Efficient Resource Management in Distributed Computing (WWW - Writekraft.com)

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EFFICIENT
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT IN
DISTRIBUTED
COMPUTING

(Regd. No. AAI-1261)
Corporate Office: 67, UGF, Ganges Nagar (SRGP), 365 Hairis Ganj, Tatmill Chauraha, Kanpur, 208004
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Chapter-I
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
Our society is being transformed by the power of technology and global
competition. An understanding of the interaction of information and technology
contributing to the competitive nature of both individuals and institutions will
increasingly require to serve society’s needs and the enablement of its missions
through information technology [11].
Throughout its 60 years of history, computer systems have been evolved in
a spiral way of integration and distribution. They experienced a transition from
centralized, massive, shared mainframes in 1970s to decentralized, handy, private
PCs in 1990s. In 2010s, nevertheless, they are again moving into consolidated,
shared machines invisible to users: so-called cloud computing systems.
The basic idea of cloud computing is to deliver computational resources as
services across the internet. The users don't need to invest in a huge computer
system to do their business; instead, they can hire the cloud computing services on

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demand. The underlying hardware is generally hosted in huge data centers armed
with sophisticated virtualization techniques to realize high-level scalability, agility
and availability. "This elasticity of resources, without paying a premium for large
scale, is unprecedented in the history of IT", Armbrust [4].
Consequently, building enterprise systems on cloud computing platform is
becoming increasingly popular in these days. In contrast to a conventional on
premise computing system, to which the user has to invest in dedicated hardware
and software, the cloud computing system delivers virtualized hardware and
software resources to users on demand via the internet, generally in a pay-per-use
manner. It significantly reduces the cost for deploying and maintaining of
enterprise systems.
The cloud is described as a three-tier structure, namely Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) from
low-layer to high-layer as shown in figure 1.1. A developer chooses an appropriate
service among available ones to build his customized system. Based on these
concepts, this thesis studies stochastic models for cloud computing networks in
arrival of Bag of Tasks (BoTs), service time for classification of BoTs and that of
servers (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS) with a certain probabilistic rules. These queueing
system models allocate resources in an efficient manner and increase the
performance.

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1.2 Research Objectives
This thesis concentrates on efficient resource management for distributed
computing. In the essence of resource management, the thesis mainly focuses on
resource allocation in cloud computing. Cloud computing is a part of distributed
computing, because today the computer field focuses only on cloud computing
concepts. Cloud computing can provide three kinds of services and the allocation
of resource is a challenging problem. The researcher proposes and develops
approaches for a model for resource allocation as a queueing network which
consists of two nodes namely classification node and service node. First station has

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a server that does the classification of bag of tasks, with reference to service level
agreement including the parameter cost of operation, availability and response
time. At the second station servers are doing the three kinds of services namely
SaaS, PaaS and IaaS which are assumed to be various distribution using queuing
theory. Various system performance measures are derived for the Cloud
Computing Networks (CCN) and the cost structure is imposed to compute total
expected cost per unit time which is used to increase the overall system.
The main objective of this thesis is to study optimal resource allocation
(varying the service rate) in the distributed environment so that the total expected
cost involved is minimum. In the past researchers concentrated on the resource
allocation technique that played an important role in cluster and grid computing.
The researcher considers various methods of queuing theory concepts such as
network of queues to implement the resource allocation to get optimal service rate.
Optimal allocation of system resources, through proper classifications of jobs is the
prime study in this thesis. The thesis emphasizes a classification of jobs to allocate
the three different kinds of service requirements SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. The thesis
leaves the in-depth study on service node to further research.

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1.3 Thesis Organization
Chapter 2 discusses the state of the art resource allocation techniques
relevant to this work. The chapter characterizes the scenario where cloud
computing is most essential. It presents the related approaches of systems
where resources are provided by their stable holders to achieve a common
objective. Subsequently, the comprehensive review of literature on resource
management in distributed computing is depicted clearly.
Chapter 3 considers two different models. The first model proposes an
architecture to manage dynamic resource allocation and offering in cloud
computing networks with Poisson type arrival process for bag of tasks in a
queuing system with FCFS and classifies to transfer the appropriate
locations. Through the calculation, this model is able to answer two
questions 1. Mean number of request in waiting and 2. The probability that

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the system is busy. These system performance measures are used to get the
optimal resource allocation in terms of service rate. The second model deals
with the Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing with General Service
Time queuing system (M/G/s). The researcher observes that the length of
queue in the system and the waiting time of a job decreases with the average
number of servers. In general ‘efficiency of a server’ is measured
E\ WKH
PHDQ VHUYLFH
WLPH Ĳ RI
D FXVWRPHU
DQG LWV
YDULDQFH ı2. This model describes a new
analytical expression for performance evaluation of a cloud computing
network (CCN).
Chapter 4 considers, Retrial of job request and Resource Allocations in
Cloud Computing. This model consists of Cloud Computing Network
(CCN) with two nodes. Node 1 has a single server which classifies the jobs
and node 2 has been divided into three different categories with specific

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probabilities. As
tKH H[SHFWHG WRW
DO FRVW DV
D IXQFWLRQ
RI VHUYLFH
UDWH 1 is a
FRQYH[ IXQFWLRQ
WKH RSWLPDO
YDOXH RI 1 is
obtained. The expected total
cost for service node against the service rate 1 is obtained and it is a
convex function. The optimal cost is achieved. Since the number of servers
in this node is fixed, the only possible variation allowed is, the service rate
2 7KH RSWLPDO
YDOXH 2 is obtained.
The optimal allocation of resources in CCN is obtained by optimizing
WKH VHUYLFH
UDWH 1 and 2 at two nodes of

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the networks. The second model is the one in which feedback of jobs (tasks)
is allowed in classification node. This result can also be interpreted in a
different way that the resource allocation in CCN be optimized by
getting the optimal service rate * and mean number of jobs waiting in the
system. The optimal service level * is obtained by using the cost

minimization criteria.
In Chapter 5, the first model describes the resource allocation in cloud
computing network in which classification time has general distribution and
feedback of jobs is allowed. The total expected cost as a function of service
rate 1 is a convex. The optimal cost value is obtained in the node 1. In the
service node 2, three different categories of services are provided. The
expected total cost for service node against the service rate 2 is obtained. It
is a
FRQYH[ IXQFWLRQ
7KH RSWLPDO FRV
W 2 is achieved. Since the number of

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servers in this node is fixed, the only possible variation allowed is the
VHUYLFH UDWH
2 2SWLPDO FRVW
UDWH 1
*
DQG *
2 are obtained for the CCN. No
physical queue is allowed in the systems and retrial of jobs exists. In the
second model, a CCN with two nodes, classifier and service provider exist.
At the classifier node, arrival process is assumed to be general whereas the
service time distribution is exponential with multiple servers (s-servers).
Thus the queueing system at classifier node becomes G/M/s type. The inter
arrival times of job request to the classifier node is assumed to be
independent identically distributied
LLG

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ZLWK
PHDQ
'HSHQGLQJ RQ
WKH type of clients’ request, three types of
services are provided. Thus the CCN becomes a tandem Open Jackson
queueing network. The system performance measures are, the expected
number of customers in the system and expected waiting time in the system.
Chapter 6 discusses the summing of different model of resource allocation
in cloud computing. Results and its analysis are discussed for different
models provided in the previous chapters.
Chapter 7 presents conclusion, scope for further research and some open
type questions in the field of cloud computing research.
1.4 Publications Record

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Portions of work presented in this thesis have been partially or completely
derived from the following set of publications.
Journals
1. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “Cloud Computing Networks with
Poisson Arrival Process - Dynamic Resource Allocation”, IOSR Journal of

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Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p-ISSN: 2278-8727,
Volume 16, Issue 5, Ver. IV (Sep – Oct. 2014), pp 124-129.
2. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “Resource Allocation in Cloud
Computing with M/G/s – queueing Model”, Volume 4, Issue 9, September
2014 , ISSN: 2277 128X, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering, pp 443-447.
3. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “Resource Allocation in Cloud
Computing with General Classification Time and Exponential Service
(G/M/s)”, International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science ISSN:
2319-7242, Volume 3, Issue 10 October, 2014 pp 8905-8910.
4. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “A Status Report on Resource
Allocation in Cloud Computing Using Queuing Theory”, International Journal
of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology, Volume 3,
Issue 11, November 2014, ISSN: 2278 – 1323, pp 3603-3608.
Conferences

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5. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “An Efficient Resource Management
for Distributed System”, National Conference on Recent Trends and Research
Issues in Computer Science (RTRICS’14) October 2014 UGC Sponsored
National Conference on Computer Science, CPA College, Bodinayakanur,
Tamilnadu, ISBN: 978-93-80657-74-5, pp 19-24.

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6. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “Dynamic Resource allocation for Bag
of Tasks with Poisson Arrival Process: Cloud Computing”, National Seminar
on Innovations in Intelligent Systems, Department of Computer Applications,
N.S.S. College, Rajakumari, Idukki (dt), Kerala, July 2014.
7. Murugesan R., Elango C., Kannan S., “G/M/s-Queueing Model for Resource
Allocation in Cloud Computing”, UGC Sponsored National Conference On
Mathematical Modelling (NCOMM’14), Department of Mathematics, CPA
College, Bodinayakanur, Tamilnadu, September 2014, ISBN: 978-93-80657-
44-8, pp 22-29.
8. Murugesan R., Sivakumar S., Kannan S., “A Study of Grid and Cloud
Computing Services”, International Conference on Recent Trends in
Computer Applications (ICRTICA’13), organized by the Department of
Computer Science, Hindustan College of Arts and Science, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, September 2013, ISBN 978-93-81208-25-0, pp 101-108.
9. Murugesan R., Elango C., Satheeshkumar S., “A Study on Computer Security
Invasion and Prevention”, National Conference on Recent Trends and
Research Issues in Computer Science (RTRICS’14), October 2014, UGC
Sponsored National Conference on Computer Science, C. P. A College,
Bodinayakanur, Tamilnadu, ISBN: 978-93-80657-74-5.

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Conclusion and Scope

for Further Research

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
7.1 Conclusion
One of the possible benefits from cloud computing is cost saving. This leads
to different service models in cloud computing. The primary service models being
deployed are commonly known as
1. Software as a Service
2. Platform as a Service
3. Infrastructure as a Service
In this thesis we conclude from the stochastic models of CCN that the
optimal resource allocations for general cloud computing can be considered as an
Open Jackson Network (Tandem) with feedback retrial mechanism. For tractability
and easy analytic methods for solutions, we assumed that the arrival process is

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Poisson and service times are exponentially distributed. In some of the models
general arrival distribution and general service times are assumed to get a realistic
model in cloud computing with regard to resource allocation. Here we considered
the service node SaaS, which includes all resources including the memory used for
software storage and data storage and also the processing mechanism. The other
service nodes such as PaaS, IaaS each of which includes memory / devices and also
153

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the processing mechanism. Since each job needs different resources the service
disciplines are assumed to be processor sharing (PS). The efficient use of the
service nodes SaaS, PaaS, IaaS are measured by each of its average response times.
The models provided in this thesis, emphasis on classification rate of jobs
and service rate which are the repercussions of resources like bandwidth, speed,
memory, quality of resource assigned, availability and selection criteria etc. The
objective of this thesis, is to decide optimal parameters such a service rate and
response time with the cost minimization criteria. Since customer satisfaction is the
major characteristics of a good CCN, feedback mechanism (repetition of service) is
essential and is implemented in most of the models.
By comparing all the six models, we conclude that the last but one model
with feedback retrial is most realistic and efficient (general service time) and
customer friendly. This model provides optimal service rate (representing resource
DOO
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e
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ice
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mp
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is general and service time is exponentially distributed is more realistic than the
previous models but the computational complexity is a hurdle to find the optimal
VHUYLFH UDWH 1 D
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2 . If feedback retrials are allowed in this general
model it
becomes more complicated and can be considered for future research in this field.

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154

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7.1.1 Contribution of Researcher
Cloud computing research at the present scenario has entered into a very
complicated stage in which each job needs time sharing services such as memory,
processor, software and other relevant platforms. This increases the complexity of
the problem and getting an analytical solution becomes very tedious. The
researcher’s approach to the problem is entirely different. We bifurcated the
resources into three different categories SaaS, PaaS and IaaS in the macro level.
Thus the Mathematical model we proposed becomes an Open Jackson Network
with different nodes and hence analytical solution is feasible by established product
form solution. Even though our model represents exactly all intricacies of the cloud
computing problem, it gives an underlying queueing network structure and leads
towards a concreate Mathematical model.
The researcher’s approach towards resource allocation far better than the
previous approaches and it is established analytically. Cost optimization is the
criterion used to get optimal service rate at each node. The remarkable contribution
made in the thesis is designing a simple cloud computing network which becomes
an Open Jackson Network and it has been analyzed accordingly.

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In future, the researchers who want to do in-depth research in the
cloud computing field may use time sharing concepts at the service level to get a
more accurate cloud computing model.
155

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7.2 Scope for Further Research
In this thesis, we studied six different models representing CCN. These
stochastic models for CCN are most general and abstract to deal with resource
allocation in cloud computing. In future, micro level studies for resource allocation
such as memory allocation, bandwidth allocation, computing capacity allocation,
speed with scalability and security can be done as assignment problems in operation
research.
Linear programming algorithms such as simplex methods or its variance can
be used to allocate these resources to the job request from the clients in a more
scientific way. Another direction of extension is compatible with our queueing
models in which the CCN has four different nodes which are classifier, SaaS, PaaS
and IaaS equivalent to Open Jackson network (but not in Tandem). In this case, the
complexity of the model will increase but the scope for the further research is
abundant.
The following research directions are suggested to take this research work to
the next level.

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One direction of future research can be proposed as efficient task
assignment strategy whereby the utilization of cloud resources as well
as the performance indicators (e.g., waiting time, response time,
blocking probability and probability of immediate service) are
improved simultaneously.
156

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In future researchers can plan to include burst arrivals of request or a
kind of task including several subtasks. Looking in to the cloud
entities and breaking down the response time into several components
such as setup, execution, return, and an up time will be another
dimension of extension.
In the present scenario cloud computing is the state of art in the
information technology industry but the major problem is data
security. Since the core data are an assent to a client who is requesting
for service, his prime concern is security of data. So further success in
cloud computing depends on the data security research and its
implementation by the service provider.
At present, in cloud computing, data center power consumption is
very huge. So another direction for further research is to optimize the
performance and minimizes energy consumption. What is more, this
work has social significance as it not only reduces the on-going
operating costs but also minimize the emission of carbon dioxide.

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To optimize the server utilization the number of servers in SaaS, PaaS

and IaaS can be increased. This will lead to a new model to solve
resource allocation problems.
To Order Full/Complete PhD Thesis

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In Just Rs. 45000 INR*
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Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

(All Rights Reserved)

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

Our society is being transformed by the power of technology and global

competition. An understanding of the interaction of information and technology

contributing to the competitive nature of both individuals and institutions will

through information technology [11].

Throughout its 60 years of history, computer systems have been evolved in

a spiral way of integration and distribution. They experienced a transition from

centralized, massive, shared mainframes in 1970s to decentralized, handy, private

shared machines invisible to users: so-called cloud computing systems.

The basic idea of cloud computing is to deliver computational resources as

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

with sophisticated virtualization techniques to realize high-level scalability, agility

scale, is unprecedented in the history of IT", Armbrust [4].

Consequently, building enterprise systems on cloud computing platform is

becoming increasingly popular in these days. In contrast to a conventional on

software resources to users on demand via the internet, generally in a pay-per-use

manner. It significantly reduces the cost for deploying and maintaining of

The cloud is described as a three-tier structure, namely Infrastructure as a

low-layer to high-layer as shown in figure 1.1. A developer chooses an appropriate

system models allocate resources in an efficient manner and increase the

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

1.2 Research Objectives

This thesis concentrates on efficient resource management for distributed

computing. In the essence of resource management, the thesis mainly focuses on

resource allocation in cloud computing. Cloud computing is a part of distributed

of resource is a challenging problem. The researcher proposes and develops

approaches for a model for resource allocation as a queueing network which

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

agreement including the parameter cost of operation, availability and response

The main objective of this thesis is to study optimal resource allocation

cost involved is minimum. In the past researchers concentrated on the resource

The researcher considers various methods of queuing theory concepts such as

Optimal allocation of system resources, through proper classifications of jobs is the

leaves the in-depth study on service node to further research.

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

1.3 Thesis Organization

Chapter 2 discusses the state of the art resource allocation techniques

computing is most essential. It presents the related approaches of systems

where resources are provided by their stable holders to achieve a common

objective. Subsequently, the comprehensive review of literature on resource

management in distributed computing is depicted clearly.

Chapter 3 considers two different models. The first model proposes an

architecture to manage dynamic resource allocation and offering in cloud

queuing system with FCFS and classifies to transfer the appropriate

locations. Through the calculation, this model is able to answer two

questions 1. Mean number of request in waiting and 2. The probability that

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

with the Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing with General Service

number of servers. In general ‘efficiency of a server’ is measured

Chapter 4 considers, Retrial of job request and Resource Allocations in

Cloud Computing. This model consists of Cloud Computing Network

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

Writekraft Research & Publications LLP

is allowed in classification node. This result can also be interpreted in a

different way that the resource allocation in CCN be optimized by

system. The optimal service level * is obtained by using the cost

In Chapter 5, the first model describes the resource allocation in cloud

computing network in which classification time has general distribution and

feedback of jobs is allowed. The total expected cost as a function of service

service node 2, three different categories of services are provided. The