Classicaton, depicting New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore Engineering - Rock Mass Classifications A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering Z. T. Bieniawski Professor and Director Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute ‘The Pennsylvania State University WILEY A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION John Wiley & SonsCopyright © 1989 by John Wiley & Sons, Ine All rights reserved, Published si taneously in Canada, Reproduction or translation of any part ofthis work beyond that permitted by Seetion 107 o¢ 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for Deriission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bieniawski, 2. Engineering rock n 8 classifications: a complete m 12.7. Biewiawshi Pom, “A Wiley-Interscience publication.” Bibliography: p Includes indes, ISBN 0-471-60172-1 : mechanics," 1, Title | ‘1N260.854 1989 1 624.1'5132—del9 Printed in the United States of America W98 7654321 oual for ‘engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroteum engineering |. Geology, Beonomic, 2, Rooks Classification 3. Rock 89.20956 cw| | Contents PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Function of Classifications in Engineering / 1 1.2 Rock Classifications as Design Aids / 2 References / 3 2 ROLE OF ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS IN SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ENGINEERING DESIGN 5 2.1. Rock as an Engineering Material / 6 2.2 Structural Features of Rock Masses / 9 2.3. Site Characterization Procedures / 10 2.4 Input Data Requirements: An Integral Approach / 21 2.3 Design Methodologies / 23 References / 26 EARLY ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS 3.1 Rock Load Classification Method / 32 3.2. Stand-Up Time Classification / 33 3.3 Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD) / 37 3.4 Rock Structure Rating (RSR) Concept / 40 References / 47