See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/305655839

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) for flavour and fragrance

Article · February 1998

CITATIONS READS

4 661

3 authors, including:

P.P. Joy
Kerala Agricultural University
151 PUBLICATIONS   280 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Effect of levels and methods of potash application on the yield of rice View project

Development of lemongrass oleoresin for flavouring View project

All content following this page was uploaded by P.P. Joy on 27 July 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) for flavour and fragrance

Joy P. P., Thomas J. and Samuel Mathew

Kerala Agricultural University, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station,
Odakkali, Asamannoor-683 549

Abstract

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) is an important spice and

aromatic crop having wide applications in flavouring, perfumery,
beverages and medicines. Volatile oils obtained by steam distillation of
stem, bark, root bark, twigs and leaves are used in perfumery and the
food industry. The available information on the plant, climate, soil,
varieties, propagation, cultivation, processing, properties and uses are
reviewed.

Introduction

Cinnamon, also known as true cinnamon or Ceylon cinnamon, is an evergreen

tree whose bark and leaves are strongly aromatic. The bark exported as quills, is used
as a spice or condiment, for flavouring cakes and sweets and in curry powders,
incense, dentrifices and perfumes. Two types of essential oils are commercially
extracted from cinnamon plants: bark oil from the bark of the tree and leaf oil from
the leaves and tender twigs (Pillai, 1993). Bark oil is used in expensive perfumes,
flavouring, confectionery, liquors and in pharmaceutical preparations, especially to
mask unpleasant taste. Leaf oil is used in the manufacture of cheaper types of
perfumes used in soap, tooth paste, hair oil, etc. In the flavouring industry, it is used
as a modifier. It is a cheap substitute for clove oil in seasoning. Eugenol, the main
constituent of leaf oil is used for the synthesis of vanillin, the perfumery component of
vanilla beans (Guenther, 1950; Senanayake, 1977; Rema and Krishnamoorthy, 1989).
The essential oil is reported to have antimicrobial (Narayanan et al, 1980; Dubey and
Mishra, 1990), fungitoxic (Saksena, 1984; Saksena and Saksena, 1984; Mishra et al
1991; Tiwari et al, 1994), nematicidal (Kiuchi et al, 1989; Nakamura et al, 1990) and
leech repelling (Nath et al, 1986) activities.

Aromatic oils and oleoresins of commercial importance are also extracted

from a number of other species of Cinnamomum. The most well-known among these
are C. cassia, C. burmannii, C. loureirii and C. camphora (Silva, 1995).

Origin and Distribution

Cinnamon is indigenous to Sri Lanka, which is the largest producer and

exporter of the quill and oil of the best quality. The plant reached Egypt and Europe
by fifth Century BC. It was introduced into Java in 1825 and has since been
cultivated in India, the Seychelles, Madagascar, Brazil, south east Asia and other
tropical countries. In India, it is confined to the lower elevation of western Ghats in
Kerala and the lower Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu.
Botany

Cinnamon, Cinnamomum verum Presl. is synonymous to C. zeylanicum Bl.

with a chromosome number 2n = 24. It belongs to the family Lauraceae. Being cross
pollinated, wide variability is observed in the population (Ponnuswami et al, 1982;
Rao et al, 1988). This perennial bushy evergreen tree is 8 - 17 m high in wild state,
but in cultivation it is coppiced to develop as a bush. Leaf is stiff; petiole 1-2cm long,
grooved on upper surface; lamina ovate or elliptic, strongly 3-veined from the base.
Leaf is reddish when young. The anthocyanin pigments present in the flushes are
reported to be cyanidin glucoside, cyanidin xyloside and cyanidin galactoside
(Zachariah et al, 1989). Inflorescence is axillary or terminal panicle at the ends of
twigs with creamy white peduncle. Flowers very small, 3mm in diameter, with foetid
smell, each subtended by a small ovate hairy bract; sepals 6, companulate, pubescent;
stamens 9 in 3 whorls with glands at the base; filaments hairy, anthers 4 celled
opening by 4 small valves; staminodes 3; ovary superior, 1 - celled; fruit fleshy berry,
black, 1-seeded, ovoid, 1.5 - 2.0cm long with enlarged calyx at the base (Ilyas, 1978;
Mohankumar et al, 1985). The trees usually flower in January and fruits ripen 6
months later.

Climate and Soil

Cinnamon is a hardy plant which tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions

(Bavappa and Ruettimann, 1981). Wild trees are confined to tropical evergreen rain-
forests upto 1800m from MSL. The crop thrives well from 300-350m and grows
upto 1000m above MSL (Nair, 1978). It flourishes in places with an annual rainfall of
1500-2500mm with an average temperature of 27oC. A hot moist climate is highly
suited for cinnamon cultivation (Radhakrishnan, 1992). Proximity to sea, humid
conditions and saltish water are good for the crop. Sandy loam soil with admixture of
humus or vegetative mould is the best for sweet and fragrant bark. (Ridley, 1912).
Waterlogged and marshy areas are unsuitable.

Varieties

Several cultivars are known, but mostly sweet or honey types are cultivated
extensively. Krishnamoorthy et al (1996) have recommended for cultivation two
varieties of cinnamon, namely Navashree (SL 63) and Nithyashree (IN 189) yielding
55.6 kg and 54.2 kg dry bark/ha/year, respectively. These were selected based on their
regeneration capacity, yield and quality. They had leaf oil recovery of 2.80% and
3.00% and eugenol content of 62% and 78%, respectively. Joy et al (1996) have
reported a eugenol-rich leaf oil yielding cinnamon accession ODC-130 which
recorded leaf oil yield 294.69ml/tree/yr, oil recovery 3.73% on dry weight basis and
eugenol 93.67% in the leaf oil. Plants having pungent and bitter leaves are good for
leaf oil (Gulati, 1982).

Propagation

The plant is propagated mainly by seed and rarely by cutting of young 3-leaved
shoots, division of old root stocks (Vadivel et al, 1981), air-layering of shoots
(Banerjee et al, 1982; Ranaware et al, 1995) and by tissue culture (Rai and Chandra,
1987). Growth regulators were also used for inducing rooting and improving recovery
(Sriram, 1977; Banerjee et al, 1982; Bhat et al, 1989; Hegde et al, 1990).

Seeds are extracted from ripe fruits from selected mother trees with desirable
characters like smooth bark, erect stem, easy peeling of bark, vigorous growth,
freedom from pests and diseases and good qualities like sweetness, pungency and
flavour (Bavappa and Ruettimann, 1981). Seeds take 2-3 weeks time for germination.
Seeds lose their viability soon and should be sown fresh after the removal of pulp
(Purseglove et al, 1981). Kannan and Balakrishnan (1967) obtained the highest
germination of 94% by sowing seeds on the third day after harvesting. At the end of
second week germination was reduced to 52% and after 40 days there was complete
loss of viability. Seeds are sown thickly in nurseries during June-July. When 4
months old or seedlings reach a height of 15 cm they are transplanted into polythene
bags of 30x15 cm size or into baskets. After a further period of 10-12 months when
they have sufficiently hardened off, they are planted in the main field.

Air-layering of one year old shoots using rooting hormones is very effective.
The recommended procedure is to remove a ring of bark, 2cm long, from the selected
twig, to apply a paste containing 1000 ppm 1BA+2500 ppm NAA and to cover the
girdled portion with sphagnum moss or suitable rooting medium held together by
tying a plastic sheet around. The layers will be ready for separating from the mother
tree and transplanting 2-3 months later (Silva, 1995).

Cultivation

The seedling or propagule is planted in the main field at 2 - 3 m spacing. In

India, under rainfed conditions, planting during June-July is ideal (Shanmugavelu and
Rao, 1977) whereas for irrigated crop planting during Oct.- Nov. is recommended
(Nair, 1978). Shading and irrigation are essential immediately after planting. During
the first year the seedling may be supplied with 20 kg cattle manure or compost and
20:20:25 g N, P2O5 and K2O per annum which is gradually increased to 50kg cattle
manure and 200:180:200 g N, P2O5 and K2O for grown up plants of 6 years or more.
This dose may be doubled for extra high yielding plants of age 15 years or more.
Fertilizers may be applied in two equal splits during June-July and Oct.-Nov.
Application of Mussorie Phos at 900g/tree/year increased oil recovery by 75%. Foliar
application of 4% urea increased leaf oil by 28% (Thomas et al, 1987).

Weeding and mulching reduced weed growth (Nazeem et al, 1992). For first
two years 3 - 4 weeding/year are required. Thereafter two weedings in a year during
June - July and Oct.- Nov. are sufficient (Nair, 1978). The seedlings need irrigation
till they are established, if there is long drought period. Plants are coppiced when they
are 2-3 years old at a height of 15cm above ground level. Side shoots growing from
the base are cut to encourage growth of more side shoots till the whole plant assumes
the shape of a bush.

Pests and Diseases

Butani (1983) and Veerakumari and Mohanraj (1993) have discussed the pests
of cinnamon and their control. The common diseases are leaf spot and die back
caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, grey blight by Pestaloteopsis palmarum
(Karunakaran et al, 1993) and sooty mould caused by Phragmocapinus betle.

Harvesting and Processing

For the preparation of quills, the plants are harvested 3 years after planting
when the shoots have grown 2 - 2.5cm in diameter and 1.5 - 2m in length. The correct
time for cutting the shoots for peeling is determined by noting the sap circulation
between the wood and the corky layer. Peelers can judge this by making a test cut on
the stem with a sharp knife. If the bark separates readily the cutting is taken
immediately in the early morning with sharp knife to prevent breaking and splitting of
cut ends (Fazlullahkhan, 1967). The best time for peeling is when new flushes and
leaves are hardened after a rainy season. Harvesting is done during May-June and
October-November. Fully developed shoots harvested during rainy season gives good
quality bark and high yield (Pruthi et al 1978).

After harvest, leaves are removed, the brown stem is scraped off and the stems
are cut into pieces of convenient length. The bark is split longitudinally and peeled
off using peeling knife on the same day of harvest or the next day after softening. The
cylindrical pieces of bark dried in sun for 2-5 days and are packed in bundles. The
dried cinnamon bark (quills) are graded on the basis of colour, taste, fragrance and
weight and traded. The first harvest may yield 30-50 kg quills/ha/year. Better
harvests are expected after 10 years when 180-200 kg of dried quills/ha/year are
obtained (Rao, 1991). The chips, featherings or trimmings of bark left after the
collection of quills are used for distillation and the oil yield is 0.5-1.0% generally.
Plants with intense purple flushes possessed higher bark oil content (Krishnamoorthy
et al, 1988).

For the extraction of leaf oil, the leaves and tender twigs are harvested in May
and November. Wilting of the harvested leaves in shade for 24 hours reduces the bulk
and increases the oil recovery. Steam distillation for 4-6 hours gives an oil yield of
0.5 to 0.8% generally on a commercial scale (Joy et al, 1995).

Physico-chemical Properties of Oil

The general physical and chemical properties of cinnamon oils have been
discussed by Guenther, 1950; Gulati, 1982; Adhikary and Tuladhar, 1988; Riaz and
Chaudhary, 1989; Yaacob et al, 1990; Mahindru, 1992 and Thankamani et al 1994.
The isolation and identification of volatile aroma constituents of cinnamon have been
attempted by Bordoloi, 1979; Gopalakrishnan, 1979; Angmor et al, 1979; Rao, 1987;
Ramachandran et al, 1988; Bandyopadhyay, 1989; Variyar and Bandyopadhyay; 1989,
1993; Paul and Sahoo, 1993.

The cinnamon bark oil is light yellow in colour when freshly distilled. On
storage it becomes reddish. It has specific gravity (15.5 oC) 0.950 to 1.030, refractive
index (20 oC) 1.565 to 1.599, optical rotation (20 oC) 0o to 8o and its solubility in
70% alcohol is 10 volumes. Bark oil contains cinnamic aldehyde (60-75%), eugenol
(10%), benzaldehyde, methyl amyl ketone, phellandrene, pinene, cymene,
nonylaldehyde, linalool, cumin aldehyde, caryophyllene and esters of butyric acid.

Leaf oil is heavier than water, yellow to yellowish brown in colour with a
slight camphoraceous odour resembling that of clove oil due to the presence of
70-95% of eugenol. Leaf oil has specific gravity (15.5 oC) 1.065, refractive index (20
o
C) 1.530 to 1.545, optical rotation (20 oC) -1o to +3o , acid value 14.0-15.7, ester
value 4.7-16.7 and its solubility in 70% alcohol is 10 volumes. Leaf oil contains
approximately -pinene 0.2%, 1, 8-cineole 1.65%, p-cymene 0.35%, -ylangene
0.25%, linalool 1.5%, caryophyllene 1.85%, -humulene 0.2%, -terpineol
0.15%, piperitone 0.1%, safrole 0.65%, cinnamaldehyde 1.3%, cinnamyl acetate
0.8%, eugenol 87%, acetoeugenol 1.0%, cinnamyl alcohol 0.60%, benzyl benzoate
2.68% and traces of over 15 compounds (Wijesekera et al, 1974).

The root bark oil, with 2-3% yield, is another variety of essential oil obtained
from cinnamon. It is colourless, lighter than leaf oil with specific gravity 0.994 and
optical rotation +50o and contains most of the terpenoids.
References

Angmor, J.D., Dewik, P.M. and Evans, W. C. 1979. Chemical changes in cinnamon
oil during the preparation of the bark, biosynthesis of cinnamaldehyde and
related compounds. Studies on Cinnamomum zeylanicum II. Planta Medica
35(4):342-347.

Abraham, P. 1958. Have a few spice trees in your garden. Indian Farming 7(8):28-
31.

Adhikary, S. R. and Tuladhar, B. S. 1988. Aromatic Plants of Nepal, Part III.

Essential
oil from the fruits of Cinnamomum glaucasans (Nees) & Drury. J. Nepal.
Pharmaceutical Assn. 15 (1, 2):1-7.

Aiyadurai, S.G. 1966. A Review of Research on Spices and Cashewnut in India. ICAR

Bandyopadhyay, C. 1989. On some chemical aspects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

PAFAI J. 11(4):35-38.

Banerjee, D. P., Chatterjee, B, K. and Sen, S. 1982. Air layering of Cinnamon. South
Indian Horticulture 30:272-273.

Bavappa, K.V.A. and Ruettimann, R. A. 1981. Cinnamon cultivation and processing.

Tech. Bull.5. UNDP/FAO Research Project on Minor Export crops. Dept.
of Minor Export crops. Sri Lanka.

Bhat, V., Hegde, D. and Sulikeri, G. S. 1989. Effect of growth regulators on rooting
of air layers of cinnamon. Karnataka J. agric. Sci. 2:328-329.

Bordoloi, D.N. 1979. Search for aroma chemicals of commercial value from plant
resources of North East India. Indian Perfumer 23 (3 & 4):178-183.

Butani, D.K. 1983. Spices and pest problems-2: Cinnamon. Pesticides 17 (9):32-33.

Dubey, N.K. and Mishra, A.K. 1990. Evaluation of some essential oils against
dermatophytes. Indian drugs 27(10):529-531.

Gomez, K.A.and Gomez, A.A.1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research.

International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines. pp.357-423.

Gopalakrishnan, M. 1979. Chemical aspects of clarification of cinnamon leaf oil.

Indian Perfumer 23(2):69-74.

Guenther, E. 1950. The Essential oils. Vol. IV. D Van Nostrand Co. Inc. New York.
pp. 213-240.

Gulathi, B. C. 1982. Cinnamomum : Essential oils of Cinnamomum species. In Atul,

C.K. and Kapur, B.M. (eds). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic plants.
Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammu - Tawi. pp. 607-619.
Hegde, K.R., Sulikeri, G.S. and Hulamani, N.C. 1990. Effects of growth regulator
and pre-girdling treatment on rooting of cinnamon air layers. South Indian
Horticulture 37:329-332.

Ilyas, M. 1978. The spices of India II. Econ. Bot. 32 (3):238-263.

Joy, P. P., Thomas, J., Mathew, S. and Jose, G. 1996. Elite cinnamon types for leaf oil
and eugenol. Proc. eighth Kerala Sci. Cong. 27-29 Jan 1996, Kochi. pp. 143-
144.

Joy, P.P., Thomas, J., Mathew, S., Jose, G. and Joseph, J. 1995. Aromatic Plants.
Kerala Agricultural University, AMPRS, Odakkali, Asamannoor-683549.

Kannan, K. and Balakrishnan, S. 1967. A note on viability of cinnamon seeds,

Madras Agric. J. 54:78-79.

Karunakaran, P., Nair, M.C., and Das, L. 1993. Grey blight diseases of cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) leaves. Spices and Aromatic crops
2(1&2):66-67.

Kiuchi, F., Koshimaru, N., Tsuda, Y., Kondo, K., Tabata, M. and Honda, G. 1989.
Screening of crude drugs used in Turkey for nematicidal activity on the
larvae of Toxocara canins. Shoyakugaka Zasshi 43(4):353-359.

Krishnamoorthy, B. and Rema, J. 1988. Nursery techniques in tree spices.

Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and spices J. 11:83-84.

Krishnamoorthy, B., Rema, J., Zacharia, T.J., Abraham, J. and Gopalam, A. 1996.
Navashree and Nithyashree - two new high yielding and high quality
cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) selections. J. spices and
Aromatic crops 5(1):28-33.

Mahindru, S. N. 1992. Indian Plant Perfumes, Metropolitan. New Delhi pp.116-118.

Mishra, D. N., Dixit, V. and Mishra, A.K. 1991. Mycotoxic evaluation of some
higher plants against ringworm causing fungi. Indian Drugs 28(6):300-303.

Mohankumar, G. N., Mokashi, A. N., Narayanaswamy, P., Prabhakar, N., Devar, K.

U., Reddi, D.N.R. and Nalawadi, U.G. 1985. Studies on the floral biology of
cinnamon. Indian cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J. 8(4):100-102.

Nair, M. K. 1978, Cinnamon - a spice in great demand. Indian Farming 28(5):3-5.

Nair, M. K., Premkumar, T., Sarma, Y. R. and Ratnambal, M. J. 1977. Prospects and
problems of tree spices cultivation in India. Indian spices 14(2 & 3):2-9.

Nakamura, N., Kiuchi, F., Tsuda, Y., Kondo K. and Sato, T. 1990. Nematicidal and
bursting activities of essential oils on the larvae of Toxocara canins.
Shoyakugaka Zasshi 44(3):183-195.

Narayanan, V., Rao, K. K., Giridhar, R. 1980. Antimicrobial activity of the essential
oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. Indian Drugs 17(11):360-362.
Nath, D. R., Das, N. G. and Malhotra, P. R. 1986. Efficacy of certain essential oils
and insect repellents against land leeches. Def. Sci. J. 36(3):327-330.

Nazeem, P. A., Sudhadevi, P. K. and Nair, P. C. S. 1992. Tree spices (Malayalam).

Directorate of Extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Kerala.

Paul, S.C. and Sahoo, S. 1993. Selection of elite cinnamon plants for quality bark
production. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 17(2):353-355.

Pillai, N. B. 1993. Export of spice oils from India - problems and prospects. Indian
Perfumer 37(1):94-110.

Ponnuswami, V., Irulappan, I., Annadurai, S. and Vadivel, E. 1982. Variability

studies in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.). South Indian
Horticulture 30(2):159-160.

Pruthi, J. S., Varkey, A. G. and Bhat, A. V. 1978. Post harvest technology of

cinnamon and utilization of cinnamon waste (leaves and twigs). Indian
Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices, J. 1(4):87-93.

Purseglove, J. W., Brown, E. G., Green, C. L and Robbins, S. R. G. 1981. Spices.

Longman group Ltd., London.

Radhakrishnan, V. V. 1992. Cinnamon - the spicy bark. Spice India 5(4):11-13.

Rai, V. R. S. and Chandra, K. S. J. 1987. Clonal propagation of Cinnamomum

zeylanicum Breyn by tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 9(1):81-
88.

Ramachandran, Y., Paul, S. C. and Dutta, R. K. 1988. Major constituents of essential

oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Indian perfumer, 32(1):86-89.

Ranaware, V. S., Nawali, R. N., Khandekar, R. G., and Magdum, M. B. 1995. Effect
of season on air-layering of cinnamon. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J.
19(3):81-84.

Rao, J. M. 1987. Analysis of Essential oils by nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy. Indian Perfumer 31(3):252-254.

Rao, M. R. N. 1991. Prospects of nutmeg, clove and cinnamon cultivation in

Andaman Nicobar Islands. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J. 14:118-120.

Rao, Y. R., Paul, S. C. and Dutta, P. K. 1988. Major constituents of essential oils of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Indian Perfumer 32:86-89.

Rema. J. and Krishnamoorthy, B. 1989. Economic uses of tree spices. Indian Cocoa,
Arecanut and Spices J. 12(4):120-121.

Rethinam, P. and Edison, S.1991. Trees with spicy twang.Indian Farming 41(8):17-24

Rias, M. and Chaudhary, F. M. 1989. Chemistry of Medicinal Plants of the genus

Cinnamomum (family - Lauraceae). Hamdard Medicines 32(3):57-71.
Saksena. N. K. 1984. Comparative evaluation of some essential oils for their
antifungal activity against some dermatophytes. Indian perfumer 28(1):35-37.

Saksena, N. K. and Saksena, S. 1984. Enhancement in the antifungal activity of some

essential oils in combination against some dermatophytes. Indian Perfumer
28(1):42-45.

Samarawira, I. S. E. 1964. Cinnamon. World crops 16:45:48.

Senanayake, V. N. 1977. The nature, description and biosynthesis of volatiles in

Cinnamomum spp. Ph.D. Thesis. Uni. New South Wales, Kensington, NSW,
Australia.

Shanmugavelu, K. G. and Rao, U. N. M. 1977. Spices and plantation crops. Popular

Book Depot., Madras.

Silva, K. T. D. (Ed.). 1995. A manual on the essential oil Industry. UNIDO. Vienna,
Austria. 232 p.

Sriram, T. A. 1977. Tree Spices - retrospect and research needs. Arecanut and spices
Bull. 8:97-100.

Thankamani, C. K., Sivaraman, K., Kandiannan, K. and Peter, K. V. 1994. Agronomy

of tree spices (clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, allspice) - a review. J. Spices and
Aromatic Crops 3(2):105-123.

Thomas, J., Geetha, K. and Shylaraj, K. S. 1987. Studies on leaf oil and quality of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Indian Perfumer 31(3):249-251.

Tiwari, R. Dixit, R. and Dixit, S. N. 1994. Studies on fungitoxic properties of

essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. Indian Perfumer 38(3):98-
104.

Vadivel, E., Ponnuswami, V., Irulappan, I. And Dharmaraj, G. 1981. Vegetative

propagation in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). South Indian
Horticulture 29(4):231-232.

Variyar, P. S. and Bandyopadhyay, C. 1989. On some chemical aspects of

Cinnamomum zeylanicum. PAFAI J. 2(4):35-38.

Variyar, P. S. and Bandyopadhyay, C. 1993. Chemical Investigation of some

commonly used spices. Aryavaidyan 6(4):262-267.

Veerakumari, K. and Mohanraj P. 1993. Insect pests of cinnamon, Cinnamomum

verum Berch. & Presl. in the Andaman and Nicobar. Islands. J. Plantation
Crops. 21(1) : 67 - 69.

Wijesekera, R. O. B., Jaywardena, A. L. and Rejapaksee, L. S. 1974. Volatile

constituents of leaf, stem and root oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum
zeylanicum) J. Sci. Food. Agric. 25:1211-1220.

Yaacob, K. B., Zakaria, Z. and Ramli, Z. 1990. Major constituents of Cinnamomum

parthenoxylon wood oil. J. Essential oil Res. 2(1):51.
Zacharia, T. J. and Gopalam, A. 1987. Nature, production and quality of essential oils
of pepper, ginger, turmeric, cardamom and tree spices. Indian Perfumer 31(3):
188-205.

Zacharia, T. J., Gopalam, A., Ravindran, P. N. and Krishnamoorthy, B. 1989.

Anthocyanin pigments of young flushes of cinnamon. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut
and Spices J. 12(4):127.
 KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Aromatic & Medicinal Plants Research Station
Odakkali, Asamannoor P.O., Eranakulam District, Kerala State
PIN : 683 549, Tel: (0484) 658221

No: A/ /97 Dt: 31-10-1997

From

The Associate Professor & Head

To
The Hon. Editor,
Fragrance and Flavours Association of India
2 - B, Court Chambers,
35, New Marine Lines,
Mumbai - 400 020
Sir,
I am forwarding herewith the manuscript of an article entitled “Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum Presl.) for flavour and fragrance” in duplicate for favour of
publication in your esteemed journal PAFAI.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,

Associate Professor & Head

Encl: The manuscript in duplicate.

View publication stats