RESPIRATORY

Umi Kalsum / 1714440011

ICP of Biology Education
Umikalsumarifin@yahoo.com

Abstract : Respiration is an oxidative process controlled by three pathways: glycolysis, the

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Respiratory
metabolism is ubiquitous in all organisms, but with differences among each other. For
example in plants, because their high plasticity, respiration involves metabolic pathways with
unique characteristics. Oxygen is necessary for the formation of energy for the bodies of
living things. The energy required by the millions of cell activity is derived from the results of
biological oxidation reactions. The main principle of the biological oxidation reaction is the
transfer of hydrogen atoms from the donor to the receiver along with the transfer of a certain
amount of phosphate bond energy. To ensure the continuity of such processes, oxygen must
be in sufficient quantities. This practice is carried out with the aim of proving that oxygen is
needed in respiration, proving that in the breathing process O2 is produced and produces CO2,
tissue oxidation, and lung permeability to gas. This report will discuss the results of the
observation of respiratory observation that has been done.
Keyword: Respiration, Respiratory, Oxygen

A. INTRODUCTION
Every moment we breathe and let out air. We can live to this day because we are still
breathing. Of course we will die if not breathing because breathing is one of the
characteristics of all kinds of living things. Without realizing it, every moment in the body
occurs a process of breathing that involves the tools of respiratory. Breathing is the process of
living things to take oxygen gas (O2) into the body and release carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water vapor (H2O) out of the body.
Human can not use solar energy directly for his life activities. Therefore, humans use
the energy stored in food substances. In the body, food must be oxidized, and this oxidation
process requires oxygen. Oxygen can be obtained if we do respiration or respiration. In
addition to humans, animals also perform the process of breathing with various organs. One is
an animal that lives in water that breathes through the gills, but there are also animals that live
in breathing water using the lungs, the mammals that breed in the sea like whales. The whale
is benapas through the lungs even though the whale lives in the water. Because whales are
animals that feed the baby whales, so it can be said that whales are one example of mammals
that live in water.
 In the inheritance of nature or crosses, there is a principle that we must remember,
the genes that play a role in the regulation and determination of the characters given the
symbols of letters and genes that are dominant expressed by capital letters. Recessive genes
are expressed by lowercase letters, eg genes that determine short trunk properties written with
the letter "t". Thus, it can be interpreted that the dominant stem is dominant to the short stem,
and vice versa the short stem is recessive to the high stem. In humans and vertebrate animals,
the union of sperm and ovum each of which is haploid (n) will form a zygote. The zygote
grows and develops into a diploid individual (2n), so the individual possessing that trait is
expressed in two letters (Tim Dosen Respiration is the process of oxidation of foodstuffs or
organic matter occurring in cells that can be done aerobically or anaerobically under aerobic
conditions, this respiration requires free oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and energy. If the
oxidized is sugar, Thus, it can be interpreted that the dominant stem is dominant to the short
stem, and vice versa the short stem is recessive to the high stem (Tim Penyusun, 2018).
Respiration is an oxidative process controlled by three pathways: glycolysis, the
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Respiratory
metabolism is ubiquitous in all organisms, but with differences among each other. For
example in plants, because their high plasticity, respiration involves metabolic pathways with
unique characteristics. In this way, in order to avoid states of low energy availability, plants
exhibit great flexibility to bypass conventional steps of glycolysis, TCA cycle, and OXPHOS.
To understand the energetic link between these alternative pathways, it is important to know
the growth, maintenance, and ion uptake components of the respiration in plants. Changes in
these components have been reported when plants are subjected to stress, such as oxygen
deficiency. This review analyzes the current knowledge on the metabolic and functional
aspects of plant respiration, its components and its response to environmental changes (Toro.
2014).
Humans need a continuous supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and they must
get rid of excess carbon dioxide, the poisonous waste product of process. Gas exchange
supports the support this cellular respiration by constantly supplying oxygen and removing
carbon dioxide. The oxygen we need is derived from the earth‟s atmosphere which 21%
oxygen. This oxygen in the air is exchanged in the body by the respiratory surface. I humans
the alveoli in the lungs serve as the surface for gas exchange (Majumder. 2015)
For small insects, diffusion through the trachea carries enough of O2 and removes
much CO2 to support cellular respiration. Larger insects meet their higher energy needs by
ventilating the tracheal system with rhythmic body movements that suppress and develop
airways such as air purifiers. For example, a flying insect has a very high metabolic rate,
consuming 10 to 200 times more O2 than when resting. In most flying insects, the contraction
and relaxation of the alternating flying muscles pumps the air rapidly through the tracheal
system. Flying muscle cells are loaded with mitochondria supporting high metabolic rates,
while tracheal channels supply each of these ATP-producing organelles with sufficient O2.
Thus, tracheal system adaptations are directly related to bionergetics (Campbell, 2008).
The process of inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide is known as
respiration. The function of the lungs is the interchange of the gases oxygen and carbon
dioxide. This exchange of “stale air for fresh air” is accomplished by the mechanical process
of breathing. Breathing consists of two phases: inspiration (breathing in), during which air
flows into the lungs and expiration (breathing out), during which air is expelled from the
lungs. The combined actions of the inspiration and expiration constitute the respiratory cycle.
The delivery of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the body are
accomplished in three phases; external respiration transpiration of gases in the body and
internal respiration. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and blood in the „pulmonary capillaries‟ via the interstitial fluid. The
oxygen diffuse due to pressure gradient, into the blood and at the same time carbon dioxide
diffuses in the reverse direction. Thus the blood is changed from “Venous Blood” (Low in
Oxygen) to “Arterial Blood” (higher in Oxygen). Internal respiration is the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in the “systemic capillaries” and the cells via the
interstitial fluid. Since the metabolic cells constantly consume oxygen and produce carbon
dioxide, the concentration of the oxygen will be lower and the carbon dioxide concentration
will be higher at the cells than in the arterial blood towards the cells while carbon dioxide
diffuses away from the cells towards the blood (Majumder.2015).
The morphology of the respiratory system of basal araneomorph spiders, the
Haplogynae and of Entelegynae with female haplogyne genitalia, is reviewed. The homology
of cuticular respiratory structures is discussed in light of evidence from abdominal muscles
and ontogeny. Ten morphological characters (13 transformations) were coded, mainly from
the posterior pulmonary (or tracheal) segment, and other 7 non-respiratory characters here
added. The new data were combined with those of a previously published analysis, resulting
in a data matrix of 82 characters scored for 44 terminals. The evolution of the tracheal system
is traced through the phylogeny of basal spiders and the Haplogynae, and new
synapomorphies are provided. Elongate 3rd abdominal entapophyses are a synapomorphy of
Araneomorphae. True median tracheae are a synapomorphy of Entelegynae (convergently
with Austrochilinae), as is the extreme posterior displacement and narrowing of the tracheal
spiracle. Tetrablemmidae, Pholcidae, Diguetidae and Plectreuridae are united by the absence
of tracheae; and these taxa are united with Scytodidae, Sicariidae and Drymusidae by the
fusion of 3rd entapophyses (Ramirez. 2000).
The lungs are enclosed by the thoracic vertebrae, respiratory muscles and diaphragm.
The only means of communication between the lungs and external environment is by way of
conducting passages. For air in the lungs to be changed there must be alternate inflow and
outflow of air through the conducting passages leading to and from alveoli. The flow of air,
like the flow of fluid, requires pressure to an area of low pressure. Since the atmospheric is
relatively constant, creation of pressure gradient depends upon the intrapulmonic pressure
being alternately lower and higher than atmospheric pressure. This is accomplished by
changing the size (volume) of the thoracic cavity and consequently the intrapulmonic
pressure. It is achieved through the combined action of the main respiratory muscles, the
diaphragm and external intercostals when the thoracic pressure is lowered, and the pressure
on the lungs is decreased conversely. When the thoracic volume is reduced, the intrathoracic
pressure is raised, and the pressure on the lung is increased (Majumder. 2015).

B. METHODS
Observations were made on Tuesday, April 16, 2019 at the Third Floor Zoology
Laboratory, West, Biology Department, FMIPA UNM
Activity 1, Oxidation is Needed in Breathing
Animals are weighed first, then 1-2 crystals of KOH or NaOH are put into a
respirometer tube wrapped in cotton. The test animal is inserted into the respirometer. The
surface between the tube and the cover is smeared with vaselin. After that, place the
respirometer on the stand and place it on a flat place. Add the eosin solution into the 1-2 mm
capillary tube using a syringe. Observe the eosin movement in the respirometer pipe for each
time unit.
Activity 2, Breathing Produces CO2
Making saturated lime solution by using 1000 ml of distilled water sprinkled with lime
while stirring until saturated. let one night. After that, strain the lime solution, take the water
and store it in an aqua bottle. Close the aqua bottle tightly. Take 5 ml of distilled water and
lime water and put it in a different glass cup. Blow distilled water and lime water solution
using a straw for 5 minutes. Observe the changes that occur.
Activity 3, Breathing Produces H2O
 The mirror is blown and then notice the water vapor formed.
Activity 4, Tissue Oxidation
Methylene blue 2-3 ml (1: 1000) is injected in an isotonic salt solution (0.7% NaCl)
into the dorsal frog sacs of the frog. After 30 minutes, the frogs are killed and immediately
check the tissues and organs: blood, muscles, pancreas, liver, heart, lymph, and kidneys. If the
network is dead, the blue color will return with the return of oxygen.
Activity 5, Lung Permeability to Gas
The frog's lungs are bound in the bronchial area after pressing out the gas contained in
it. The frogs' lungs are cut and tied, then place them on the ballast and sink into the carbonate
water in the test tube. Observe changes in the lungs.

C. OBSERVATION RESULT
Activity 1, Oxidation is Needed in Breathing
Minute Scale
1 0,13
2 0,35
3 0,52
4 0,59
5 0,65
6 0,71
7 0,75

Activity 2, Breathing Produces CO2

Materials Result
Starch solution No deposits
Oistilla water No deposits

Activity 3, Breathing Produces H2O

There is a water vapor on the mirror that proves the prosence of H2O

Activity 4, Tissue Oxidation

When injected with methylene blue in the lymph bag the blue methylene frog came
out again because the frog had died at the time of injection.
Activity 5, Lung Permeability to Gas
No Lung Concentration Before After
1 Left 1% Light, deflate Pale gray, expand
2 Right 5% Light, deflate Pale gray, expand

D. DISCUSSION
On activity 1, to prove that oxygen is needed in respiration with insect or cockroach
test animals. A simple respirometer is a device that can be used to measure the breathing
speed of some living organisms such as insects. If there is no significant temperature change,
the breathing speed can be expressed in ml/sec/g, which is the amount of oxygen used by
experimental creatures every 1 gram of weight per second. This tool works on a principle that
in breathing there is oxygen used by the organism and there is carbon dioxide released by it. If
the breathing organism is stored in a closed space and the carbon dioxide released by the
organism in the enclosed space is bound, then air shrinkage will occur. The velocity of air
depletion in that space can be noted (observed) in scale capillary pipes. Cockroach body
weight is also related to the speed of respiration, the more the cockroach's body weight, the
faster breathing in insects (cockroaches). Conversely, the lighter the cockroach's body, the
slower the breathing of cockroaches.
On activity 2, to prove that CO2 is produced in the breathing process, the precipitated
lime solution became cloudy after being blown for a while. This proves that there has been a
reaction between the solution of lime and the air produced by breathing, namely CO2 (carbon
dioxide). Lime dissolved using water will become cloudy and there will be a reaction between
lime and water and produce
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
Then exhaled by blowing using a straw for a few moments. The lime solution
becomes cloudy because the lime solution reacts with the breath, forming limestone. That
causes the color of the solution to become increasingly cloudy. In the container there is a
reaction between the solution of lime CaO and CO2, then it will produce CaCO3 and H2O.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
Information :
CaO: lime
H2O: water
Ca(OH)2 : lime solution
CO2 : carbon dioxide (the largest content of breath)
CaCO3 : limestone
On activity 3, to prove that in the process of respiration H2O is produced. The mirror
in our clean condition exhales for a while the mirror will become blurry. The condition of the
blurry mirror indicates the presence of water vapor (H2O) on the mirror surface. This proves
that the air produced by breathing produces water (H2O).
On activity 4, to prove that in the tissues or organs the oxidation process takes place.
When injected with methylene blue in the lymph bag the blue methylene frog came out again
because the frog had died at the time of injection.
On activity 5, the lungs used in this experiment were the lungs' lungs which consisted
of two lungs (on the right and left side of the frog's body). the lungs are red just after surgery.
the frog's lungs are composed of flat layer epithelial tissue can occur gas transfer through the
lung membrane which is composed of these tissues. After being removed the lungs of the frog
are tied with fine threads in the bronchial area which are requested so that blood from the
blood vessels does not flow into the lungs and creates air pressure between the environment
and the inside of the lungs. Lungs that have been fastened to the trachea to put in 1% starch
and 5%. The frog's lungs expand and the color changes to pale gray because of the increase in
CO2 into the lungs. Pulmonary surfactants also help stabilize the size of the alveoli and help
the alveoli stay open and participate in gas transfer. The starch solution becomes clear
because the CO2 gas in the starch has entered the alveolus in diffusion. Consuming CO2
which is left only a little in starch solution.

E. CONCLUSSION
Based on the data and analysis of respiratory practicum on the sprouts described above, it
can be concluded that Like other living things, sprouts, cockroaches and breathing locusts
require oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide and water vapor. What can be observed from the
movement of water in the respirometer scale pipe. Respiration sprouts, cockroaches,
grasshoppers as well as other living things. The rate of respiration of sprouts, cockroaches,
and grasshoppers tested from minute to minute, should increase with the increase in the
number of sprouts, cockroaches, and grasshoppers. And no respiration when no sprouts are
tested. The rate of respiration rate of sprouts, cockroaches, and grasshoppers depends on
several factors, including the number of sprouts, cockroaches, and grasshoppers, mass, age,
temperature, and germine substrate as described.
F. REFERENCES
Ramirez, Martin J. 2000. Respiratory System Morphology and The Phylogeny OF Haplogyne
Spiders (Aranae, Aranaemorphae). Argentina
Campbell, Neil A. 2008. Biologi Edisi 8, Jilid III. California.
Toro, Guillermo and Manuel Pinto. 2014. Plant respiration under low oxygen. Santiago.
Majumder, Newton. 2015. Physiology of Respiration. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical
Education (IOSR-JSPE).
Tim penyusun. 2018. Penuntun Praktikum Jurusan Biologi. FMIPA, UNM, Makassar