Bachelor of Engineering Technology (Energy and Environmental)

BTV 3453
ENERGY AUDITING

GROUP ASSIGNMENT
LOCATION: LIBRARY (1st FLOOR, GAMBANG)

LECTURER: DR AMIR BIN ABDUL RAZAK

SECTION: 02

NAME MATRIC ID

NURUL FARZANA BT MAZLAN TC 15012

VIVI SAFITIR BT BAHAR TC 15045

KONG QI YAN TC 15048

CHEN HUI YEE TC 15050

CHIN FOOK LOY TC 15055

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION

 Background 2-3
 Objectives
 Scope of Energy Audit

ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY

 Energy Audit Approach 4-6

 Operation of the building & Energy usage
 Initial Energy saving evaluation
 Energy Audit Measuring Equipment

ENERGY AUDIT COMPONENT

 Background of the building (Layout plan etc)
 Electrical system and electrical tariff review 7-15
 Air conditioning system
 Lighting system
 Ventilation System

ENERGY AUDIT FINDING

 Energy consumption
 Load Profile
 Load Apportioning
 Energy Management System 16-33
 Air Conditioning System
- Chilled Water Performance
- Air Conditioning Temperature Comfort Performance
- Air Conditioning RH-Humidity Comfort Performance
 Lighting System
- Lighting Comfort Performance
 Indoor Air Quality Level
- Air Quality Performance CO2 Level
 Energy Consumption Variable Factors
- Surrounding Temperature (Cooling degree days)
 - Total Working Days
 Energy Consumption Index
- Building Energy Index (BEI)
- Air Conditioning Index (ACEI)
- Lighting Energy Index (LEI)

ENERGY SAVING RECOMMENDATION 34-39

CONCLUSION 40

REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES 42-46
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This project has been done by BTV3453 Energy Auditing students as a course final
project instructed by subject lecturer Dr Amir bin Abdul Razak, as a verification for energy
auditing knowledge that obtained along this semester. This project is conducted with actual
measuring instruments provided by faculty and in-charged by technical personnel, Mr
Firdaus. The selected auditing area is library campus Gambang, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
Library is chosen due to the significance of this two-story building to UMP students and
because this is one of the major building with high energy usage in UMP. The effectiveness
of energy audit initiative done and listed in the report will directly reflect the capability of
and authenticity of student’s project work and believed able to increase energy usage
efficiency and reduce wastage of energy in library UMP. This project is basically separated
into three main phases including, investigation of electrical usage and generate possible
energy saving measures for library UMP, identify related energy consumption index which
align with the building energy cost, and finally proposing most suitable recommendation for
the best method in energy saving. Firstly, all pre-site preparation is done for example
understanding the layout drawing of the building to point out proper auditing area and
possible energy wastage zone that needed for auditing form. Afterwards, an official
appointment has been made with management personnel in library UMP and a site visit is
conducted with the accompany of building staff. All the observed condition is recorded and
obtained data is tabulated. This information is then undergoing a comprehensive analysis
work to find out the possible ECM. Also, the building energy index of this building is
calculated 121.16 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 which is much higher than the standard index set by
Malaysia Standard 1525. At the same time, air conditioning index and lighting energy index
is calculated as 113.26 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 as 35.36 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 respectively, these results
exposed the large potential of energy usage reduction in library UMP. Several ECM
recommendations with low, medium and high cost such as the utilization of natural lights,
delighting, replacing lighting and HVAC system with latest high energy saving system is
proposed. Through this energy auditing project, large potential of energy usage reduction is
found out in library UMP current operation and energy management system. More ECM
should be implement in library UMP for a better energy usage efficiency and eventually
aimed to achieve long term saving.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND

Climate change could significantly affect consumer demand for energy in buildings,
as changing temperatures may alter heating and cooling loads. Warming climates could also
lead to the increased adoption and use of cooling technologies in buildings. Therefore, we
assess library in University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Gambang campus electricity demand
and investigate the potential for energy efficiency to offset increased demand.

Energy efficiency is the key to ensuring a safe, reliable, affordable and sustainable
energy system for the future. It is the one energy resource that every country possesses in
abundance and is the quickest and least costly way of addressing energy security,
environmental and economic challenges. Energy efficiency, means using less energy to
provide the same level of energy. It is therefore one method to reduce human greenhouse gas
emissions. Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology
or process. Energy efficient buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce
the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help controlling global emissions of
greenhouse gases.

There are many good reasons to manage energy which are cost savings; there are
typically investment opportunities with a rate of return greater than 30% available from
energy efficiency. The most effective way to do this is to reduce unnecessary energy use.
Energy management is the best solution for direct and immediate reduction of energy
consumption. However, due attention must also be given to best utilization of energy,
improvement in energy efficiencies and optimum management of energy resources. In fact,
energy management deals with already existing sources and actual consumption. It includes
planning and operation of energy-related production and consumption units. The simplest
way to introduce energy management is the effective use of energy to maximize profit by
minimizing costs. Energy management could save up to 70% of the energy consumption in a
typical building or plant. Good energy management is simply good management practice to
ensuring that energy use is efficient and effective within the organisation.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES
The aims of this project are:

a) To investigate the electrical energy used and the energy saving measures for UMP
Gambang campus library.
b) To determine the total energy consumption index value and cost of the UMP
Gambang campus library.
c) To propose the recommendation energy saving.

1.3 SCOPE OF ENERGY AUDIT

In our project, the scope of the energy audit was to verify the energy used and the
energy conservation measures for library at University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Gambang
campus. Therefore, the background and electrical system of the building library are observed
and discussed. We got the permission letter from faculty and JPPH to carry out auditing and
collect the electricity bill in library. Based on the data collection, the sum of electricity
appliance and usage at library are calculated. Besides, the value of energy consumption from
air conditioning and lighting system are determined. From the data collection, the amount of
Building Energy Index (BEI) for UMP’s library were identified and calculated through this
auditing process. After that, the reason of high electricity cost in library are found and then
proposed the energy and cost saving. Therefore, the Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) is
recommended to minimize the energy consumption and save a lot of money and electrical
energy for library.

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 CHAPTER 2
ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY

2.1 ENERGY AUDIT APPROACH

Energy becomes essential through Human being history, starting from prehistoric age.
Before 1970, the supply and consumption of energy were relatively obscure matter to most
people. Within a decade, energy has emerged as one of the most provocative word of the
times.

Energy auditing is a process for evaluating energy conservation opportunities in a

building. According to ASHRAE standards, energy audit can be performed at three levels
based on the extent of the audit scope (Yang, 2016 ). An energy audit is an analysis of a
facility or building, indicating how and where a facility/ building can reduce energy
consumption ad save energy costs. Its insight to energy efficiency and conservation can make
a significant savings on the facility/ building’s monthly utility bill.

The methodology adopted for this audit was visual inspection and data collection,
observations on the existing condition of the library, and identification/ verification of energy
consumption by measurement during site-visit which is preliminary audit. Preliminary audit
is the first step of the audit procedure where the auditor has a first approach with the building.
In this procedure, one detects errors through data gathering, visual detection and
measurements. It also involves an interview of the site operating staff which is En Azahar
Wahab, the person in charge for Venus zone in the UMP library, Gambang campus; and a
walk-through in the library.

The overall objectives of this audit report are accomplished by identifying

improvement areas and formulation of energy conservation measures which requires no
investment through systems improvement and optimisation of operations (Mondal) like
housekeeping or turn off the lights/ air conditioning after using. Also, the evaluation of
energy consumption data to analyse the usage of energy are compared to Malaysia Standard
(MS) 1525: 2014.

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2.2 OPERATION OF THE BUILDING & ENERGY USAGE
The UMP library operates during weekdays from 8.30a.m to 10p.m, while during
weekend they only opened on Sunday from 9.00a.m to 4.00p.m. Energy consumption is the
amount of energy or power used that related to the operation of facilities in the building.
Based on the electricity bill obtained, energy consumption for library building for 0.365 rates
per kWh as a commercial is 237,708.00kWh. In this process auditing, we only consider
month’s data information to record due to history of data library is not allowed to be
collected. The condition of the building is observed, and all needed data is recorded.

2.3 INITIAL ENERGY SAVING EVALUATION

During the walk-through survey, some initial energy savings are evaluated. It is
noticed that the curtain is closing from day to night. Since the library is built with laminated
glass panels, during daytime, the curtains should be opened to let the natural light shines into
it and provides light. Some places like toilets, or the hallway, the lamp can be replaced by
installing sensor light so that the lights are turned on when needed. The computer should be
switched to sleep mode or shut down when not in use to reduce energy wastes. Next, the
lighting system should have replaced from fluorescent lamp to compact fluorescent lamps
(CFLs) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which require less energy consumption and quantity.
One of the most energy consumed in the library is the air conditioning system. The
temperature of the air conditioning should have varied with the comfort level and humidity of
human by setting auto mode. When the surrounding temperature has reached, the air
conditioning shall be auto shut-down to save the energy consumption.

2.4 ENERGY AUDIT MEASURING EQUIPMENT

A detailed survey was performed at 1st floor UMP library which is included every
room to determine the existing technology type, lamps and quantities of electrical devices.
The equipment that we used to audit library building included lux meter and IR thermometer.
Lux meter used to measure light level and IR thermometer used to read surface temperature
in each area of building.

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 Table 2.1: Measuring equipment used for energy auditing
Equipment Function Application
Lux meter  To measure  Can measure intensity
illumination (light) as perceived as human
levels  To measure illumination
levels and record the in
UMP library

Infrared thermometer  To read surface  Infer temperature from a

temperatures from a portion of the thermal
distance of fluids, radiation
surfaces or gas.  Temperature
measurements are taken
for the audit of air
conditioning units in
library

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 CHAPTER 3

ENERGY AUDIT COMPONENT

3.1 BACKGROUND OF THE BUILDING

The Library in Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) at Gambang campus is a building

with area 6000m2 that can provide comfort to the 1,200 users at any one time. Other than the
library compartment, there are other compartments that share the same building, such as the
24 hours study room, book drop kiosk room and convenience store beside the library. The
building’s exterior and interior appear to be in fair to good condition. The operation hour of
the library is from 8.30 a.m. to 10 p.m., Monday to Thursday, 8.30 a.m. to 12.15 p.m., 2. 45
p.m. to 10 p.m. on Friday, 9a.m to 4p.m on Sunday and closed on Saturday that shown in
Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Operation time for UMP Library

The UMP library can be referred as an engineering library which includes a large
amount of reference collection of handbooks, directories, and other resources such as
standards and technical reports collections. Engineering databases can be identified by using
the engineering research guides. Microsoft Office software such as Word, Excel are available
on all PCs in the Engineering Library (PennState, 2015). Students and staffs in UMP are able
to search information that they want by only logging in the library portal using their
identification card number and password. Besides, there are more than thousands of original
books, reports, journals and printed materials as well. The library has a copy of the printed
material more than 83,000 units, 2.9 million eBooks title and 19 subscribed databases. (UMP,

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LIBRARY, 2017) The total occupancy of the ground floor and first floor of the library is
around 50-100 students per day during normal period and approximately 150-250 students
per day during exam period.

The UMP library inherits purpose-built factory building which is converted into the
library building with some modifications to provide knowledge and information 12 services
to the campus community. No major conversions were done in the three phase electrical
systems or design which contributes to energy inefficiency. Energy wasting practices are
significant especially in the lighting, air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system.
Some of the equipment such as lighting system and air-conditioning split units are located at
unoccupied areas which contribute in energy wastage.

Figure 3.1: 5S Concept (UMP, 5S Concept (QE), 2017)

The library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang obeys the 5S concept which are Sisih
(Moderate), Susun (Arrange), Sapu (Clean), Seragam (Uniform) and Sentisa Amal
(Discipline). Sisih is to arrange the items needed to be taken regularly so it's easy to use. Sapu
is to clean your workplace thoroughly so that no dust on the floor, machinery and equipment.
Uniform is to maintain high level of cleanliness and organization of the workplace at all
times. Discipline is to train employees to comply with the rules of good hygiene by itself.

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3.1.1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF LIBRARY

Figure 3.2 and 3.3 show the organization chart of the library in Universiti Malaysia
Pahang. The head of organization of UMP Library is Raja Allen Jordan Izzuddin Shah Bin
Raja Baharudin. We have an official letter (as shown in Appendix) him and approached him
in order to get the approval for measuring the energy and carrying out the energy audit.

The head of the audit team is En. Mohd Azfarshah Azizan. The remaining members
for the audit team are Rozaiti Razali and Sheikh Fikrun Haziq.

Figure 3.2: Organization Chart of UMP Library

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 Figure 3.3: Organization Chart of Committee in UMP Library

3.1.2 LAYOUT PLAN

Figure 3.4: Layout plan of UMP Library First Floor

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3.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM & ELECTRICAL TARIFF REVIEW

Figure 3.5: Electricity bill in March 2018 of UMP Library

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 Figure 3.5 shows the latest electricity bill in March 2018 of UMP Library. The total
bill amount of Library in February is RM 120,608.52. According the bill, the category of
Tariff used is Tariff C1. Tariff C1 is Medium General Commercial Tariff, which is defined as
a consumer that occupies or operates office block, hotel, service apartment, boarding house
and etc. In this case UMP Library is considered as commercial where the rate is RM 0.365
per kWh. The total cost is RM 86,763.42 for the energy consumption of 237,708kWh.

The total electricity bill includes the maximum demand consumption with total
amount of RM 33,845.10. Maximum demand is the highest level of electrical demand
monitored in a particular period usually for a month period. In other words, maximum
demand (MD) is measured in Kilowatt (kW). It is the highest level of electrical demand
monitored in a particular period usually for a month period. Maximum Demand for any
month shall be deemed to be twice the largest number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) supplied
during any consecutive thirty minutes in that month.

MD is the peak load imposed by the customer to TNB system at any point of time.
TNB need to cater for this peak load whenever required by the customer. Since electricity
cannot be stored there must be sufficient available generation, transmission and distribution
capacity to meet the highest demand. MD tariffs are structured to reflect the time of day it is
used. For these reasons most tariffs for larger users are designed to encourage customers to
control their electricity demand at daytime peaks. For example, lower night rate electricity
encourages the transfer of daytime usage to the night period. The MD charge is being
practiced by almost all utilities in the world. MD is the highest level of electricity demand
recorded by TNB meter during a 30-minute interval in a month. The amount charged to
customer is based on the recorded MD in kW multiplied by the respective MD rate.

The maximum demand consumption is 1,117kW and the rate is RM 30.3000 per kW.
This value is not included for the percentage calculation of library over total bill. In order to
save energy or to reduce the maximum demand consumption there are few activities could be
carried out by customers that assist in reducing MD charges such as practicing side
management such as peak shift. For example, shifting their peak operation or consumption to
off peak period as MD charges is not applicable during off-peak period for customer with
peak or off-peak tariff. However, this is not so applicable for UMP Library because users are
using it mostly during daytime. In addition, opting for any promotional scheme offered by

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TNB relating to MD such as Sunday Tariff Rider Scheme (STR) can reduce the maximum
demand charges as well.

3.3 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air-Conditioning system in the library is to maintain a relatively consistent

temperature range inside the library that is independent of the temperature outside the
building. Air conditioning system provides comfort to the users in the library.

There are 3 types of air conditioning system in UMP Library which include under
ceiling air conditioning system, ceiling cassette air conditioning system and wall mounted air
conditioning system. A compressor inside an air conditioner is to create pressure change
between two compartments (indoor and outdoor) to pump refrigerant around continuously.
The refrigerant is then pumped into a low-pressure compartment (evaporator coil), where the
it causes the refrigerant to evaporate the heat. In the condenser part, the vapor is then
compressed and forced through another heat exchanger coil, which condenses the vapor into
a liquid, disposing of the heat that was earlier absorbed from indoor area. The cooled air is
then pushed through a system of ducts which are designed to deliver the cool air through the
supply registers, while additional return air ducts draw the indoor air out of the home and run
it through a filter where airborne dust and particulates are removed and then the air is sent
back through the supply registers. The heat in the warm air flowing over the evaporator will
be absorbed by the cold evaporating refrigerant. This cools the air flowing over the
evaporator and is the reason cold air blows out of your air conditioner.

Figure 3.6: Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioning Figure 3.7: Wall mounted Air

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 Figure 3.8: Under Ceiling Air Conditioning Unit

3.4 LIGHTING SYSTEM

Most of the lighting system used in the library is standard fluorescent lighting because it
provides much light intensity to users in library. The fluorescent lighting is used at toilet,
book drop kiosk room and 24 hours study room as well. The emergency lights are equipped
in the library for the safety purpose.

Figure 3.9: Standard type with light steel lighting Figure 3.10: Emergency Lighting

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3.5 VENTILATION SYSTEM

There is a ventilation fan in the male and female toilet respectively in UMP Library.
The exit that near the stairs also have a ventilation fan. The ventilation is the conversion of air
in the home to remove humidity, particulates and other airborne irritants. The ventilation or
air circulation includes both air from the outside environment (Fresh Air Intake) as well as re-
circulated air inside the toilet. The ventilation is the most important part of controlling the
indoor air quality and is used to control humidity and odours throughout the entire library.
The factors that control the effectiveness of the ventilation system include fan speed (blower),
fan size, fan type and layout of ductwork, Fresh Air Intake and a proper filtration system.

Figure 3.11: Ventilation fan at the exit stairs

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 CHAPTER 4
ENERGY AUDIT FINDING
DATA COLLECTION
FIRST FLOOR
1. Air Conditioning system
Components Location Quantities (units) Operating Hours
(hours)
Under Ceiling -Library hall 10 14
Ceiling Cassette -Library hall 25 14
Wall Mounted -Library hall 10 14
-Discussion Rooms
-Media Room
Total = 45 units

2. Lighting system
Components Location Quantities (units) Operating Hours
(hours)
Standard Type with -Library hall 697 14
Light Steel -Discussion Rooms
-Media Room
Fluorescent Light -Toilet 16 14
-Elevator
-Library Hall
Emergency Lighting -Library hall 8 24
Total = 721 units

3. Ventilation fan system

Components Location Quantities (units) Operating Hours
(hours)
Ventilation Fan -Toilet 4 14
-Elevator
Total = 4 units

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4. Electronic devices
Components Location Quantities (units) Operating Hours
(hours)
Television -Library hall 6 14
Projector -Library hall 5 14
Computer -Library hall 11 14
Water Dispenser -Library hall 1 14
System
DVD Player -Library hall 1 24
Fan -Library hall 2 24
Speaker -All areas 70 14
Wireless Router -Library hall 1 24
Central Processing -Library hall 1 14
System
Photocopy -Library hall 1 14
Machine
Closed Circuit -All areas 8 24
Television (CCTV)
Elevator -Library hall 1 14
Plug -All areas 176 24
Alarm and Smoke -All areas 3 24
Detector
Book Sensor -Library Hall Exit 1 14
Detector
Server -Library hall 1 14

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4.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Table 4.1.1: Summary of Data Collection of Electrical Appliances and Usage in Library
No Components Quantities Power Input per Operating Energy
Unit (W) Hours per Consumption
day (hours) (kWh)
1 Air- Conditioning 10 1500 14 210.000
(Under Ceiling)
2 Air- Conditioning 25 3120 14 1092.000
(Ceiling Cassette)
3 Air-Conditioning 10 750 14 105.000
(Wall Mounted)
4 Standard Type 697 44 14 429.352
Lighting with Light
Steel
5 Fluorescent lighting 16 32 14 7.168
6 Emergency Lighting 8 18 14 2.016
7 Ventilation Fan 4 50 14 2.800
8 Television 6 300 14 25.2
9 Projector 5 450 14 31.5
10 Computer 11 384 14 59.136
11 Water Dispenser 1 70 14 0.980
System
12 DVD Player 1 30 14 0.420
13 Fan 2 20 14 0.560
14 Speaker 70 50 14 49.000

15 Wireless Router 1 3.5 24 0.084

16 Central Processing 1 65 14 0.910
System
17 Photocopy Machine 1 1200 14 16.800
18 Closed Circuit 8 13 24 2.496
Television (CCTV)
19 Elevator 1 400 14 5.600
20 Plug 176 65 24 274.56
21 Alarm and Smoke 3 0.5 24 0.036
Detector
22 Book Sensor 1 1.6 14 0.022
Detector
23 Server 1 500 14 7.000
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kWh) 2322.64

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 From the Table 4.1.1, UMP Gambang Library consumed total 2322.64 kWh energy
per day. This energy consumption was required to service a total building gross floor area of
6,000 square meters. There are three different types of Air Conditioning system used in this
building. The Air Conditioning (Ceiling Cassette) are used for bigger space because this type
of air conditioner provides exceptional coverage and provided the fans that are powerful
enough compared to the other two type’s air conditioner. During the energy audit, there are
23 components was identified and consumed the energy to operates. For the total energy
consumption for one month, there are 24 working days in a month. Therefore, the total
energy consumption for one month is 55,743.36 kWh/month. The electric bills that we
received from JPPH stated the total energy consumption for electricity is 237,708.00 kWh.
The total energy consumption that we measured was different with the actual value from the
electric bills because we conducted an energy audit at certain places only which is at the first
floor of the library instead of the whole building and maybe some components that use more
energy are missed out during the walkthrough audit.

Table 4.1.2: Tariff of C1 classified from TNB Bill

Tariff CI – Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff Unit CI
For all kWh sen/kWh 36.50
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kWh 30.30
 Total energy consumption for all electrical appliances = 2,322.64 kWh
 For all kWh used = 2322.64 kWh x RM 0.365/kWh = RM 847.7636
 Total Cost = RM 847.7636

Table 4.1.3: Comparison on total electricity consumption (kWh) and total cost (RM) between
stated and calculated electricity bill
Total electricity Percentage of Total cost
consumption usage 100 (%) (RM)
(kWh)
Stated in electricity bill 328,825.00 100 113,350.34
per 24 days operation
Calculated bill 2,322.64 0.71 847.76

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 Table 4.1.2 displayed Tariff C1 by Tenaga Nasional Sdn.Bhd (TNB) classified for
universities. Table 4.1.3 displayed the comparison on total electricity consumption and total
cost between stated and calculated bill of library at University Malaysia Pahang (UMP)
Gambang campus. Since library shares the same bill together with Kompleks Sukan
Universiti (KSU), Blok W, Pusat Kesihatan Pelajar (PKP), and Canseleri Gallery, we are not
able to retrieve the actual electricity usage and total cost.

For the month of March 2018, electricity bill stated 328,825.00 kWh is used included
the maximum demand and RM 113,350.34 is required to be paid to TNB. The calculated
electricity consumption is 2,322.64 kWh while total cost for first floor of library is RM
847.76. From the information that is stated in the bill, we are able to figure out the
percentages for electricity consumption and total cost. From Table 4.1.3, it stated that the first
floor of library used 0.71 % electricity from the total of usage for library, while 99.29% are
spent in other places of the total cost for that month. Only 0.71% energy is used because only
1st floor of the library is measured, also the bill is shared with other buildings like KSU where
the energy consumption is measured altogether.

4.2 LOAD APPORTIONING & LOAD PROFILE

Using the building load data collected through a walkthrough of energy audit, the
results will be able to show how the total energy consumption is distributed into the major
energy end-uses such as air conditioning, lighting and mechanical ventilation. In this report,
all components that were identified in this building are classified into a six main components.
The proportioning is based on the percentage of energy uses in each of main components.
Overall load apportioning for every components was shown according to the daily percentage
of energy consumption in this building.

Table 4.2: Daily Percentage of Energy Consumption for Six Main Components based on the
Energy Consumption

No Components Energy Consumption Daily Percentage of Energy

(kWh) Consumption (%)
1 Air Conditioning System 1407.00 60.58
2 Lighting System 438.536 18.88

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 3 Computer 59.136 2.55
4 Plug 274.56 11.82
5 Mechanical Ventilation 3.36 0.14
6 Other Electronic Devices 140.048 6.03
Total: 2322.64 100

Daily Percentage of Energy Consumption for

Each System
0% 6%
Air Conditioning System
Lighting System
2% 12%
Computer
19% 61% Plug
Mechanical Ventilation
Other Electronic Devices

Figure 4.2.1: The daily percentage of energy consumption for each system in UMP Gambang
Library.

From figure 4.2.1, the pie chart was a summary of percentage of energy consumption
based on the total of energy consumption for each system used in the first floor UMP
Gambang Library. The comparison was made between the total energy consumption for three
different types of air conditioning are combined and the value is 1407.00 kWh equivalents to
60.58% which contributes to more than half from total energy consumption in UMP
Gambang Library. The lighting system also consumes 438.536 kWh of energy consumption
per day. The quantity of lamps in this building are contributes to more energy consumption
per day even though the power rating for lamps are lower compared to the air conditioning.
Next, the total energy consumption for computer is 59.136 kWh and plug installed in this
library are consuming 274.56 kWh of total energy. Then, the other electronic devices such as
television, CCTV and photocopy machine consume 140.048 kWh of total energy. It is
because these electronic devices have a low power rating such as speaker (50W) and
projector (450 W). Hence, they also have a low quantity of unit compared to air conditioner
and lighting system; and also they do not operate frequently. Lastly, the mechanical
ventilation such as ventilation fan are the least used in this building because the main HVAC

21
system used in this building is air conditioning. These types of fan are installed at the stairs
and toilet area only.

4.3 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

During the energy auditing activities, we observed the most wasting of energy comes
from HVAC system and the inefficient energy consumption in this building. This HVAC
system are running nonstop for 14 to 15 hours per day during weekdays or weekends. There
are some methods to save energy consumption especially from HVAC system. The
cooperation from all library users is important in order to implement Energy Management
System (EMS) in this building. The first thing is we must know the status of Energy
Management System in this building by evaluating the Energy Management Matrix. The
current status of this building is based on the diagram of Energy Management Matrix.

Before apply SEMS

After apply SEMS

Figure 4.3.1: The Current Status Energy Management Matrix before and after (target)
applying SEMS

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 The status was evaluated on the red line while the target to achieved after the building
apply Sustainable Energy Management System (SEMS) are in green line. To achieve that, an
organization has to develop its specific energy policy in this building and ensure commitment
in the organization for continuous improvement. Energy committee must be developed and
the most important component in this committee is the Senior Management and Energy
Manager. All users in UMP library must cooperate with this committee in order to achieve a
sustainable energy management system in this building. The energy management component
such as Energy Accounting Centre (EAC) and Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) must be
evaluated before implementing this system for better efficiency. Awareness training among
staff and students is important to increase awareness on how to save more energy and install
signages in library to encourage people to conserve energy.

Integrating Energy Management System (EMS) in this building needs the energy
conservation measures (ECM) which is to monitor and control HVAC systems. The purpose
to integrate EMS is to ensure human safety, health and comfort and to maintain a quiet
reading environment by monitoring systems quality of environment in real-time by adjusting
automatically. Next, the combination with the building control systems such as group control
of central air-conditioning, control of lighting energy-saving as a result achieve the best result
of energy saving. Lastly, according to the MS1525 2014, the application of EMS to the
lighting system shall be provided with manual, automatic or programmable controls except:
those required for emergency lighting; exit lighting and lighting required for security
purposes. The minimum number of controls should not be less than one for every 1,000 W of
connected lighting power.

4.4 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

In this report, we are only focusing on HVAC system in the UMP Library Gambang
Campus because it contributes to large energy consumption in the building. First, we
introduce the air conditioning system that involves in this building. Air conditioner
functioned as a heat removal from inside the buildings to the outside environment which is
cooling the space inside of the building by blowing a cool air into the space and remove the
heat out from the air. However, air conditioning also used to cool rooms that filled with heat-
producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and speakers. Air
conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve
an indoor air quality.

23
 There are 3 main parts in the air conditioner which is compressor, condenser and an
evaporator. Compressor and condenser are located on the outside of UMP Gambang Library
while the evaporators are inside the building. The working fluid which is refrigerant arrives at
the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas and was compressed the fluid by a compressor as
a result the fluid becomes high energy and temperature. The working fluid leaves the
compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. When the working fluid
leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid
under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator and the pressure was drop. As the
liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the air
is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. When the liquid
changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. It then returns to the
compressor to begin its trip all over again (How Does an Air Conditioner Work?, 2002). The
energy to do all of this is used by the motor that runs the compressor. This building does not
have a chiller plant to cool the air in the building.

There are 92 units of air conditioner in this building that operates for every working
day. The air conditioner operates for 14 hours during working days. From our observation,
the air conditioning systems are running continuously even during off peak hours. This
practices are contributes more wasting of energy.

4.4.1 Air conditioning temperature comfort performance

First floor

Table 4.4.1: Types of air conditioner and temperature value for different area in first floor of
UMP Library Gambang Campus

Places Types of air conditioner Temperature (0C)

Discussion Room 1 20.7
Discussion Room 2 24.5
Discussion Room 3 Wall Mounted 25.5
Discussion Room4 24.6
Discussion Room 5 26.7
Library Hall 1 24.6
Library Hall 2 Ceiling Cassette 22.4

24
 Library Hall 3 26.4
Library Hall 4 24.8
Book Shelves area 25.3
Thesis Room 25.8

Temperature value for each area in the

First Floor
30
Temperature value (°C)

25
25.5 26.7 26.4 25.3 25.8
20 24.5 24.6 24.6 24.8
22.4
20.7
15
10
5
0

Figure 4.4.1: The bar chart illustrates of temperature value for each audited area in the First
Floor UMP Gambang Library

The result above shows the measured temperature value for the first floor in UMP
Gambang Library. In this floor, we only measured the temperature in the discussion rooms,
library hall, book shelves area and thesis room. There are 5 discussion rooms in this floor that
have same total area, lighting system and air conditioning system used. The temperature
values in discussion room 5 are the highest among the discussion room because this room
have occupancy during measurement of temperature value. The discussion room 5 also has
the highest temperature among other places because this room have more occupancies when
we measured the temperature. The range of temperature measured in the first floor is from
250C until 300C. According to MS1525 2014, the indoor designs conditions of an air-
conditioned space for comfort cooling should range in between 240C to 260C. The standard is
applicable through the library hall only in the first floor because this place is running the air
conditioner all the time compared to the other rooms which is running when used only. Thus,
the library halls in the first floor does not fully comply to MS1525 2014 because library hall
2 is below than the comfort room temperature.

25
4.4.2 Air conditioning RH-humidity comfort performance

Table 4.4.2: The result of parameters of CO, CO2, Temperature and relative humidity (Rh) in
the Library hall for both floors in UMP Gambang Library

Parameters First floor

More people Less people
CO2 Level 575 558
CO Level 1.0 1.1
Temperature (0C) 25.1 24.7
Relative Humidity (%) 55.0 54.8

The table above shows the result of parameter when we conduct an energy audit using
a GrayWolf's monitoring unit. The Graywolf monitoring unit not only can measure the CO2
level, it can also measure total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), O3, CO, temperature and
relative humidity (RH). From this part, we mainly focused on the relative humidity parameter
and CO2 level only. Based on the MS1525 2014 for humidity control, in a system requiring
moisture removal to maintain specific selected relative humidity in spaces or zones, no new
source of energy (such as electric reheat) should be used to produce a space relative humidity
does not 70 % for cooling purposes indoor comfort condition. It is because the higher the
space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer
by means of perspiration or evaporation. If the indoor air temperature is high and the relative
humidity is high, the human body will feel uncomfortable. We only measured the relative
humidity in the library hall only because we considered this area has more occupancy. The
recommended design relative humidity for indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned
space for comfort cooling is from 50 % - 70 %. The result for relative humidity for first floor
is in range 50% to 55% which follows the MS1525 2014.

4.5 LIGHTING SYSTEM

Lighting systems Index is measure of a variety of lighting products, including lamps
type, fluorescent light and emergency. Illuminance is the total luminous flux per unit area.
The illuminance in UMP library building at first floor was measured by using lux meter
device that we borrowed from JP UMP. This purpose is to identify the best lighting comfort
performance for occupancy and the energy consumption for lighting system in this building.

26
The lighting comfort performance can be divided into 3 levels:

 Conditioned space area that achieve the recommended level of comfort based on the
reference MS 1525: 2014 which has a standard range between 300 -500 lux
 Conditioned space area where the illuminance is less than the recommended level of
comfort (< 300 lux)
 Conditioned space area where the illuminance exceeds the recommended level of
comfort (> 500 lux)

Lighting comfort performance (First Floor)

Table 4.5: The maximum and minimum of lux level for each area in the First Floor in UMP
Gambang Library and their compliance to MS 1525 2014

Places Area No. of Lux Level

(m2) lamps
Max Min Average

Discussion Room 1 224 12 382.9 374.7 378.8

Discussion Room 2 224 12 347.9 331.3 339.6

Discussion Room 3 224 8 369.2 225.7 297.45

Discussion Room 4 224 8 372.5 358.8 365.65

Discussion Room 5 224 7 249.5 245.2 247.35

Library Hall 1 122 299.2 295.2 297.2

Library Hall 2 90 367.2 354.1 360.65

Library Hall 3 94 317.8 313.4 315.6

Library Hall 4 46 248.2 222.4 235.3

Book Shelve 90 326.3 308.3 317.3

Thesis Room 336 24 357.1 352.0 354.55

27
Figure 4.5: The bar chart of illustrates the maximum and minimum of Lux level of each area
in the 1st Floor in library UMP Gambang

Based on the survey we did in library buildings on last 24 April 2016, the record
showed that the 1st floor of library was divided into 11 sections to get the lux level for each
area. From the figure above, discussion room 1 has the highest lux level with 378.8. The size
area of the room is smaller and has 12 of total lamps. It is possible to have the higher lux
level. While the lowest value of lux with 235.3 is at the library hall 4 because of this area are
at the side of library. Therefore, only few densities of lumen that produce lux in that area
compare to other area like library hall 2. The average of lux value is between 300-400, thus
the lighting system in first floor is complied with the MS 1525 2014. Except for discussion
room 5 where there is some light not functioning.

4.6 INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) LEVEL

Indoor air quality describes how inside air can affect a person's health, comfort, and
ability to work. It can include but not limited to temperature, humidity, mould, bacteria, poor
ventilation, or exposure to other chemicals. Indoor air pollution has received little attention in
the past compared with air pollution in the outdoor environment. It has now become a matter

28
of increasing public concern, prompted partly by the emergence of new indoor air pollutants,
by the isolation of the indoor environment from the natural outdoor environment in well-
sealed office buildings, and by the investigation of so-called Sick Building Syndrome.

Poor indoor air quality can lead to discomfort, ill health, and, in the workplace,
absenteeism and lower productivity. Good indoor air quality safeguards the health of the
building occupants and contributes to their comfort and well-being. Well-established, serious
health impacts resulting from poor IAQ include Legionnaires’ Disease, lung cancer from
radon exposure, and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. More widespread health impacts
include increase allergy and asthma from exposure to indoor pollutants (particularly those
associated with building dampness and mould), colds and others infectious disease that are
transmitted through the air, and “sick building syndrome” symptoms due to elevated indoor
pollutant levels well as other indoor environmental conditions. These more widespread
impacts have the potential to affects large numbers of building occupant and are associated
with significant cost due to health-care expenses, sick leave and lost productivity.

4.6.1 Air Quality Performance CO2 Level

Table 4.6.1.1: List of indoor air contaminants and the acceptable limits (Source: DOSH,
Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010)

29
 From the table above, the library most probably will be facing problems with the
ventilation performance indicator where the limit o CO2 is uncertainty. When there is more
occupancies in the library, the level of CO2 will increase rapidly, thus it is essential that the
ventilation system in the library is well functioning and make sure everyone will not face
problems in breathing difficulty. TVOC will also be related to the wall painted by the library.
Selection of paint is important to ensure the safety and health of everyone.

4.7 ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIABLE FACTORS

When comparing energy use, one should also consider other energy uses that are not
impacted by weather such as lights, appliances, etc. Estimation of energy used for these
purposes can be done by examining the energy used during temperate months such as May
and October when little heating or cooling energy is used. The energy used during these
periods reflect on the base monthly consumption. It is also important to consider the usage
period reflected in the electrical bill form TNB. The meter is probably not read on the first
day of each month and therefore will not be for the same time as the degree day totals.

4.7.1 SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE (COOLING DEGREE DAYS)

A cooling degree day (CDD) is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for
energy needed to cool a building (Cooling Degree Day - CDD). Degree days are measured
relative to a base of 65 Fahrenheit (18 o Celsius) which gives an indication of the effect of
outside air temperature on building energy consumption during a specified period of time.
This also gives an indication of how much cooling will be required in the building. Cooling a
building depends on total energy gains and losses of the building and not just the mean
temperature outside. Other factors, such as cloudiness, insulation and the number and
efficiency of electrical appliances running will influence energy needs (Editor, 2012).

Table 4.7.1: The surrounding temperature (°C) from March 23, 2018 until April 24, 2018
(AccuWeather )
Date Temperature Date Temperature
(°C) (°C)
3/23 33 4/08 31
3/24 32 4/09 33
3/25 31 4/10 33
3/26 32 4/11 33

30
 3/27 31 4/12 34
3/28 33 4/13 34
3/29 33 4/14 31
3/30 32 4/15 34
3/31 32 4/16 32
4/01 32 4/17 32
4/02 32 4/18 32
4/03 32 4/19 31
4/04 32 4/20 31
4/05 33 4/21 31
4/06 33 4/22 33
4/07 33

Temperature (°C)
34.5

34

33.5
Temperature (celcius)

33

32.5

32
Temperature (°C)
31.5

31

30.5

30

29.5
Date

Figure 4.7.1: Bar chart illustrated the surrounding temperature from March 23, 2018
until April 22, 2018

If the number after average temperature is subtracted with 18 is,

 < 18° C = no cooling days
 > 18° C = cooling days

Average of surrounding temperature = 31.2 ° C

Cooling degree day (CDD) = (31.2 – 18) ° C = 13.2 ° C

Based on the calculation of CDD above, the value obtained is 13.2 ° C. Therefore, there is no
cooling degree days in the library since the value is less than 18° C.

31
4.7.2 TOTAL WORKING DAYS
The library operates six days a week except Saturday and during study week which it
operates seven days a week. Its opening hours start from 0830 until 2200. Total working days
are calculated from 01 March 2017 until 28 February 2018. During that time, there are 52
weeks operate per year.

Total working days = (51 weeks x 6 days/ week) + (1 study week x 7 days/ week)

= 313 days

4.8 ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDEX

Energy efficiency plays an important role in controlling energy use, as well as
reducing cost and maintaining comfortable environment in buildings (R.Parameshwaran,
2012). Energy efficiency and energy management are closely related in terms of monitoring
and controlling energy consumption in buildings. To ensure optimum operation of a
building’s energy system, energy efficiency initiatives should be carried out regularly and
continuously to verify the actual pattern of the building’s energy consumption. The success
factor for energy efficiency initiatives greatly depends on the method or indicators used to
measure the energy performance in the buildings. There are three types of indices that can be
calculated which are the energy consumption of a building, air conditioning system and
lighting system.

4.8.1 BUILDING ENERGY INDEX (BEI)

Energy Performance Index (EPI) is an international standard that is commonly used to
measure specific energy usage of a building. It basically calculates the ratio of total energy
used as against the total built-up area to determine the building yearly consumption. For
UMP library, its BEI was calculated and compared to MS 1525. According to MS 1525, the
recommended BEI is 135 kWh/ m2/ yr.

𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/ 𝑚2/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)

= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (k𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) / 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
(𝑚2)

Where 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 313 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

32
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
= 2322.64 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑥 313 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 726,986.32 𝑘𝑊ℎ/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)

=726,986.32 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 / 6000 𝑚2

𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 121.16 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

4.8.2 AIR CONDITIONING INDEX (ACEI)

𝐴𝐶𝐸𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 / 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐴𝐶𝐸𝐼 = (1407 𝑘𝑊ℎ × 313 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) / 3888.3 𝑚2

𝐴𝐶𝐸𝐼 = 113.26 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

4.8.3 LIGHTING ENERGY INDEX (LEI)

𝐿𝐸𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟/ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐿𝐸𝐼 = (438.536 𝑘𝑊ℎ ×313 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) / 3888.3 𝑚2

𝐿𝐸𝐼 = 35.30 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚2/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

33
 CHAPTER 5

RECOMMENDATION OF ENERGY SAVING

5.1 ENERGY SAVING MEASURES

Table 5.1(a): Percentage of Energy Consumption for three types of air conditioning in UMP
Library for a month

Percentage
Operating Power Energy
Quantities of energy
Components Hours Input per Consumption
(unit) consumption
(hours) unit (W) (kWh)
(%)
Under
Ceiling Air
6 14 1500 126 9.756
Conditioning
System
Ceiling
Cassette Air
25 14 3120 1092 84.553
Conditioning
System
Wall-
Mounted Air
7 14 750 73.5 5.691
Conditioning
System
Total 1291.5

Table 5.1(b): Percentage of Energy Consumption for two types of light for a month.
Percentage
Operating Power Energy
Quantities of Energy
Components Hours Input per Consumption
(unit) Consumption
(hours) unit (W) (kWh)
(%)
Fluorescent
Light with 614 14 32 275.072 99.544
Light Steel
Emergency
5 14 18 1.26 0.456
Lighting
Total 276.332

34
Percentage of Energy Saving per Month:
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝐶𝑀 − 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝐶𝑀
× 100
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝐶𝑀

Table 5.1(C): ECM proposed using 1.0HP Elite Inverter SKY Series Air Conditioner for a
month.
Components Quantities Operating Power Energy Percentage
(unit) Hours Input per Consumptions of Energy
(hours) Unit (W) (kWh) Saving (%)
1.0HP Elite 70 14 746 731.08 43.393
Inverter
SKY Series
Air
Conditioner
Total 731.08 43.393

Table 5.1(d): ECM proposed using LEDs lighting for a month

Components Quantities Operating Power Input Energy Percentage
(unit) Hours per Unit Consumption of Energy
(hours) (W) (kWh) Saving (%)
LED 550 24 5 66 76.116
Total 66 76.116

5.1.1 Sustainable energy management system

Table 5.1.1(a): Cost saving for air conditioning system

No Content Total
1 Existing energy consumption for one year (kWh/year) 440391.00
2 Cost for one year (RM/year) (1kWh= RM0.365) 160742.72
3 Proposed energy consumption for one year 249292.13
(kWh/year)
4 Cost for one year (RM/year) (1kWh= RM0.365) 90991.63
4 Energy saving for one year (kWh/year) 191098.87
5 Cost saving for one year (RM/year) 69751.09
6 Total investment (RM) 100000
7 Payback Periods 1.43 years

Table 5.1.1(b): Cost saving for lighting system

No Content Total
1 Existing energy consumption for one year (kWh/year) 136630.76
2 Cost for one year (RM/year) (1kWh= RM0.365) 49870.23

35
3 Proposed energy consumption for one year 32632.13
(kWh/year)
4 Cost for one year (RM/year) (1kWh= RM0.365) 11910.72
5 Energy saving for one year (kWh/year) 99998.63
6 Cost saving for one year (RM/year) 36499.50
7 Total investment (RM) 40000
8 Payback Periods 1.09 years

5.2 ENERGY SAVING RECOMMENDATION

5.2.1 LIGHTING SYSTEM

The lighting systems account for about 276.332kWh (13.72%) of the energy
consumption in the average library building first floor. Even though 13% is not a very big
amount, it is usually cost-effective to address lighting as it is often easier to improve its
energy efficiency than many process upgrades. Other than that, lighting has relatively high
impact on library users comfort. Extra concern should be taken to maintain and improve the
comfort levels towards an energy efficiency improvement.

 Replace fixtures with higher efficiency lighting technologies:

Use of LED can minimize energy consumption. LED is a “directional” light source
where it emits light in specific direction compared to basic incandescent and
fluorescent bulbs which emit light and heat in all directions. Because of this, a
different angle light illumination could improve the utilization efficiency and this
could remain or even improve the users comfort.

Figure 5.1: fluorescent light emitting angle Figure 5.2: LED light emitting angle

36
 Secondly, LED is highly preferred bulb that earns the ENERGY STAR, which is
considered a standard A type bulb that can be used for variety of applications. LED also
excludes flicker, weak glare, and green, thereby protecting vision health, which means there
is no ultraviolet and infrared in its spectra. Neither heat, no radiation can penetrate the
surface, therefore it is conducive to the protection of books. It is a typical green lighting,
recyclable, no pollution, no mercury elements and touchable. The main advantage
recommendation of the LED lighting is energy saving. LED lighting can save 43.393%,
731.08 kWh per month.

 Usage of lighting control system to cooperate with energy management system.

To gain the maximise lighting quality, reasonable dimness can reduce energy
consumption. Remove unnecessary lamps and disconnect or remove ballasts can maintain
the illuminance level with reducing of energy usage. In UMP Library, intelligent lighting
system could be installed. Compared with conventional stand-alone switching, a major
advantage of a intelligent lighting system is that it can be controlled in any location or any
time. Here, time clock, motion sensor or photo controls could be introduced to UMP
Library. Where lighting is needed on a repetitive schedule, use time clock controls.
Where lighting is needed infrequently, use motion sensors for lighting control. Typical
spaces where this can be applied include meeting room, book shelves and toilets. This
intelligent lighting system also can manage on-off of light and dimness controls by
referring to the peak and off-peak period at the library. Install skylights and light pipes to
introduce maximum natural light and reducing artificial lighting requirements. Here,
daylight can be used effectively, and the induction system can control the bulb brightness
according the natural light intensity.

5.2.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

 HVAC System
HVAC systems are responsible for heating and cooling a building as well as providing
adequate ventilation. A HVAC system's design can vary greatly. Among the possible
choices, the Building Automatic System (BAS) is most preferred to be installed at UMP
library as recommendation. Building automation is the automatic centralized control of a
building's ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and other systems through a building
management system or building automation system. The objectives of building

37
 automation are to improve occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems,
reduction in energy consumption and operating costs. This BAS system distributes the
control system where the system will be implemented by computer networking of
electronic devices that design to monitor and control the consumption on working hours
in UMP library.

Secondly, the BAS system keeps the building temperature in a specific range, where it
monitors the performance of devices to provide a better function for users’ comfort. Here,
it maximizes the energy saving for air conditioning system in UMP Library and make it
to become a smart building by reducing the building energy consumption cost. In
addition, the air conditioning system can be scheduled for occupancy or the configuration
can be changed from the BAS.

To gain the suitable level of temperature on air conditioning system at UMP library,
the temperature sensors in the common zone are provided. This temperature sensor
provides feedback to the controller in BAS system, so it can deliver the cooling level as
needed according to the number of occupancy and area, the sensors act as a thermostat to
read a variable measurement such as temperature, humidity and pressure.

 Installation 1.0 HP Elite Inverter SKY Series Air Conditioner

Figure 5.3: 1.0HP Elite Inverter SKY Series Air Conditioner

SKY STREAM design

- SKY STREAM is an innovative top flap that can better direct cool air towards the
ceiling. The cool air then naturally glides along the ceiling surface, spreading throughout the

38
room and down the walls. Heat is removed from the ceiling walls and resulting to radiant
cooling.

Energy saving inverter

- The Panasonic Inverter air conditioner varies the rotation speed of the compressor,
providing a precise method of maintaining the set temperature. Thus, Panasonic INVERTER
air conditioner prevents wasteful energy consumption by varying the compressor rotation
speed to maintain the set temperature.

Air purification system

- An additional dust sensor which constantly monitors air quality and automatically
activates Nanoe-G when a high level of particle concentration is detected.

Sources of PM2.5.
- These fine particles less than 2.5 micrometer can be filtered through the filter and
provide clean air

39
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

In short, the conducted audit project results have shown that the major factor that
caused high energy consumption of this library UMP building is the HVAC and lighting
system. This is understandable because the high demand of air-conditioning and lighting is
inevitable to provide a conducive study environment for UMP students. However, energy
saving which does not affect the occupants experience of cosy temperature and adequate is
possible. For low capital measures, proper management of lighting system operation and the
utilization of natural light during day time is believed to be effective. As for medium and
high capital measures, delighting and replacing of current lighting and HVAC system to high
energy saving system is needed to achieve massive saving and drastic increase in energy
usage efficiency. Beside that, the cooperation and understanding of student and staff for
showing support in energy saving initiative and the significant positive effect which will
bring to them in long term is very important for implementations of potential ECM. Lastly,
there most important factor is the involvement of top management for leading the ECM
implementations towards success as this will take an amount of time.

40
 REFERENCES

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Editor, W. G. (2012, October 8). What are cooling degree days? Retrieved from The Weather :
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Energy efficiency. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2018, from International Energy Agency:
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How Does an Air Conditioner Work? (2002). Retrieved May 5, 2018, from California Energy
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R.Parameshwaran, S. S. (2012, June). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Sustainable

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41
 APPENDICES

Figure 1: The operating hours of Library UMP Gambang

Figure 2: UMP Library

42
 Figure 3: First Floor

Figure 4: Energy Management Measure by conducting campaign with attaching

signage

43
Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioning System Wall Mounted Air Conditioning System

Fluorescent Light with Light Steel Emergency Lighting

Ventilation Fan Alarm and Speaker

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Television Computer

DVD Player Wireless Router

Water Dispenser
Elevator

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 CCTV Plugs

Smoke Detector System

46