Ethics

Ethical Theories
 Deontological
o Duty
o Innate
o Nature
 Teleological
o Outcome
o Instrumental
o Used

Principles
 Beneficence
o Something good if it gives pleasure
 Non-maleficence
o Something good if you have no harm
 Autonomy
o Respect for other people
o They have their own reason
 Justice
o Equality/equity
 Double Effect/Good-Harm Principle
o Good and ahrm at the same time

Is  Ought
Ethics based on is
 Practices before
Ethics based on ought
 Should/must
 Prescribed
“not necessary ginagawa noon, we ought to follow it”
Iswe ought to do it
Philosophy is focused on ought

Is (psychological/descriptive) Ought (normative/prescribed)

Altruism Peter Singer Emmanuel Levinas
 Nature ng tao ang maging  Ought to do good to others
COOPERATIVE because it might come back to
 Speciecism – nagtutulungan us
kasi magkalahi  =Zhong
Egoism Thomas Hobbes Ayn Rand
 Egoistic by nature  Virtue of Selfishness
 Life is nasty/brutish/short  Masama ka pag altruist ka
 Gagawin mo lahat para  Benefits of being egoistic- self
mafulfill ang improvement/respect/support
gusto/kailangan
 “Bellum Omnium Contra
Omnes”
 Survival of the fittest

Virtue Ethics (Aristotle)

 Nichomachean Ethics (book ito)
 Telos – end goal
o TO BE HAPPY 
 Eudaimonia
 (good)(spirit)

Virtue (virtus)  arete(excellence)

 Perfection of Man
 Perfection of Human
 Perfection of Anything

Virtue
 Intellectual Virtues
o Ideal
o Most important
 Moral Virtues
o Material
o Practices/Habits
o Golden Mean
 Middle, kanya kanyang timpla
 Example
Vice (excess) vice (deficient)
-rash courage -coward
-over indulgence temperance -insensible
-frank honesty -liar
-insensitive humor -KJ
-Friends to none(oof) Friendship -unfriendly

 Need material to test virtues

Man is a political animal.
Friends – philoi

Akrasia – (not power)

 Mas madali na sugod lang, di na nagiisip

Phronesis
 Practical Wisdom
 Dapat active ang ethics – by practice

Philosophical Theories
 Agent/Actor
1. Altruism
2. Egoism
3. Virtue Ethics
 Telos – meansends
 Virtue  Arete (excellence)
 Action
4. Hedonism
 Pleasure
 Avoid Pain
5. Utilitarian
 Greatest happiness for the greatest number

Hedon – pleasure/physical

Hedonism
 Aristippus (Cyrenaics)
o More pleasure
o Over indulgence
o Ultimate pleasure
o Asetics
 Tolerance towards pain
 Epicurus (Epicureans)
o Ataraxia
 No pain
 None disturbance
Utilitarianism
 Greatest happiness for the greatest number

Act Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham) Rule Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill)

Felicific/Hedonistic Calculus Swine philosophy – better be a human being
1. Purity – not cause pain than a pig
2.Propinquity – speed, nearness, now na!!
3. Richness – produce other forms of Higher Pleasure = Wisdom
happiness Sanctions
4. Intensity – intense External
5. Certainty – certain that happiness will Internal
follow Lower Pleasure = Bodily
6. Extent – di lang ikaw, dapat maraming tao -
7. Duration – long lasting, not just the
moment

Ethical Theories
 Actor
o Altruism
o Egoism
o Virtue Ethics
 Action
o Teleological
 Hedonism
 Utilitarianism
 Pleasure=beneficence
 Avoidance of pain=not maleficence
 instrumental
o Deontological
 Kantian Ethics
 Right Based Ethics
 Autonomy
 Justice
 Inherent/innate

Kantian Ethics (Immanuel Kant)

Duty
 Act from duty
o Internal
 Act according to duty
o External

ACT FROM DUTY

 Hypothetical Imperatives
o AB
o B is important
o Outcome
o Afterwards mo malalaman kung good/bad ba ginawa mo
 Categorical Imperatives

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
(Maxims – actions to be evaluated)
1. Universalizable
o Ginusto mo at ginusto ng iba
o Dapat walang contradictions
 Lying- false will now be the new truth
 Killing- mauubos ung papatayin mo
 Stealing- magmimix lang ung ninakaw mo, parang wala din
 Suicide- escape pain by inflicting pain, peace self=no self
2. Autonomy
o Respect
o Encourage that the person is RATIONAL
o End =no means
o Not deceiving
3. Reich der Zwecke
o Realm/kingdom of Ends
 Human-has capable to reason

Kantian Ethics
 Absolute
 Transcendental
 Being good without testing it

Right Based Ethics

 Autonomy
 Justice
  Innate

Rights
1. Noble, high class, men, whites
2. Lower class, poor
3. Race
4. Women
5. LGBT
6. Animals
7. Environment/nature

1-6: Sentient Beings

1-7: Biocentric – karapatan ng Life
KARAPATAN PARA HINDI MASAKTAN

Animals- Peter Singer

Biocentric- Paul Taylor

539 BC King Cyrus the Great

 Freed all the slaves
 Freedom of belief
 Fundamental right: FREEDOM
1215 Magna Carta
 Codification of rights
1628 Petition of Rights
1776 Declaration of US Independence
1789 Rights of Man and the Citizen
 Independence of France
1920-1945 WW2
1945 Formation of United Nations
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 Eleanor Roosevelt

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Eleanor Roosevelt)

 Root from WW2 holocaust

Commission of Human Rights

 Against violation of Human Rights

Egalitarianism – rights equal for everyone

“The greatest inequality of all is to make unequal things equal” – LJ Peters, equity, Aristotle
Mej di ako nakinig nito pero nagnotes ako galling kasi akong party

Supererogatory Ethics
 James Opie Urmson
 Supererogation
o Beyond duty
o Against deontology

Duty
 (+) duty
o Ought to do this
o No action
 (-) duty
o Don’t do this
o Action
 Law

Good Actions Neutral Bad Actions

Activity (+)duty Permissible (-)duty
Respect From non activity
good actions
Non Activity (-)duty Permissible (+) duty
killing From good actions
activity

Supererogatory
 DO IT = GOOD
 DON’T DO IT = NEUTRAL

Un lang naintindihan ko dito sorry hahahhahahhaha

Ethics of Care
 Women
 Root the ideology of Feminism
 Feminism
o Radical
o Liberal
o Social
o Lipstick

Nel Noddings Carol Gillingan

Men=women Relations of people = care
Strong – weak
Rational – emotional
Abstract – concrete
Men are deontological
Women are Teleological – pleasure and pain.

Nel Noddings – deontological, patriarchal,

not pleasure and pain

Sorry jhane ngayon lang aral ka Mabuti bebe <3