2 472.5 58.4
22 516 2 0.7 178 54.2
28 602 55 13.4 146.4 51.8
4 188 3 1.2 76.2 49
1 37 0 0 65.8 48
7 59 48 16.2 19.9 48
0 23 4 3.8 21.8 47.3
1 46 2 1.8 40.7 46.9
0 262 1 0.5 123 46
3 489 146 16.2 54.1 45.7
19 52 10 5.9 30.5 42.2
6 244 2 0.8 100.5 42
2 653 7 1.5 139.8 41.5
53 87 4 2.2 47.4 40.8
0 157 3 4.8 253.2 40.3
0 39 45.2 38.3
41 938 5 0.8 149.7 37.2
 2 56 30 21.1 39.5 35.9
51 1213 181 15.5 104.1 35.4
0 886 9 1.8 173.1 34.4
4 278 8 3.1 108.5 34.4
0 162 0 0 459.1 34
0 349 8 6.5 282.5 33.2
6 27 58 38.9 18.1 32.2
15 558 205 23.7 64.4 32.1
35 244 9 2.2 60.1 31.8
0 443 7 2.7 172 30.7
1 36 0 0 134 29.8
0 17 0 0 83.5 29.5
0 240 6 3.5 140.5 29.3
0 144 3 2.1 99.4 28.3
0 94 1 2.6 241.6 28.3
2 1 24 1.9 0.1 26.9
2 162 2 0.7 60.6 24.7
3 186 2 0.8 77.7 23.8
0 5 0 0 23.2 23.2
6 348 7 1.4 68 22.5
12 41 3 5.4 74.2 21.7
0 110 2 0.9 51.2 21.4
0 102 3 4.3 144.7 18.4
0 26 51.9 18
2 459 3 1.1 171.6 17.6
0 1017 5 0.9 184.7 17.4
0 807 8 0.9 90.3 17.2
1 332 14 5.9 140.7 16.1
0 41 1 0.4 15.2 16
1 26 27 7.8 7.5 15.3
11 26 86 42 12.7 14.2
0 62 0 0 120.8 13.6
37 163 1 0.2 37.8 13.2
0 9 0 0 16.2 12.6
0 264 12 2 43.1 11.1
0 42 4 8.4 88.3 8.4
0 385 41 17 159.7 4.1
0 37 13 8.1 23.1 3.7
0 31 19 10.2 16.7 2.2
1 8 93 48.8 4.2 2.1
0 124 195 37.1 23.6 1.9
0 54 92 14.3 8.4 1.2
0 39 6 4.8 31 0.8
0 122 3 1.1 44.4 0
19 12.9 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7 18.9 0
0 45 0 0 154.9 0
0 3 0 0 17.1 0

2 5 29.8 11.9
 4 1.71
5,307 28,473 3,911 7.9 98.2 66.7
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