SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

NAME : SUPRIADI

NIM : 170403091

CLASS : C

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
When we discuss about education, we can say we are discussing a very broad
problem. Because education is one of the factors that determine the quality of a nation.
Various educational problems that occur in Indonesia either from the problems of learners,
educators, management education, teaching and learning process, curriculum, educational
facilities and so forth. One of the problems that many faced in the world of education is the
poor quality of the learning process undertaken by educators in schools. Therefore it is
necessary for the formulation of these problems that can be used as a handle by educators in
carrying out their duties.

In the learning process sometimes learners are only directed to memorize the material,
so that the right brain is forced to remember various information without being required to
understand it. As a result of that many of the students who are smart theoretically, but they do
not apply it in everyday life.

Therefore it is necessary to realize that educators need to improve their ability in

facilitating learners to be trained to think logically, systematically, and scientifically. This
challenge requires improving the skills of educators in implementing learning using a
scientific approach.

Learning involving a scientific approach will involve process skills, such as

observation or observation activities required for submission of hypotheses or data collection.
In this scientific approach is expected to create learning conditions that encourage learners to
find out information from various sources through observation, and not just be told.
1.2 Problem Formulation
1. What is scientific approach ?

2. What are the methods in the scientific approach ?

3. What is inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning ?

1.3 Destination
The purpose of this paper is to find out more about the scientific approach, the
methods in the scientific approach, induction method and deduction method in scienific
approach. In addition , the author hope that with this paper the readers will understand more
about what is written in this paper.
 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1 Scientific Approach

Approach is a basic concept that embodies, inspires, strengthens, and underlines the
idea of how the learning method is applied based on a particular theory. Therefore, there are
many views that approach is the same as method. Scientific Approach is an approach that is
used in learning by underlying the use of scientific methods in teaching and learning
activities. The scientific approach of his form is the scientific method. Scientific method is a
procedure in gaining knowledge called science. So science is the knowledge gained through
scientific methods.

The learning process that implements the scienitific approach will touch three
domains:

1. Attitudes (affective) dominate the transformation of the substance or teaching material so

that learners "know why".

2. Skill (psychomotor) takes the transformation of the substance or the teaching material so
that learners "know how".

3. Knowledge (cognitive) takes the transformation of the substance or teaching material so

that learners "know what."

According to Checkland (1993), based on the history of scientific development, there

are three main characteristics of the scientific approach :

1. Reductionism

Reductionism is an approach that reduces the complexity of the problem into smaller
parts, so it can be easily observed and researched. The analytic approach is another name for
reductionism, which is trying to find elements that explain the phenomenon with the law of
cause and effect. The assumption of reductionism is that the overall phenomenon can be
explained by knowing the phenomena of its elements. There is one term that is often used in
this case, the whole is the sum of its elements.

2. Repeatability

Repeatability is a knowledge that can be checked by repeating experiments or

research conducted by others in different places and times. This nature will produce a
knowledge free of subjectivity, emotion, and interests. This is based on the understanding that
science is common knowledge, so that every interested person should be able to check the
truth by repeating experiments or research done.

3. Refutation

This trait requires a science that must contain information that can be denied the truth
by others. A statement that tomorrow may be rainy or not, contains information that is not
feasible to be called science, because it can not be rejected. Science is a knowledge that has a
risk to be rejected, so knowledge is a knowledge that can develop, for example Newton's
theory is rejected by Eisntein so as to produce a new theory of relativity.

2.2 Scientific Approach Methods

The methods of a scientific approach in the learning process involve digging

information through observation, questioning, experimenting, then processing data or
information (make the hypothesis), presenting data or information (experimenting), followed
by analyzing, reasoning, then concluding, and creating. For certain subjects, materials, or
situations, it is very likely that this scientific approach is not always aptly applied
procedurally.

The flow of thinking covered by the scientific method can be elaborated in several
steps that reflect the stages in scientific activity. a scholarly mind-set that has a logico-
hypotetico process - this verification basically consists of the following steps:

1. Observation

The first step of the scientific method involves making an observation about
something that interests you. This is very important if you are doing a science project because
you want your project to be focused on something that will hold your attention. Your
observation can be on anything from plant movement to animal behavior, as long as it is
something you really want to know more about. This is where you come up with the idea for
your science project.

2. Question

Once you've made your observation, you must formulate a question about what you
have observed. Your question should tell what it is that you are trying to discover or
accomplish in your experiment. When stating your question you should be as specific as
possible. For example, if you are doing a project on plants, you may want to know how plants
interact with microbes.

3. Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a key component of the scientific process. A hypothesis is an idea

that is suggested as an explanation for a natural event, particular experience, or specific
condition that can be tested through definable experimentation. It states the purpose of your
experiment, the variables used, and the predicted outcome of your experiment. It is important
to note that a hypothesis must be testable. That means that you should be able to test your
hypothesis through experimentation. Your hypothesis must either be supported or falsified by
your experiment. An example of a good hypothesis is: If there is a relation between listening
to music and heart rate, then listening to music will cause a person's resting heart rate to
either increase or decrease.

4. Experiment

Once you've developed a hypothesis, you must design and conduct an experiment that
will test it. You should develop a procedure that states very clearly how you plan to conduct
your experiment. It is important that you include and identify a controlled variable or
dependent variable in your procedure. Controls allow us to test a single variable in an
experiment because they are unchanged. We can then make observations and comparisons
between our controls and our independent variables (things that change in the experiment) to
develop an accurate conclusion.

5. Results

The results are where you report what happened in the experiment. That includes
detailing all observations and data made during your experiment. Most people find it easier to
visualize the data by charting or graphing the information.

6. Conclusion

The final step of the scientific method is developing a conclusion. This is where all of
the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination is reached about the
hypothesis. Did the experiment support or reject your hypothesis? If your hypothesis was
supported, great. If not, repeat the experiment or think of ways to improve your procedure.

2.3 Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning

Logic is the study of the principles of reasoning and inference. It is applied in

philosophy, ethics, psychology, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. It analyzes
the forms that arguments take, whether they are valid or not, and whether they are true or
false. Arguments are one or more statements or premises from which a conclusion can be
derived. They can be formal or informal, defeasible, transitional, or by analogy.

Inductive and deductive reasoning are both forms of propositional logic. Propositional
logic is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions,
statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences.
Inductive and deductive reasoning use propositional logic to develop valid arguments based
on fact and reasoning. Both types of reasoning have a premise and a conclusion. How each
type of reasoning gets to the conclusion is different. The most common types are deductive
and inductive reasoning.
1. Inductive Reasoning

Induction is defined as the reasoning wherein individual arguments or premises are

made and evaluated to form certain conclusions or generalizations. The arguments support
the conclusion but do not necessarily make it true. It is a kind of reasoning from the specific
or individual to the general. Even if all the premises are true, the conclusion can be false. If
the premises are strong enough and are true, then it follows that it is not probable that the
conclusion can be false.

2. Deductive Reasoning

Deduction is defined as the reasoning wherein the conclusion is considered as the

logical result of the premise or argument, its truth or validity is based on the truth of its
argument. Deduction is a method of gaining knowledge and may be valid or invalid, sound or
unsound. It is a kind of reasoning from the general to the specific wherein a conclusion
necessarily follows the stated premises or statements. The premises in a deduction strongly
support the conclusion. And if they are accepted as true, then it follows that the conclusion is
also true.
 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

3.1 Knot
Scientific Approach is an approach that is used in learning by underlying the use of
scientific methods in teaching and learning activities. The scientific approach of his form is
the scientific method. Scientific method is a procedure in gaining knowledge called science.
So science is the knowledge gained through scientific methods. There are three main
characteristics of the scientific approach :

1. Reductionism

2. Repeatability

3. Refutation

The flow of thinking covered by the scientific method can be elaborated in several
steps that reflect the stages in scientific activity. a scholarly mind-set that has a logico-
hypotetico process - this verification basically consists of the following steps:

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Results

6. Conclusion

Logic is the study of the principles of reasoning and inference. There are two types of
reasoning that most common used :

1. Induction reasoning

2. Deduction reasoning
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