2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications (ICESA 2015)
Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India 30 Oct - 01 Nov, 2015
Modified OCC based Single-Phase
Grid connected Hybrid PV/Battary System
Jaysing A. Kshirsagar1, Ganesh H. Patil2, K. Vadirajachraya3
123
Department of Electrical Engineering
1
ZES’s ZCOER, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 2Dr. DYPIET, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 3Dr. BATU, Lorene, Maharashtra, India
1
jay41090@gmail.com, 2ganeshkochur@gmail.com, 3kvadiraj5959@gmail.com
Abstract— Reformation of the electricity sector along with
different renewable energy promotion policies has incremented
importance of small grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems
utilizing single-stage single-phase inverters. This paper proposes
a single-stage inverter with maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) and one cycle control (OCC) for grid connected (PV)
system. This control scheme predicated on the output current-
adjusting feature of one cycle control. Schemes predicated on
one-cycle control (OCC) which do not need the service of a phase
locked loop for interfacing the inverter to the grid is increasingly
being employed for such applications. However, the OCC-
predicated schemes reported earlier required sensing of the grid
voltage which scarcely offsets one of the intrinsic strengths
of OCC- predicated systems. In an effort to surmount the above
circumscription, OCC predicated grid connected single-stage PV
system is proposed and does not required sensing the grid
voltage. In this paper proposed scheme operated as a ‘power
system stabilization’ for achieving constant grid voltage at time
of transmutation in solar insolation. It will be analyse with
the FFT analysis. The proposed hybrid PV/Battery system
is interface with utility grid to mitigate the impact of utility
system operation. Viability of the proposed scheme is attest by
performing simulation and results validation.
Keywords—One cycle Control (OCC); Maximum power point
Tracking (MPPT); PV array; Single phase inverter; Battery.
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar photovoltaic (PV) based systems are increasingly
being used for electricity production in the context of global
warming, climate change, and rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels.
A portion of the huge gap between the expected demand and
availability of the electricity to be met from renewable energy
sources like solar PV. Further, the renewable energy
promotion policies across different parts of the globe, like feed
in tariff, renewable portfolio standard, net metering, etc. [1],
are providing considerable incentives even to individual single
phase customers to install solar PV panels and sell the excess
power generated to the utility.
A reliable and low cost single-phase grid connected
inverter which requires little maintenance has become the
order of the day for interfacing such low capacity systems to
grid. These grid connected inverters convert the available
direct current supplied by the PV panels and feed it into the
utility grid. Typically grid connected photovoltaic system has
more than one power processing stages [2]. The first stage is
usually a DC-DC converter which draws peak available power
978-1-4673-6817-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
from the solar array by incorporating maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) and also provides a boost in the dc-link
voltage level. The output of this stage is inverted using single
or multiple stage DC–AC inverters before feeding to the grid
[2]. Unlike the two stage systems, inverter in a single-stage
system performs the following two functions: 1) extracts peak
available power from the solar array by employing a proper
MPPT algorithm and 2) dumps the power derived from the
solar array on the grid by maintaining the power quality
discipline of the utility. Hence, the control configuration of
single stage inverter based grid connected systems generally
consists of two current-control loops. A fast inner current
controller regulates the current injected to the grid while
maintaining prescribed total harmonic distortion (THD) and
power factor, while a slow outer current control loop
incorporates the MPPT algorithm employed.
When interfacing PV system to grid, it required phase
lock loop (PLL). Designing a PLL for interfacing with a weak
grid is always a difficult proposition considering the
nonidealities like frequency variation and harmonic distortions
present in the line voltages [3]. In an effort to simplify the
control structure of grid connected inverters in a PV system,
schemes based on one cycle control (OCC) have been
proposed [4]. Systems based on OCC do not require the
service of a PLL [3]. The one cycle controlled single-phase
inverter is very suitable for realisation and controlling the
maximum power from the solar array is very sensitive to the
set of design parameters. One cycle controller requires less
number of sensors (two) as compared to that required (four) in
[4] for the implementation of the core controller comprising of
OCC and MPPT blocks.
PV systems generate energy with minimal environmental
impact. However, a simple PV system without storage
provides power only when the sun shines. It does not produce
power in the evening when loads can be high, and the power
output from a PV system can increase or decrease rapidly due
to cloud passages. While the markets for grid-connected
residential and commercial PV systems are growing rapidly,
the total contribution of PV systems to the nation’s power
supply is small and currently has no significant effect on the
operation of the nation’s power systems. The proposed system
has battery backup to fulfil the requirement of additional
power is shown in Fig. 1. However, as the quantity of energy
generated by solar and other distributed energy systems
765
becomes significant, these systems have the potential to
adversely impact utility system operation. To mitigate these
impacts, changes are likely to be made to utility/PV system
interface requirements and to utility rate structures, which in
turn may alter the value of these systems.
+ +
AC
1 ݊
GRID
_ _
+ +
IRRADIANCE PV
(W/m2) ARRAY
_ _
BUCK +
BATTARY
BOOST
BANK
CONVERTER
_
DC BUS
Fig. 1 Block diagram of Hybrid PV/ Battery system
II. PROPOSED OCC BASED INVERTER FOR PV SYSTEM
A single-stage grid connected PV system [5] having a
single-phase full bridge voltage source inverter. The inverter
switches are controlled to generate an output voltage from the
inverter whose fundamental component is VI. By controlling
the magnitude and phase of VI through a proper pulse width
PRGXODWLRQVWUDWHJ\WKHSRZHUÀRZIURPWKHVRODUDUUD\WRWKH
grid can be controlled while maintaining a high power factor
and low harmonic distortion.
Is jLw P
OCC
Vs 0 CONVERTER
Vi1 ɷ
Fig. 2 Phasor model of Grid connected system
Considering the phasor model of the system shown in Fig.
2 and assuming the system to be lossless, the expression for
UHDOSRZHUÀRZIURPWKHLQYHUWHUWRWKHJULGFDQEHH[SUHVVHG
as follows
௩೔భ ௩ೞ ୱ୧୬ ఋ
‫ ݌‬ൌ ሺͳሻ
ఠ௅
where Vs is the rms grid voltage, Ȧ is the grid frequency, and į
is the phase angle between the fundamental component of the
output voltage of the inverter and the grid voltage. The
inverter, however, cannot be controlled with the basic OCC-
based control technique as basic OCC-based schemes exhibit
instability in operation when the converter involved is
operated in an inverting mode of operation [5]. In order to
overcome this problem, D PRGL¿HG 2&& 0-OCC)- based
scheme has been reported in [8]. Although the scheme
presented in [6] does not require the service of a PLL, it needs
to sense instantaneous grid voltage similar to the case of [7].
In the scheme reported in [6], the sensed grid voltage is
PXOWLSOLHG E\ D FRQVWDQW JDLQ WR JHQHUDWH D ¿FWLWLRXV FXUUHQW
VLJQDOLILQSKDVHZLWKWKHJULGYROWDJH7KLV¿FWLWLRXVFXUUHQW
signal is then added to the actual current drawn by the
inverter. The sum of these two signals is then used by the
OCC core controller to generate gating pulses for the inverter
switches.
RL
LOAD The scheme proposed in this paper does not sense the grid
YROWDJH WR JHQHUDWH WKH ¿FWLWLRXV FXUUHQW VLJQDO UHTXLUHG WR
circumvent the issue of instability in OCC based inverter. It
V\QWKHVL]HV WKH ¿FWLWLRXV FXUUHQW VLJQDO UHTXLUHG E\
OCC
multiplying the fundamental component of the inverter output
INVERTER voltage with a constant gain. Information regarding the
inverter output voltage is obtained from the switching function
used to trigger the inverter switches and not by sensing the
inverter output voltage per sec. The schematic control block
diagram of the proposed scheme is shown in Fig. 3.
The dc-link capacitor voltage is sensed and compared
with a set reference, and the error so generated is fed to a
proportional and integral regulator to produce a signal Vm. A
sawtooth waveform of constant frequency having a peak to
peak value of 2Vm is generated using a resettable integrator. A
free running clock having a time period Ts is used to reset the
integrator.The time constant of the integrator Ti is chosen to
be half of Ts as explained in [8].
Rp-1
2nd-Order
BPF
SATURATION
If _
Is X
SUM Rs +
+ S Q
_ S2 S4
R Q S1 S3
Vdc Vdc*+ PI Vm +
SUM SUM Z^&>/W-&>KW
CONTROLLER
_ _
Vdc INTEGRATER
CLOCK
Fig. 3 Control block diagram of the proposed scheme
$ ¿FWLWLRXV FXUUHQW VLJQDO SURSRUWLRQDO WR IXQGDPHQWDO
component of the output voltage of the inverter (if =VI1/Rp) is
added with the source current and properly scaled to obtain the
modulating signal x, where,
௩೔
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݅௦ ൅ ݅௙ ൌ ݅௦ ൅ ሺʹሻ
ோ೛
In order to obtain VI1 and hence if inverter switching
pulses are passed through a saturator. The output of the
saturator pulsates between the scaled dc-link voltage (Vdc) and
zero in tandem with the pulsation of the switching sequence
between the states one and zero. The signal proportional to VI
LV REWDLQHG E\ ¿OWHULQJ WKH RXWSXW RI WKH VDWXUDWRU 7KH
766
harmonic spectrum of saturator output has: 1) A fundamental
frequency component (50 Hz); 2) A dc component; and 3) CLOCK

Higher frequency components centered around multiples of

VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\ +HQFH D EDQG SDVV ¿OWHU %3) LV
required to retrieve the fundamental component of this signal
DQG¿OWHURXWWKHGFDQGKLJKHURUGHUFRPSRQHQWV$VHFRQG-
order BPF having a central frequency equal to the power
frequency (50 Hz) is used for the purpose.
The modulating signal is multiplied by a gain Rs and is
then compared with the sawtooth waveform to generate the
switching pulses. At every rising edge of the clock pulse, S2
and S4 are turned on which leads to the increment in source
current is. When the modulating signal becomes equal to the
sawtooth waveform, S2 and S4 are turned off and S1 and S3 are
turned on so that the modulating signal and hence is decrease.
The rising and falling slopes of is given by (vs+ Vdc)/ L and
(vsí9dc )/L, respectively, where Vs is utility voltage, Vdc is the
dc-link capacitor voltage, and L is the magnitude of the boost
inductor.
The modulating signal x is being compared with the saw-
tooth waveform to generate the switching pulses. When x is
less than the sawtooth waveform, S2 and S4 are on, and the
output voltage of the inverter is í9dc. When x is greater than
the sawtooth waveform, S1 and S3 are turned on, and the
output voltage of the inverter is +Vdc. Hence, the average
output voltage of the inverter during a switching time period
(time period of the sawtooth waveform) is
ܸ௠ െ ‫ݔ‬ ܸ௠ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ ܸௗ௖
‫ݒ‬ூ ൌ ሺെܸௗ௖ ሻ ൅ ሺܸௗ௖ ሻ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ሺ͵ሻ
ʹܸ݉ ʹǨ ܸ௠
Therefore, it can be inferred from (3) that the average inverter
output voltage in a switching time period is proportional to the
modulating signal x. Further, the fundamental component of
the output voltage of the inverter will be in phase with the
modulating signal. By combining (2) and (3), the expression
for inverter output voltage averaged over a switching time
period is obtained as follow;
ܴ௦ ܸௗ௖ ܸ௜
‫ݒ‬ூ  ൌ  ൬݅௦ ൅  ൰ሺͶሻ
ܸ݉ ܴ௠ 
From the aforementioned expression, it can be inferred that VI
and is are having a phase shift of either 0ƕ or 180ƕ between
each other.
III. MPPT REALISATION USING P & O METHOD
P&O method is one of the popular methods to track the
maximum power point [9]. Implementation of MPPT by P&O
method is generally done by using DSP or microcomputer, but
discrete analog and digital circuitry can also be used for the
purpose [10]. The analog controller proposed in this paper for
the implementation of the P&O algorithm is shown in Fig. 4.
767
SAMPLE Vm/Vdc* (t-T)
& _
+/- Vsat
HOLD
TOGGLE
+
Vm ÷ Vm/Vdc* (t)
×
MULTIPLIER
+/- Vsat
SATURATOR INTEGRATOR
Vdc*
Fig. 4. Control block diagram of MPPT Realization
The controller consists of an analog multiplier, a sample
and hold circuit, a free-running clock, a toggle switch, and an
integrator. The P & O controller receives the signal Vm from
the OCC controller of Fig. 3. The output of the P & O
controller is Vdcȗ which sets dc-link voltage reference required
by the OCC controller of Fig. 3. An integrator connected to
WKHRXWSXWRIDWRJJOHÀLS-ÀRSJHQHUDWHVWKHYROWDJHUHIHUHQFH
VdcȗǤ The period of the P & O cycle is decided by a free-
running clock which sets sampling instants for the sample-
and-KROG FLUFXLW DQG WRJJOLQJ LQVWDQWV IRU WKH WRJJOH ÀLS-ÀRS
'HSHQGLQJRQWKHRXWSXWOHYHORIWKHWRJJOHÀLS-ÀRSVdcȗ can
have either a rising or a falling slope. The rate of change in
Vdcȗ is kept much smaller than the control bandwidth of the
OCC controller. An analog multiplier of low bandwidth is
used to perform the division Vm/Vdc. The signal Vm/Vdc is
sampled at the beginning of a period of a P & O cycle using
the sample and hold circuit.
A comparator compares the current value of Vm/Vdc with
that of its previous value stored in the sample-and-hold circuit.
A positive comparator output implies that in the current cycle,
the power delivered by the inverter has decreased as per [11]
while a negative comparator output indicates an increment in
power in the current P & O cycle. Therefore, when the output
of the comparator is positive, the slope of Vdcȗ is reversed to
that followed in the previous P & O cycle. Furthermore, if the
comparator output is negative, the slope of Vdcȗ is maintained
the same as that of the previous cycle.
IV. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Energy storage system is composed of a battery bank
[12], a buck-boost DC/DC converter and control system. The
system should be able to operating in two ways: the battery
can be charged to store the excess energy and also can
discharge the energy when to loads. In proposed scheme, the
battery is connected to the dc bus through a buck-boost
converter, as shown in Fig. 5. The utility grid is considered as
main source and the battery bank serves as a short-duration
power source to meet the load demands which cannot be fully
met by the PV system, particularly during fluctuations of the
solar or transient periods. The primary objective of the battery
converter is to maintain the common dc link voltage constant.
In this way, no matter the battery is charging or discharging,
the voltage of the dc bus can be stable and thus the ripple in 4) Rp: 1.5 ȍ5s: 0.16 ȍ
the capacitor voltage is much less. 5) Quality factor of BPF (Q):2;
6) Control frequency of BPF: 49.8 Hz.
A. Buck-Boost converter 7) Battery voltage: 220 V;
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter 8) RL load: 300 watt.
that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than 7KH VSHFL¿FDWLRQV IRU WKH VRODU DUUD\ XVHG LQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ
or less than the input voltage magnitude. Two different study are provided in Table I, corresponding to 1000W/m2 and
topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can 800W/m2 insolation levels. According to change in insolation
produce a range of output voltages, from an output voltage level, Simulation can be studied in two case. Case one is in
much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, steady state condition and other second case is in change in
down to almost zero [12]. The output voltage is of the insolation level of PV array.
opposite polarity than the input. This is a switched-mode
power supply with a similar circuit topology to the boost TABLE I PV ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS
converter and the buck converter. The output voltage is
adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. Peak power (Pp) 2 kw 1.5 kw
One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch Peak power voltage (Vmp) 220 V 188 V
does not have a terminal at ground; this complicates the
driving circuitry. Neither drawback is of any consequence if Current at peak power (Imp) 8.8A 6A
the power supply is isolated from the load circuit (if, for
Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 230 V 195 V
example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode
polarity can simply be reversed. The switch can be on either Solar Isolation 1000W/m 2
800W/m2
the ground side or the supply side. A buck (step-down)
converter followed by a boost (step-up) converter. The output A. Steady Operation
voltage is of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower
When the system is in steady state, solar insolation is 1000
or higher than the input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost
W/m2. The output voltage of PV array is constant at constant
converter may use a single inductor which is used for both the
insolation. The DC link voltage is maintain in constant voltage
buck inductor and the boost inductor. It shows in Fig. 5.
220 volts. Also output of OCC inverter is in constant profile. It
L S1 DC LINK
shows in Fig. 6. In this case Battery backup is not needed for
constant dc link voltage profile.
DC link Voltage
250

S2 200
ATTARY
voltage (volts)

150

100

BOOST BUCK
50
Fig. 5 Buck- Boost Converter for Proposed Scheme
0
When charging, switch S2 is activated and the converter 0 0.1 0.2
Time (sec)
0.3 0.4 0.5

works as a boost circuit, otherwise, when discharging, switch

Inverter Output voltage
S1 is activated and the converter works as a buck circuit. When 300
the voltage at dc link is lower than the voltage reference,
200
switch S1 is activated; when the voltage at dc link is higher
than the voltage reference, switch S2 is activated.
voltage (volts)

100

0
V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
-100
In order to predict the performance of the proposed one
cycle-controlled voltage-sensorless grid-connected system, -200

detailed simulation studies are carried out on MATLAB– -300

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Simulink platform. In order to objectively show that the Time (sec)
proposed voltage sensorless scheme does not have the Fig. 6 Simulation Results of the system in steady state: (a) DC link Voltage,
problem of current instability while operating in the inverting (b) Inverter Output Voltage
mode of operation, a model of the system shown in Fig. 1 is
simulated [13]. The parameters the inverter chosen for the The steady operation is not present in all time of sunny
purpose of simulation [13] and the controller are as follows: days, because sun light is not constant in all day time. Hence
storage system is required for this condition for maintaining
1) Switching frequency: 20 kHz; constant DC link voltage. Energy storage system is nothing
2) dc-link capacitor: 2200 —F; but the battery backup for this application. This can be
3) Series inductor: 2 mH; discussed in next case.

768
 B. Changes of Solar Insolation (case 1). When single phase load and solar inverter connected
to load is (case 2). This can be clearly shown in Table II.
Assuming solar irradiance changes: during 0 to 0.2s, solar
irradiance is 1000 W/m2; during 0.2s to 0.4s, solar irradiance TABLE II VOLTAGE COMPANSATION
is 800 W/m2; during 0.4s to 0.5s, solar irradiance returns back
to 1000 W/m2. According to insolation level DC link voltage Inverter output
Condition Grid Voltage Load voltage
voltage
is changed. This is shown in Fig. 7. Due to a change in the
voltage of the photovoltaic generator, the battery will charge Case I 230 V Not connected 223.5 V
or discharge to maintain the power balance.
Case II 230 V 235 V 232.2 V
DC link Voltage
250

200 Case I,
Voltage (volts)

150 When nonlinear load is connected to the Utility Grid, load

voltage is 223.5 V and load current is 1.3 A. They required the
100 voltage compensation for achieving the load voltage demand.
50 Case II,
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
For achieving the voltage compensation, grid connected
Time (sec) PV system is connected in between utility grid and nonlinear
Inverter Output Voltage
250 load. This grid connected PV system is act as voltage
200
compensation. Output voltage of inverter is 235 V for
150 boosting the load voltage up to 232.2 V.
Voltage (volts)

100

50

0
Load Voltage
-50 300
-100
200
-150
Voltage (volts)

-200
100
-250
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Time (sec)
-100
Fig. 7 The effect of battery on DC voltage and its Charge when irradiance
changes: (a) DC link voltage, (b) inverter output voltage -200

When the irradiance changes there is a droop on -300

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
photovoltaic current and voltage so battery will charge or Time (sec)
Load Current
discharge to make up with this power unbalance. When 1.5

irradiance is 1000W/m2, PV voltage is nearly 230 volts. When 1

irradiance change to 800 W/m2, DC link voltage is fall down
Current (amps)

up to 195 volts and after irradiance return back to 1000W/m2, 0.5

DC link voltage grow up to given 230 volts. For the achieving 0

stable operation, battery backup is used. Fig. 7 shows the -0.5
simulation results of the battery effect.
-1
The effect of battery on DC link voltage at irradiance
-1.5
changes, the DC link voltage is maintain constant and inverter 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)
output voltage is also maintain constant profile. This
Simulated results shown in Fig. 8. When there is no battery in Fig. 8 Simulation results of Load side: (a) load current (b) Load voltage
the generation system, power delivered into the utility grid
changes as PV generation changes, moreover, the voltage and D. FFT Anlysis of Utility Grid
current at the ac bus will also change as a result.
The FFT analysis of proposed scheme is based on Total
On the contrary, when there is a battery bank in the Harmonic Distortion (THD) of load side output voltage and
system, the battery can charge or discharge help to maintain output current. When OCC based PV generator fed the power
the voltage, current and power constant, and thus improve the to the single phase system, it will improve the voltage and
stability at the point of common coupling. current profile. From the previous simulation model we can
C. Analysis of Utility Grid clearly studied that; when Solar insolation changes, output of
load side utility grid not be changed. Because of energy
In this case, analysis of single phase system along with storage device present in proposed scheme. Fig. 9 shows the
RL load can be studied. It shows that nonlinear load is parallel simulation result analysis of load side utility grid. The load
RL load up to 300 watt supplied by the single phase source current is 1.33 amps and load voltage is 232 volts.

769
Requirement of Additional power for supplying local load can
be achieve by OCC based PV generator. The PV generator put
the power into the single phase utility grid. This can be detail
studied in this project. But PV generator put the additional
power to utility grid, harmonics and other unwanted
components are also present in this power.
Fig.9 FFT analysis of load side utility grid.
The total harmonic distortion THD in current and voltage
at load side are analysed. Fig. 9 Shows the FFT analysis of
load side utility grid. It shows that output current THD is
4.01% at current value 1.33A and output voltage THD is
4.08%. This THD values are suitable according to IEEE
standards.
[3] Dezso Sera,, Laszlo Mathe,, Tamas Kerekes, Sergiu Viorel Spataru, and
Remus Teodorescu, “On the Perturb-and-Observe and Incremental
Conductance MPPT Methods for PV Systems” IEEE JOURNAL OF
PHOTOVOLTAICS, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2013.
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“Maximum power point tracking in a one cycle controlled single stage
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2684–2693, Jul. 2008.
[5] Sreeraj E. S., Kishore Chatterjee, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay, “One-
Cycle-Controlled Single-Stage Single-Phase Voltage-Sensorless Grid-
Connected PV System,” IEEE transactions on industrial electronics,
VOL. 60, NO. 3, MARCH 2013.
[6] '9*KRGNH.&KDWWHUMHHDQG%*)HUQDQGHV³0RGL¿HGRQHF\FOH
controlled bi-directional high power factor AC to DC converter,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2459–2472, Jun. 2008.
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[8] Y. Chen and K. M. Smedley, “A cost-effective single-stage inverter with
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[10] K. Chatterjee, D. V. Ghodke, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, “Simple
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VI. CONCLUSION
An M-OCC based Single phase grid connected Hybrid
PV/battery system has proposed. Limitation of the
existing OCC based inverters, such as requirement of sensing
the grid voltage to tackle the instability problem. This
is circumvented in the proposed scheme. The proposed
scheme based on a single stage of power conversion and
realize by utilizing a considerably less number of sensors
compared to that of conventional schemes. For achieving the
voltage stabilization, grid connected PV system connected in
between utility grid and nonlinear load. This grid connected
PV system is act as voltage stabilization. In order to predict
that proposed scheme is successfully boost the voltage at
‘under voltage condition’. All the aforementioned features of
the scheme make it an ideal candidate for small and
distributed single-phase grid connected PV systems. Viability
RI WKH VFKHPH KDV EHHQ FRQ¿UPHG E\ SHUIRUPLQJ GHWDLOHG
simulation studies. PV systems. The viability of the scheme
KDVEHHQFRQ¿UPHGE\SHUIRUPLQJGHWDLOHd simulation studies.
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