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Photonic crystal based bio-sensor detection in cancer cell using FDTD method

Conference Paper · July 2017

DOI: 10.1109/ICCCNT.2017.8204043

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 IEEE - 40222

Photonic Crystal Based Bio-Sensor Detection in

Cancer Cell Using FDTD Method
Varsha Sharma*, Vijay Laxmi Kalyani#, Shivam Upadhyay$
Government Women Engineering College Ajmer, India
*
12varshasharma@gmail.com
#
vijaylaxmikalyani@yahoo.com
$
shivamupadhyay920@gmail.com

Abstract- A biosensor is an analytical device that is used to detect
the bio molecules from a sample. A two- dimensional photonic
crystal based biosensor has been proposed for the cancer
detection. The sensing mechanism of biosensor is used to change
the refractive index of analytes which led to shifting in
transmission. Different refractive index of cancer cells have been
taken with respect to different type of cancer cell sample. The
layout of biosensor consists a linear waveguide with square
symmetry type of nanocavity. For the proposed photonic based
biosensor, the band gap from 1320 nm to 1951 nm and input
wavelength of 1550 nm are used in this design. The finite
difference time domain (FDTD) method and plane wave expansion
method are applied to analyze the presented biosensors that
provide all simulation results and bandgap calculation respectively.
Keywords- Cancer cell, Finite Difference Time Domain, Photonic
Crystal; Plane Wave Expansion; Refractive Index;
I. INTRODUCTION
The term “biosensor” is a biological sensor which is used for
sensing the device that has the immobilized materials such as
enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid hormones, organelle, or whole
cell. Biosensor is collaborated with sensing element and
produce physical, chemical and electrical signal that can be
deliberated. Generally, biosensor has two components
including biological component (enzyme, cell etc) and
physical component (transducer, amplifier etc). Biosensor
work on signal transduction principle of which chemical or
physical signal is transmitted through a cell. Many
components are use like bio recognition element, bio-
transducer and electronic system. Usually bio-recognition
elements reply a target compound and transducer convert’s
biological response to measured signal which is
electrochemically, mechanically, optically and interact with
the analyte concentration. Biosensor is many type like-
electrochemical biosensor, blood glucose biosensor,
potentiometric biosensors, conduct metric biosensor,
thermometric biosensor, optical biosensor etc.
1.1 Photonic Biosensor- Photonic based bio sensor is new
research direction in optical field. In last year many
developments are done in biosensor device, photonic based
biosensor is one of them. Photonic biosensor are presents early
diagnostic tool and provide a superior sensitivity, reliability,
stability, fast response in vivo and vitro diagnostics [1].
Photonic crystal is natural material and the periodicity of
material is maintaining different background material. It is a
periodic dielectric structure with lattice parameter based on
order of wavelength of propagated electromagnetic wave. One
of very important characteristics of photonic crystal is its light
confinement and controlling property. These characteristics
allowed the crystal to use in various sensing applications [2].
In this paper, we design a bio sensor for detection cancer cell.
1.2 Cancer- cancer is leading cause of death group world wide
and 74 million deaths in 2004. Cancer is abnormal cell growth
which is increasing other part of body. Cancer is disease when
abnormal cells are break in an uncontrolled way. Normal cells
are breaking in general way. Normal cells are stopping
growing when they are damaged, and new cell take their
place, cancer is when abnormal cells are start to grow out of
control.
Most cancer form a lump called a tumour. Not an all lump are
cancer. Starting stage tumour not develops in other parts of
body. Cancer starts when gene change makes one cell or few
cells begin to grow and multiply too much. In early stage
cancer normally has no symptom’s but when abnormal cell are
grow continues then thickness of lump in breast or elsewhere
are increase, insistent headache etc.
Many type of cancer are in human body like stomach,
colorectal, liver, breast, cervical, prostate etc. Cancer
treatment depends upon types of cancer much treatment and
test is available for cancer like-surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, gene
therapy etc. Many tests are available to detect a cancer -
Biopsy, Breast MRI, CT-scan, Digital rectal
exam(DRE),EKG, endoscopy, Blood test ,mammography
,PAP test, ultrasound etc.
Recently Fu-Li Hsiao et al (2011) has reported Nano photonic
biosensors using hexagonal nanoring resonators:
computational study based on hexagonal lattice on silicon
slab. The nano ring resonator is formed by removing holes.
The analyte bimolecules like DNA, Proteins in a
functionalized sensing hole introduces a shift in resonant

8th ICCCNT 2017

July 3 -5, 2017, IIT Delhi,
Delhi, India
 IEEE - 40222

wavelength peak in the output terminal [3]. X.J. Liang et al structure is based on Si rods background wafer in air type with
(2006) has analysis single living cell using integrated the square lattice shape. The refractive index of silicon
microchip, depending on different refractive index, and material is 3.47 and air is 1. The radius of rods is 110 nm and
provide a high accuracy with minute error [4]. Chengkuo Lee lattice constant of structure is a=550 nm. In this paper, use a
et al (2008) has given a biosensor for Bimolecules Detection cancer cell refractive index in the centre one nanocavity and
based on Nanobiophotonics Resonators the working principal change of wavelength according to refractive index are sense
of sensor is based on resonant wavelength shift versus by bio sensor. Nanocavity is created for centre one rods by
refractive index change of PhC area or a localized spot, i.e., changing a radius of rods from 110 nm to 100 nm. Fig 1
the bimolecules-absorbed area [5]. shows a 2D photonic crystal linear waveguide nanocavity
In this paper we design linear waveguide nanocavity based based biosensor.
photonic crystal biosensor based on normal cell ,Jurket cell,
PC 12 cell , MDA MB 231 cell , MCF 7 cell refractive index
which is provide better transmission and easily detect a
cancer cell in body. MDA-MB-231 is extracted from the
human breast and was isolated from pleural effusions of a
breast cancer patient [6]. PC12 cell, a clonal cell line derived
from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma. MCF-7,
a type of breast cancer cells. Jurkat cell, a CD4 T-cell
leukemia cell. All design and simulation are done in FDTD
tool. Finite-difference time-domain or Yee's method is
a numerical analysis method used for modeling differential
equation. FDTD is time domain method with wide frequency
range and treat nonlinear material property. FDTD method
based on Maxwell equation.

II. THEORY
Photonic crystals (PCs) consist of a periodic arrangement of
regularly shaped materials having different dielectric constants
in a substrate [7]. Depending on geometry of the structure,
Photonic crystals are of three types included one-dimensional
(1D), two dimensional (2D), and three dimensional (3D)
structures. 1-D photonic crystal structures insufficient band
gap and it is difficult to make 3D structures due to small
lattice [8]. 2D structures have a complete band gap and it is
easier to make 2D structure rather than 3D. Generally, two
type of design in 2D photonic structures: air holes in dielectric
wafer and dielectric rod in air wafer. The phenomenon of Fig.1 2D Photonic crystal based biosensor layout
propagation of light within PC is explained by Solving In the Fig. 2, the band diagram of Sensor structure has shown
Maxwell equations. Photonic crystals are having many which gives the Photonic Band Gap for Transverse Electric
applications in the field of optical communication and optical modes. The band gap structure is depend on a three parameter
information processing because Photonic crystals provide a first is refractive index of material, lattice constant, ratio of
common platform to fabricate a large number of optical radius to lattice constant (r/a) [11]. The complete structure has
components on a single Chip down [9]. The light within the one band gaps. The PBG is in the range between the
PBG frequency range is not allowed to pass, it can be wavelength 1320 nm and 1951 nm. The Plane wave expansion
localized only by introducing certain defects in the PCs (PWE) method is used, to estimate the band gap and
structure and otherwise light is completely forbidden within propagation modes of the PC structure without and with
PBG. These PC bandgap structures can be utilized for various defects.
applications [10].

III. DESIGNING OF BIOSENSOR

The layout of photonics crystal biosensor based on linear
waveguide with one nanocavity. The 2D photonic crystals
have a 21 silicon rod in Z-direction and 17 silicon rods in X-
direction. For the propagation of light inside the structure
1550 nm wavelength is used. For the detection of wave at
another end optical detector is used. The design of bio sensor

8th ICCCNT 2017

July 3 -5, 2017, IIT Delhi,
Delhi, India
 IEEE - 40222

IV. SIMULATION AND RESULT

The performance of sensor has measured by 2D finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A 1550 nm
wavelength is use input port at. Fig 4 shows a normal cell
normalized transmission at 1.350 refractive index. In this
refractive index, transmission is 70%

Fig.2 TE band diagram square lattice with defects

Table 1. Design Parameter and its value used in biosensor

S.No. Name of Parameter Values

1. Radius of Si(rod) 110nm

2. Lattice constant 550nm
3. Refractive index of Si 3.47
4. Refractive index of 1
wafer (air) Fig 4: Transmission graph Normal cell with refractive index (1.350)

5. Refractive index of 1.350 Fig 5 shows a Jurket cell transmission at refractive index
normal cell 1.390. In this refractive index transmission is 90%.

6. Refractive index 1.390

Jurket cell
7. Refractive index PC 1.395
12 cell
8. Refractive index 1.399
MDA MB 231 cell
9. Refractive index MCF 1.401
7 cell
9. PBG range 1320 - 1951
10. Polarization TE

Fig. 5 Transmission graph Jurket cell with refractive index (1.390)

Fig 6 shows a PC 12 cell transmission at refractive index

1.395. In this refractive index transmission is 93%.

Fig. 3 Refractive index of structure

8th ICCCNT 2017

July 3 -5, 2017, IIT Delhi,
Delhi, India
 IEEE - 40222

Fig. (4-8) has illustrated the transmission spectrum of cancer

cell based on normal cell ,Jurket cell, PC 12 cell , MDA MB
231 cell , MCF 7 cell corresponding to their refractive indices
n=1.350, 1.390, 1.395, 1.399, 1.401 respectively. In this paper,
the transmission spectrum of proposed biosensor is better than
the transmission spectrum of previous reported paper.
Table 2. Analysis of wavelength according to Refractive
Index.

S.N REFRACTIVE INDEX NORMALIZED

o. TRANSMISSION

Fig 6: Transmission graph PC 12 cell with refractive index (1.395) 1. 1.350 Normal cell 70%
Fig 7 shows a MDA MB 231 cell transmission at refractive
index 1.399. In this refractive index transmission is 96% 2. 1.390 Jurket cell 90%

3. 1.395 PC 12 cell 93%

4. 1.399 MDA MB 231 96%

cell

5. 1.401 MCF 7 cell 98%

Table shows a refractive index normal cell and cancer cell

with normalized transmission.
In the cavity, centre defect is filled by cancer cell tissue and
transmission result measured and compared to 1550 nm input
wavelength. This design biosensor sense minute change and
provide a good accuracy and better transmission.
Fig 7: Transmission graph MDA MB 231 cell with refractive index
(1.399)
V. CONCLUSION
Fig 8 shows a MCF 7 cell transmission at refractive index
The purpose of our study was to design a 2Dphotonic crystal
1.401. In this refractive index transmission is 98%.
based biosensor in cancer application. The design biosensor
much smaller, compact, lower cost, less losses. The normal
cell and cancer cell refractive index are used to detect a
disease. Transmission is shift according to refractive index.
The design structure is based on 2-D linear waveguide
nanocavity with square lattice. Silicon rod is use in air
background. The structure consists 21 Si rods in Z direction
and 17 Si rods in X direction. 1550 nm wavelength is used.
The purpose of this structure is determining a different cancer
in human body. The limitation of design is to detect only one
cancer cell at a certain time. All simulation is done in Finite
difference time domain (FDTD) tool.

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Fig8: Transmission graph MCF 7 cell with refractive index (1.401) Optical Technologies Volume 2008, Article ID 383927,pp.-1-6.

8th ICCCNT 2017

July 3 -5, 2017, IIT Delhi,
Delhi, India
 IEEE - 40222

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